There have been many Coptic versions of the Bible, including some of the earliest translations into any language. Several different versions were made in the ancient world, with different editions of the
Old
Old or OLD may refer to:
Places
*Old, Baranya, Hungary
*Old, Northamptonshire, England
*Old Street station, a railway and tube station in London (station code OLD)
*OLD, IATA code for Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base, Old Town, Mai ...
and
New Testament
The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christ ...
in five of the dialects of
Coptic
Coptic may refer to:
Afro-Asia
* Copts, an ethnoreligious group mainly in the area of modern Egypt but also in Sudan and Libya
* Coptic language, a Northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century
* Coptic alphabet ...
:
Bohairic
Coptic (Bohairic Coptic: , ) is a language family of closely related dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically spoken by the Copts, starting from the third-century AD in Roman Egypt. Coptic ...
(northern),
Fayyumic
Coptic (Bohairic Coptic: , ) is a language family of closely related dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically spoken by the Copts, starting from the third-century AD in Roman Egypt. Coptic ...
,
Sahidic
Coptic (Bohairic Coptic: , ) is a language family of closely related dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically spoken by the Copts, starting from the third-century AD in Roman Egypt. Coptic w ...
(southern),
Akhmimic
Coptic (Bohairic Coptic: , ) is a language family of closely related dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically spoken by the Copts, starting from the third-century AD in Roman Egypt. Coptic w ...
and
Mesokemic (middle). Biblical books were translated from the Alexandrian Greek version.
The Sahidic was the leading dialect in the pre-
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...
ic period, after the 11th century Bohairic became dominant and the only used dialect of the Coptic language.
Partial copies of a number of Coptic Bibles survive. A considerable number of
apocryphal
Apocrypha are works, usually written, of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin. The word ''apocryphal'' (ἀπόκρυφος) was first applied to writings which were kept secret because they were the vehicles of esoteric knowledge considered ...
texts also survive in Coptic, most notably the
Gnostic
Gnosticism (from grc, γνωστικός, gnōstikós, , 'having knowledge') is a collection of religious ideas and systems which coalesced in the late 1st century AD among Jewish and early Christian sects. These various groups emphasized pe ...
Nag Hammadi library
The Nag Hammadi library (also known as the " Chenoboskion Manuscripts" and the "Gnostic Gospels") is a collection of early Christian and Gnostic texts discovered near the Upper Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi in 1945.
Thirteen leather-bound papyr ...
. Coptic remains the liturgical language of the
Coptic Church
The Coptic Orthodox Church ( cop, Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ, translit=Ti.eklyseya en.remenkimi en.orthodoxos, lit=the Egyptian Orthodox Church; ar, الكنيسة القبطي ...
and Coptic editions of the Bible are central to that faith.
Old Testament
Translators of books of the Old Testament into Egyptian dialects were naturally made from the Alexandrian Greek version (
Septuagint
The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint (, ; from the la, septuaginta, lit=seventy; often abbreviated ''70''; in Roman numerals, LXX), is the earliest extant Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible. It includes several books beyond th ...
), and there is no reason to doubt that they were translated at as early a date as the Gospels and Epistles, if not indeed before them. Portions of the Old Testament exist in each Egyptian dialect.
In Sahidic, some Biblical books survived with complete text, as well as a large number of extant fragments representing most of the canonical books and certain of the deutero-canonical (the two Wisdoms, the Epistle of Jeremiah, and the Greek additions to Daniel).
Some early manuscripts:
*
Bodmer III –
John 1:1–21:25,
Genesis 1:1–4:2; 4th century; Bohairic
*
Bodmer VI – Proverbs 1:1–21:4; 4th/5th century; Paleo-Theban ("Dialect P")
*
Bodmer XVI – Exodus 1:1–15:21; 4th century;
*
Bodmer XVIII – Deuteronomy 1:1–10:7; 4th century;
*
Bodmer XXI – Joshua 6:16–25; 7:6–11:23; 22:1–2; 22:19–23:7; 23:15–24:2; 4th century;
*
Bodmer XXII – Jeremiah 40:3–52:34; Lamentations; Epistle of Jeremiah; Book of Baruch; 4th/5th century;
*
Bodmer XXIII – Isaiah 47:1–66:24; 4th century;
*
Bodmer XL – Song of Songs
*
Bodmer XLIV – Book of Daniel; Bohairic.
