Events
January–March
*
January 13
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
– American songwriter
Stephen Foster ("
Oh! Susanna", "
Old Folks at Home") dies aged 37 in New York City, leaving a scrap of paper reading "Dear friends and gentle hearts". His parlor song "
Beautiful Dreamer
"Beautiful Dreamer" is a parlor song by American songwriter Stephen Foster. It was published posthumously in March 1864, by Wm. A. Pond & Co. of New York. The first edition states on its title page that it is "the last song ever written by Steph ...
" is published in March.
*
January 16
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
* 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...
–
Denmark rejects an Austrian-Prussian ultimatum to repeal the
Danish Constitution, which says that
Schleswig-Holstein is part of Denmark.
*
January 21 –
New Zealand Wars: The
Tauranga campaign begins.
*
February
February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The month has 28 days in common years or 29 in leap years, with the 29th day being called the ''leap day''. It is the first of five months not to have 31 days (th ...
–
John Wisden publishes ''
The Cricketer's Almanack for the year 1864'' in England; it will go on to become the major annual
cricket
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striki ...
reference publication.
*
February 1
Events Pre-1600
* 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
* 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
– Danish-Prussian War (
Second Schleswig War): 57,000 Austrian and Prussian troops cross the
Eider River
The Eider (german: Die Eider; da, Ejderen; Latin: ''Egdor'' or ''Eidora'') is the longest river in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. The river starts near Bordesholm and reaches the southwestern outskirts of Kiel on the shores of the Balt ...
into Denmark.
*
February 15
Events Pre-1600
* 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus
* 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia.
* 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberi ...
–
Heineken brewery founded in
Netherlands.
*
February 17
Events Pre-1600
* 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau.
* 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of ...
–
American Civil War: The tiny
Confederate hand-propelled
submarine
A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely op ...
''
H. L. Hunley
''H. L. Hunley'', often referred to as ''Hunley'', '' CSS H. L. Hunley'', or as ''CSS Hunley'', was a submarine of the Confederate States of America that played a small part in the American Civil War. ''Hunley'' demonstrated the advantages and th ...
'' sinks the , using a
spar torpedo in
Charleston Harbor, becoming the first submarine to sink an enemy ship, although the submarine and her crew of eight are also lost.
*
February 20
Events Pre-1600
*1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated.
*1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotland ...
– American Civil War: The
Union suffers one of its
costliest defeats at the
Battle of Olustee near
Lake City, Florida
Lake City is a city in northern Florida. It is the county seat of Columbia County, Florida, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 12,329. It is the principal city of the Lake City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which ...
.
*
February 25
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.
* 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.
...
– American Civil War: The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at
Andersonville, Georgia (the 500 prisoners had left Richmond, Virginia, seven days before).
*
March 1 –
Alejandro Mon y Menéndez
Alejandro Mon y Menéndez (26 February 1801 in Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain – 1 November 1882) was a Spanish politician and jurist who was prime minister of Spain in 1864, during the reign of Queen Isabella II.
Early life
Mon w ...
takes office as
Prime Minister of Spain.
*
March 9 – American Civil War:
Abraham Lincoln appoints
Ulysses S. Grant commander in chief of all
Union armies.
*
March 10 – American Civil War: The
Red River Campaign begins, as Union troops reach
Alexandria, Louisiana.
*
March 11 –
Great Sheffield Flood
The Great Sheffield Flood was a flood that devastated parts of Sheffield, England, on 11 March 1864, when the Dale Dyke Dam broke as its reservoir was being filled for the first time. At least 240 people died and more than 600 houses were ...
: A reservoir near
Sheffield, England, bursts; 250 die.
April–June
*
April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
–
Gallaudet University
Gallaudet University ( ) is a private federally chartered research university in Washington, D.C. for the education of the deaf and hard of hearing. It was founded in 1864 as a grammar school for both deaf and blind children. It was the first sc ...
is founded in
Washington, D.C., as the first university for the deaf and hard of hearing.
*
April 12 –
American Civil War:
Battle of Fort Pillow – Confederate forces kill most of the
African American soldiers that surrender at
Fort Pillow,
Tennessee.
*
April 15 –
Choe Je-u, founder of the
Donghak Movement, is executed by beheading for sedition, at
Daegu
Daegu (, , literally 'large hill', 대구광역시), formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea.
It is the third-largest urban agglomeration in South Korea after Seoul and Busan; it is ...
, Korea.
*
April 18 – Danish-Prussian War (
Second Schleswig War) –
Battle of Dybbøl
The Battle of Dybbøl ( da, Slaget ved Dybbøl; german: Erstürmung der Düppeler Schanzen) was the key battle of the Second Schleswig War, fought between Denmark and Prussia. The battle was fought on the morning of 18 April 1864, following ...
: The Prussian army, fielding 10,000 men, defeats the Danish defending army of 9,200 at Dybbøl Mill, after an artillery bombardment from
April 7–
18.
*
April 22 – The
United States Congress passes the
Coinage Act of 1864, which mandates that the inscription ''In God We Trust'' be placed on all coins minted as
United States currency.
*
May 2 – Under terms of the
Treaty of London The Treaty of London or London Convention or similar may refer to:
*Treaty of London (1358), established a truce between England and France following the Battle of Poitiers
*Treaty of London (1359), which ceded western France to England
*Treaty of ...
, the United Kingdom voluntarily cedes control of the
United States of the Ionian Islands to the
Kingdom of Greece.
*
May 4 –
Société Générale, a major financial group in
France, is founded.
*
May 5 – American Civil War: The
Battle of the Wilderness
The Battle of the Wilderness was fought on May 5–7, 1864, during the American Civil War. It was the first battle of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Virginia Overland Campaign against General Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Arm ...
begins in
Spotsylvania County, Virginia.
*
May 7
** American Civil War: The
Army of the Potomac, under General
Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the
Battle of the Wilderness
The Battle of the Wilderness was fought on May 5–7, 1864, during the American Civil War. It was the first battle of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Virginia Overland Campaign against General Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Arm ...
and moves southwards.
** The
clipper
A clipper was a type of mid-19th-century merchant sailing vessel, designed for speed. Clippers were generally narrow for their length, small by later 19th century standards, could carry limited bulk freight, and had a large total sail area. "C ...
ship ''
City of Adelaide'' is