* Schøyen Ms 114 – Psalms; Sahidic; c. 400.
New Testament
The two main dialects, Sahidic and Bohairic, are the most important for the study of early versions of the New Testament. The Sahidic was the leading dialect in the pre-
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...
ic period. The earliest Bohairic manuscripts date to the 4th century
, but most texts come from the 9th century and later.
Sahidic
The collection of manuscripts of Sahidic translations is often designated by cop in academic writing and
critical apparatus
A critical apparatus ( la, apparatus criticus) in textual criticism of primary source material, is an organized system of notations to represent, in a single text, the complex history of that text in a concise form useful to diligent readers and ...
("Sa" for "versio Sahidica" in BHS). The first translation into the Sahidic dialect was made at the end of the 2nd century in Upper Egypt, where Greek was less well understood. So the Sahidic is famous for being the first major literary development of the Coptic language, though literary work in the other dialects soon followed. By the ninth century, Sahidic was gradually replaced by neighbouring Bohairic, and disappeared. Knowledge of the Sahidic manuscripts was lost until they were rediscovered in the 18th century. In 1778
Woide issued a prospectus in which he announced his intention of publishing from Oxford manuscripts the fragments of the New Testament "iuxta interpretationem dialecti Superioris Aegypti, quae Thebaidica seu Sahidica appellantur". Another fragments were published in 1884 by
Émile Amélineau
Émile Amélineau (1850 – 12 January 1915 at Châteaudun) was a French Coptologist, archaeologist and Egyptologist. His scholarly reputation was established as an editor of previously unpublished Coptic texts. But his reputation was destroy ...
. Amélineau also edited other fragments in 1886–1888.
Several years later
Horner
Horner is an English and German surname that derives from the Middle English word for the occupation ''horner'', meaning horn-worker or horn-maker, or even horn-blower.
People
*Alison Horner (born 1966), British businesswoman
* Arthur Horner (dis ...
produced a critical edition of the Sahidic New Testament over the period 1911–1924. Horner's edition containing almost every verse of the entire New Testament. The Sahidic translation is a representative of the
Alexandrian text-type
In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Alexandrian text-type is one of the main text types. It is the text type favored by the majority of modern textual critics and it is the basis for most modern (after 1900) Bible translations.
Over 5,8 ...
.
The order of books: Gospels (John, Matthew, Mark, Luke),
Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest extan ...
(
Hebrews
The terms ''Hebrews'' (Hebrew: / , Modern: ' / ', Tiberian: ' / '; ISO 259-3: ' / ') and ''Hebrew people'' are mostly considered synonymous with the Semitic-speaking Israelites, especially in the pre-monarchic period when they were still no ...
between
2 Corinthians
The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and a co-author named Timothy, and is addressed to the church in Corinth and Christians in the ...
and
Galatians Galatians may refer to:
* Galatians (people)
* Epistle to the Galatians, a book of the New Testament
* English translation of the Greek ''Galatai'' or Latin ''Galatae'', ''Galli,'' or ''Gallograeci'' to refer to either the Galatians or the Gauls in ...
),
Catholic epistles
The catholic epistles (also called the general epistlesEncarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "katholieke brieven". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.) are seven epistles of the New Testament. Listed in order of their appearance in ...
,
Acts
The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its message ...
,
Apocalypse
Apocalypse () is a literary genre in which a supernatural being reveals cosmic mysteries or the future to a human intermediary. The means of mediation include dreams, visions and heavenly journeys, and they typically feature symbolic imager ...
.
Eberhard Nestle
Eberhard Nestle (1 May 1851, Stuttgart – 9 March 1913, Stuttgart) was a German biblical scholar, textual critic, orientalist, editor of the ''Novum Testamentum Graece'', and the father of Erwin Nestle.
Life
Nestle was a son of the upper trib ...
, ''Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testament'', Oxford 1901, p. 135.
Omitted verses:
*
Matthew 12
Matthew 12 is the twelfth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible. It continues the narrative about Jesus' ministry in Galilee and introduces controversy over the observance of the Sabbath for the ...
:47
*
Matthew 16:2b–3; 17:21; 18:11; 23:14
*
Mark 9
Mark 9 is the ninth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It begins with Jesus' prediction that "I tell you the truth, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see
that the kingdom of God h ...
:44.46; 11:26; 15:28
*
Luke 17
Luke 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the teachings of Jesus Christ and the healing of ten lepers. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian trad ...
:36;
22:43–44
*
John 5
John 5 is the fifth chapter of the Gospel of John of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It relates Jesus' healing and teaching in Jerusalem, and begins to evidence the hostility shown him by the Jewish authorities.Plummer, A. (1902)Cambri ...
:4;
7:53–8:11
*
Acts 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29
*
Romans 16
Romans 16 is the sixteenth (and the last) Chapters and verses of the Bible, chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christianity, Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, while Paul was in Corinth in the mid 50 ...
:24.
Omitted or not included phrases:
*
Matthew 15
Matthew 15 is the fifteenth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible. It concludes the narrative about Jesus' ministry in Galilee and can be divided into the following subsections:
*Discourse on Defile ...
:6 ''or (his) mother'' not included.
*
Luke 11
Luke 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records Luke's version of the Lord's Prayer and several parables and teachings told by Jesus Christ.Halley, Henry H. ''Halley's Bible Handbook'' ...
:4 phrase "but deliver us from evil" is omitted. This omission is supported by the Greek manuscripts:
Codex Sinaiticus
The Codex Sinaiticus (Shelfmark: London, British Library, Add MS 43725), designated by siglum [Aleph] or 01 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 2 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts) ...
,
Codex Vaticanus
The Codex Vaticanus ( The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209), designated by siglum B or 03 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1 ( von Soden), is a fourth-century Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old ...
,
Codex Regius
Codex Regius ( la, Cōdex Rēgius, "Royal Book" or "King's Book"; is, Konungsbók) or GKS 2365 4º is an Icelandic codex in which many Old Norse poems from the ''Poetic Edda'' are preserved. Thought to have been written during the 1270s, it i ...
,
''f''1, 700, and some early versions vg, syr
s, cop
bo, arm, geo.
Textual variants
In
Luke 4
Luke 4 is the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible, traditionally attributed to Luke the Evangelist, a companion of Paul the Apostle on his missionary journeys. This chapter details Jesus' three temptat ...
:17 it has textual variant "and opened the book" together with the Greek manuscripts
A, B,
L,
W,
Ξ,
33,
892
Year 892 ( DCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Summer – Poppo II, duke of Thuringia (Central Germany), is deposed by King Arnul ...
, 1195, 1241,
ℓ ''547'', syr
s, h, pal, cop
bo, against variant "and unrolled the book" supported by א, D
c,
K,
Δ,
Θ,
Π,
Ψ, ''f''
1, ''f''
13,
28,
565
__NOTOC__
Year 565 ( DLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 565 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
,
700
The denomination 700 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
By place Byzantine Empire
* Avar and Slavic tribes conq ...
, 1009, 1010 and many other manuscripts.
In
Luke 16
Luke 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the teachings and parables of Jesus Christ, including the famous parable of the "rich man and Lazarus".Halley, Henry H. ''Halley's Bible ...
:19 the version reads: "There was a rich man, with the name N
nue, who clothed himself". This reading has also Greek manuscript
Papyrus 75
Papyrus 75 (formerly Papyrus Bodmer XIV– XV, now Hanna Papyrus 1), designated by the siglum (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is an early Greek New Testament manuscript written on papyrus. It contains text from t ...
and two Greek minuscule manuscripts
36 and
37, have a scholion of uncertain date .
In John 10,7 it reads (''shepherd'') for (''door''). The reading is supported by and cop
ac.
In Acts 27:37 it reads "seventy six" (as Codex Vaticanus) for "two hundred seventy six".
[UBS3, p. 524.]
In 1 Corinthians 15:47 it reads for (as cop
bo).
[UBS3, p. 616.]
Some manuscripts
Some of the more notable manuscripts of the Sahidic are the following.
* The ''Crosby-Schøyen Codex'' is a papyrus manuscript of 52 leaves (12x12 cm). It contains the complete text of
Book of Jonah
The Book of Jonah is collected as one of the twelve minor prophets of the Nevi'im ("Prophets") in the Hebrew Bible, and as a book in its own right in the Christian Old Testament. The book tells of a Hebrew prophet named Jonah, son of Amittai, wh ...
and
1 Peter
The First Epistle of Peter is a book of the New Testament. The author presents himself as Peter the Apostle. The ending of the letter includes a statement that implies that it was written from " Babylon", which is possibly a reference to Rome. ...
(2 Maccabees 5:27–8:41,
Melito of Sardis
Melito of Sardis ( el, Μελίτων Σάρδεων ''Melítōn Sárdeōn''; died ) was the bishop of Sardis near Smyrna in western Anatolia, and a great authority in early Christianity. Melito held a foremost place in terms of bishops in Asia d ...
, ''Peri Pascha'' 47–105, unidentified ''Homily''). It is dated to the 3rd or 4th centuries and is held at the
University of Mississippi
The University of Mississippi (byname Ole Miss) is a public research university that is located adjacent to Oxford, Mississippi, and has a medical center in Jackson. It is Mississippi's oldest public university and its largest by enrollment.
...
.
* British Library MS. Oriental 7594 contains an unusual combination of books: Deuteronomy, Jonah, and Acts. It is dated paleographically to the late 3rd or early 4th century.
* Michigan MS. Inv 3992, a papyrus codex, has 42 folios (14 by 15 cm). It contains 1 Corinthians, Titus, and the Book of Psalms. It is dated to the 4th century.
* Berlin MS. Or. 408 and British Museum Or. 3518, being parts of the same original document. The Berlin portion contains the Book of Revelation, 1 John, and Philemon (in this order). It is dated to the 4th century.
* ''
Bodmer XIX'' – Matthew 14:28–28:20; Romans 1:1–2:3; 4th or 5th century.
* ''Bodmer XLII'' – 2 Corinthians; dialect unknown;
Wolf-Peter Funk suggest Sahidic;
Bohairic
The Bohairic (dialect of Lower Egypt) translation was made a little later, as the Greek language was more influential in lower (northern) Egypt. Probably, it was made in the beginning of the 3rd century. It was a very literal translation; many Greek words, and even some grammatical forms (e.g. syntactic construction μεν – δε) were incorporated to this translation. For this reason, the Bohairic translation is more helpful in the reconstruction of the early Greek text than any other ancient translation.
The Bohairic translation was influenced by several variables, including the other dialects, primarily Sahidic and Fayyumic. When the patriarchate moved from
Alexandria
Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandria ...
to
Cairo
Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo metro ...
in the 11th century, Bohairic was the dominant language of the Coptic church. As the official dialect of the
Coptic Orthodox Church
The Coptic Orthodox Church ( cop, Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ, translit=Ti.eklyseya en.remenkimi en.orthodoxos, lit=the Egyptian Orthodox Church; ar, الكنيسة القبطي ...
, Bohairic seems to enjoy a strong relationship with mainly the other dialects,
Egyptian Arabic
Egyptian Arabic, locally known as Colloquial Egyptian ( ar, العامية المصرية, ), or simply Masri (also Masry) (), is the most widely spoken vernacular Arabic dialect in Egypt. It is part of the Afro-Asiatic language family, and o ...
and—as it was for several centuries—Greek. The text is mainly Alexandrian, somewhat influenced by the
Western text-type
In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Western text-type is one of the main text types. It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac Peshitta translations from the Greek, and also in quotations ...
. The Bohairic translation is designated by cop
bo.
The order of books: Gospels (John, Matthew, Mark, Luke), Pauline epistles (Hebrews between 2 Thess and 1 Tim), Catholic epistles, Acts, and Apocalypse.
[Eberhard Nestle, ''Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testament'', Oxford 1901, p. 134.] The Apocalypse is preserved in relatively few manuscripts.
Omitted verses: Matthew 17:21 (some mss); 18:11 (mss); 23:14 (mss); Mark 9:44.46; 11:26 (mss); 15:28 (mss); Luke 17:36; 22:43–44; John 5:4 (mss); 7:53–8:11 (mss); Acts 8:37; 15:34 (mss); 24:7; 28:29; Romans 16:24.
It contains Matthew 12:47; Some manuscripts of the Bohairic version contains verses: 17: 21; 18:11; 23:14; Mark 11:26; 15:28; John 5:4; 7:53–8:11; Acts 15:34;
In Acts 27:37 it reads "one hundred seventy six" for "two hundred seventy six".
[
]
Some manuscripts
The original Bohairic version is well represented by manuscripts. More than a hundred of manuscripts have survived. All have the last twelve verses of Mark.
* The earliest surviving manuscript of the four Gospels is dated AD 889. It is not complete.
* ''Papyrus Bodmer III Codex Bodmer III, is a Coptic uncial manuscript of the fourth Gospel, and the first four chapters of Genesis, dated palaeographically to the 4th century. It contains the text of the Gospel of John with some lacunae. It is written in an early Boha ...
'' is the oldest manuscript of the Bohairic version. It was discovered by John M. Bodmer of Geneva in Upper Egypt. It contains the Gospel of John, dated palaeographically to the 4th century. It contains 239 pages, but the first 22 are damaged.
* Huntington MS 17
Huntington 17 is a bilingual Bohairic-Arabic, uncial manuscript of the New Testament, on a paper. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1174. It is the oldest manuscript with complete text of the four Gospels in Bohairic.
Description
It conta ...
, bilingual Bohairic-Arabic, dated to 1174, the oldest manuscript with complete text of the four Gospels in Bohairic.
* Huntington MS 20
Huntington 20 is a Bohairic-Greek, uncial manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century.
Description
It contains the text of the four Gospels on 333 paper leaves (24.2 by 17.3). The text ...
, bilingual Bohairic-Greek, with complete text of the four Gospels.
* Oriental MS 424
Codex Oriental Ms. 424, designated by siglum A1 (Horner), t (de Lagarde Boetticher, is written in two languages Bohairic-Arabic, uncial manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1308.
Many leaves of the cod ...
, bilingual Bohairic-Arabic, dated to 1308, with complete text of the Pauline epistles, Catholic epistles, and the Acts.
* Codex Marshall Or. 5
The codex (plural codices ) was the historical ancestor of the modern book. Instead of being composed of sheets of paper, it used sheets of vellum, papyrus, or other materials. The term ''codex'' is often used for ancient manuscript books, with ...
.
The Bohairic version was employed by Mill
Mill may refer to:
Science and technology
*
* Mill (grinding)
* Milling (machining)
* Millwork
* Textile mill
* Steel mill, a factory for the manufacture of steel
* List of types of mill
* Mill, the arithmetic unit of the Analytical Engine early ...
for his edition of 1707. It was first published in 1716 by Wilkins, who edited "Novum Testamentum Aegyptium vulgo Copticum". His edition was accompanied with a Latin translation. Horner produced a critical edition of the Bohairic New Testament in 1898–1905. Horner used more than fifty Bohairic manuscripts preserved in that time in the libraries of Europe.[
]
Middle Egypt
The only surviving witnesses of an Akhmimic, and an Fayyumic Versions are in a fragmentary pieces (designated by copakh, and copfay).
* The '' Schøyen Codex'', a papyrus manuscript. It contains Gospel of Matthew. Dated to the early 4th century. It is the earliest Matthew in any Coptic dialect.
* ''Codex Glazier
Codex Glazier, designated by siglum copG67, is a Coptic uncial manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It is dated palaeographically to the 4th or 5th century. Textually it is very close to Greek Codex Bezae.
Description
It contains the ...
'', contains Acts 1:1–15:3, housed at the Pierpont Morgan Library
The Morgan Library & Museum, formerly the Pierpont Morgan Library, is a museum and research library in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is situated at 225 Madison Avenue, between 36th Street to the south and 37th ...
.
* P. Mich. inv. 3521, Gospel of John in Fayyumic, ca. AD 325.
Textual features
Mark 8:15
* ''the Herodians'' – , W, Θ, ''f''1, ''f''13, 28, 565
__NOTOC__
Year 565 ( DLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 565 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
, 1365, iti, itk, copsa, arm, geo
* ''Herod'' – copbo majority of Greek mss
In 1 John 5:6 two versions, Sahidic and Bohairic, have textual variant "through water and blood and spirit" supported by the manuscripts: Codex Sinaiticus
The Codex Sinaiticus (Shelfmark: London, British Library, Add MS 43725), designated by siglum [Aleph] or 01 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 2 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts) ...
, Codex Alexandrinus
The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, Royal MS 1. D. V-VIII), designated by the siglum A or 02 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 4 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manu ...
, 104 104 may refer to:
*104 (number), a natural number
*AD 104, a year in the 2nd century AD
* 104 BC, a year in the 2nd century BC
* 104 (MBTA bus), Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority bus route
*Hundred and Four (or Council of 104), a Carthagini ...
, 424c, 614
__NOTOC__
Year 614 ( DCXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 614 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
, 1739c, 2412, 2495, ℓ ''598''m, syrh, Origen
Origen of Alexandria, ''Ōrigénēs''; Origen's Greek name ''Ōrigénēs'' () probably means "child of Horus" (from , "Horus", and , "born"). ( 185 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an Early Christianity, early Christian scholar, ...
.[For another variants of this verse see: Textual variants in the First Epistle of John.] Bart D. Ehrman
Bart Denton Ehrman (born 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the origins and development of early Christianity. He has written and edited 30 books, including t ...
identified this reading as Orthodox corrupt reading.Bart D. Ehrman
Bart Denton Ehrman (born 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the origins and development of early Christianity. He has written and edited 30 books, including t ...
, ''The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture'', Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books ...
, Oxford 1993, p. 60.
Greek-Coptic diglot manuscripts
More than forty Greek-Coptic diglot manuscripts of the New Testament have survived to the present day.
* Papyrus 2
Papyrus 2 () is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek and Coptic. It is a papyrus fragment of a copy of the Gospel of John dating to the sixth century. It is currently housed at the Egyptian Museum, Florence (Inv. no. 7134). There is a port ...
* Papyrus 6
Papyrus 6 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by or by ε 021 (in von Soden's numbering), is a fragmentary early copy of the New Testament in Greek and Coptic (Akhmimic). It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John that has been ...
* Papyrus 41
* Papyrus 42
Papyrus 42 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓42, is a small fragment of six verses from the Gospel of Luke dating to the 6th/7th century.
The Greek text of this manuscript is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type with so ...
* Papyrus 62
Papyrus 62 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), signed by 𝔓62, known also as ‘‘Papyrus Osloensis’’, is a copy of the New Testament and Septuagint in Greek-Coptic. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew and Book of Daniel. Th ...
* Papyrus 96
Papyrus 96 (in the Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland, Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓96, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek language, Greek and Coptic language, Coptic. It is a diglot papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew. ...
* Codex Borgianus
Codex Borgianus, designated by T or 029 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 5 ( von Soden), is a Greek and Sahidic uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 5th century. The name of the codex came from its former owners.
...
* Uncial 070
Uncial 070 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 6 ( Soden), is a Greek-Coptic diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 6th century.
Uncial 070 belonged to the same manuscript as codices: 0110 ...
* Uncial 086
Uncial 086 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 35 ( Soden), is a Greek — Coptic diglot, uncial codex of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 6th century.
Description
The codex contains two small parts of the Gospel of John 1: ...
* Uncial 0100
Uncial 0100 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 070 ( Soden), is a Greek-Coptic diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament. It is dated palaeographically to the 7th-century.
Description
The codex contains a small part of the Gospel of Jo ...
* Uncial 0114
Uncial 0114 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 53 ( von Soden); is a Greek– Coptic diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 8th-century.
Description
The codex contains a small part of the Gospel o ...
* Uncial 0129 (= 0203, ℓ ''1575'')
* Uncial 0164
* Uncial 0177
* Uncial 0184
Uncial 0184 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek-Coptic diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 6th century.
Description
The codex contains a small parts of the Gospel of Mark 15:36-37,40-41, on ...
* Uncial 0200
* Uncial 0204
* Uncial 0205
Codex 0205 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering). It is a diglot Greek-Coptic (Sahidic) uncial manuscript of the Epistle to Titus and the Epistle to Philemon, dated paleographically to the 8th century (J. M. Plumley proposed 7th or 6th-century).
D ...
* Uncial 0236
* Uncial 0237
Uncial 0237 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 014 ( von Soden), is a Greek-Coptic uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 6th-century.
Description
The codex contains two small parts of the Gospe ...
* Uncial 0238
Uncial 0238 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek- Coptic uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 8th century.
Description
The codex contains a small part of the Gospel of John 7:10-12, on ...
* Uncial 0239
* Uncial 0260
* Uncial 0275
* Uncial 0276
Lectionary 962 (ℓ ''962'' in the Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland, Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek language, Greek-Coptic language, Coptic uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeography, Paleographically it has been assigned to the 8 ...
* Uncial 0298
Uncial 0298 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek-Coptic uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 8th or 9th century.
Description
The codex contains a small parts of the Gospel of Matthew ...
* Uncial 0299
* Lectionary 143
* Lectionary 961
* Lectionary 962
* Lectionary 963
* Lectionary 964
* Lectionary 965
* Lectionary 1353
* Lectionary 1355
* Lectionary 1575
* Lectionary 1602
Lectionary 1602, designated by ℓ ''1602'' in the Gregory-Aland numbering,
is a Coptic–Greek bilingual manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves, dated paleographically to the 8th century.K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack ...
* Lectionary 1603
* Lectionary 1604
* Lectionary 1606
* Lectionary 1607
* Lectionary 1614
* Lectionary 1678
* Lectionary 1739
* Lectionary 1994
* Lectionary 2210
Lectionaries 1993 and 1605 are trilingual manuscripts:
* Lectionary 1993 – Coptic, Greek, and Arabic
* Lectionary 1605 – Greek, Coptic, and Arabico
See also
* Coptic (disambiguation)
Coptic may refer to:
Afro-Asia
* Copts, an ethnoreligious group mainly in the area of modern Egypt but also in Sudan and Libya
* Coptic language, a Northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century
* Coptic alphabet, t ...
* Coptic language
Coptic (Bohairic Coptic: , ) is a language family of closely related dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically spoken by the Copts, starting from the third-century AD in Roman Egypt. Coptic ...
* Coptic literature
Coptic literature is the body of writings in the Coptic language of Egypt, the last stage of the indigenous Egyptian language. It is written in the Coptic alphabet. The study of the Coptic language and literature is called Coptology.
Definition
...
* Coptic Orthodox Church
The Coptic Orthodox Church ( cop, Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ, translit=Ti.eklyseya en.remenkimi en.orthodoxos, lit=the Egyptian Orthodox Church; ar, الكنيسة القبطي ...
Coptic manuscripts
* List of the Coptic New Testament manuscripts
Coptic-language manuscripts of the New Testament include some of the earliest and most important witnesses for textual criticism of the New Testament. Almost 1000 Coptic manuscripts of the New Testament have survived into the 21st century. The m ...
*
Other versions
* Syriac versions of the Bible
Syriac is a dialect of Aramaic. Portions of the Old Testament were written in Aramaic and there are Aramaic phrases in the New Testament. Syriac translations of the New Testament were among the first and date from the 2nd century. The whole Bible w ...
* Slavic translations of the Bible The history of all Bible translations into Slavic languages begins with Bible translations into Church Slavonic. Other languages include:
East Slavic
Old Belarusian
An effort to produce a version in the vernacular was made by Francysk Skaryna ( ...
Notes
References
Further reading
* Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994) was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He founded the '' Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung'' (Institute for New Testament Textua ...
, and Barbara Aland, ''The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism'', 1995, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
* Augustini Ciasca
''Sacrorum Bibliorum Fragmenta Copto-Sahidica''
Romae 1885.
*
* Alla Ivanovna Elanskai︠a︡
''The Literary Coptic manuscripts in the A.S. Pushkin State Fine Arts Museum in Moscow''
BRILL, 1994, pp. 397–472.
* Bruce M. Metzger
Bruce Manning Metzger (February 9, 1914 – February 13, 2007) was an American biblical scholar, Bible translator and textual critic who was a longtime professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the A ...
, ''The Early Versions of the New Testament'', Clarendon Press, Oxford 1977, pp. 99–152.
* Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman
Bart Denton Ehrman (born 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the origins and development of early Christianity. He has written and edited 30 books, including t ...
, ''The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration'', Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 110–115.
* "Translations" ''The Oxford Companion to the Bible''.
* Franz-Jürgen Schmitz, Gerd Mink
''Liste der Koptischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments''. I, ''Die sahidischen Handschriften der Evangelien''
(Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter (), is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.
History
The roots of the company go back to 1749 when Frederick the Great granted the Königliche Realschule in Be ...
, 1991), vol. 1, part 1.
* Franz-Jürgen Schmitz, Gerd Mink
''Liste der koptischen Handschriften des neuen Testaments''
Walter de Gruyter
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter (), is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.
History
The roots of the company go back to 1749 when Frederick the Great granted the Königliche Realschule in Be ...
, 1991, vol. 1, part 2, (pp. 1279)
* Frederic Wisse, ''The Coptic Versions of the New Testament'', in. ''The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research'', ed. Bart D. Ehrman
Bart Denton Ehrman (born 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the origins and development of early Christianity. He has written and edited 30 books, including t ...
and Michael W. Holmes, ''William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company is a religious publishing house based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Founded in 1911 by Dutch American William B. Eerdmans (November 4, 1882 – April 1966) and still independently owned with William's daughte ...
'', Grand Rapids 1995, pp. 131–141.
* Henri Munier
Henri Munier (14 July 1884, Meursault ( Côte-d'Or) – 19 August 1945, Cairo) was a 20th-century French bibliographer and scholar of Coptic culture.
Biography
The grandson of Antoine Mourès, publisher of François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette, ...
''Manuscrits coptes''
1916.
*
*
* Wolfgang Kosack, ''Novum Testamentum Coptice. Neues Testament, Bohairisch'', ediert von Wolfgang Kosack. ''Novum Testamentum, Bohairice'', curavit Wolfgang Kosack. / Wolfgang Kosack. neue Ausgabe, Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014. .
External links
; Online Coptic Version of The New Testament
* Horner
Horner is an English and German surname that derives from the Middle English word for the occupation ''horner'', meaning horn-worker or horn-maker, or even horn-blower.
People
*Alison Horner (born 1966), British businesswoman
* Arthur Horner (dis ...
: The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Northern Dialect, otherwise called Memphitic and Bohairic.
Vol. 1
Ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲉⲟⲥ, Ⲙⲁⲣⲕⲟⲥ
Vol. 2
Ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁⲥ, Ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ (1898)
Vol. 3
Ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ
Vol. 4
Ⲕⲁⲑⲟⲗⲓⲕⲟⲛ ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲧⲟⲗⲏ, Ⲡⲣⲁⳉⲓⲥ ⲧⲟⲛ ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲛ ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲛ, Ⲁⲡⲟⲅⲁⲗⲩⲙⲯⲓⲥ (1905)
* Horner
Horner is an English and German surname that derives from the Middle English word for the occupation ''horner'', meaning horn-worker or horn-maker, or even horn-blower.
People
*Alison Horner (born 1966), British businesswoman
* Arthur Horner (dis ...
: The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Southern Dialect, otherwise called Sahidic and Thebaic.
Vol. 1
Ⲙⲁⲑⲑⲁⲓⲟⲥ, Ⲙⲁⲣⲕⲟⲥ
Vol. 2
Ⲗⲟⲩⲕⲁ
Vol. 3
Ⲓⲱϩⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ (1911)
Vol. 4
Vol. 5
Ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ (1920)
Vol. 6
Ⲛⲉⲡⲣⲁⳉⲓⲥ ⲛⲛⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ (1922)
Vol. 7
incl. Ⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲯⲓⲥ (1924)
; Sortable articles
*
*
*
* Coptic Wikisource (̀ⲪⲂⲓⲕⲓⲡⲏ̇ⲅⲏ) Proposal
* ̀ⲪⲂⲓⲕⲓⲡⲏ̇ⲅⲏ (Coptic Wikisource) Development Project, currently in the Multilingual Wikisource.
*
A Few Notes Concerning Mr. Joseph Warren Wells' Edition of the Sahidic and Bohairic Texts of the New Testament
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Coptic Orthodox Church
Coptic
Coptic may refer to:
Afro-Asia
* Copts, an ethnoreligious group mainly in the area of modern Egypt but also in Sudan and Libya
* Coptic language, a Northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century
* Coptic alphabet ...
Early versions of the Bible
Coptic literature
Hebrew Bible versions and translations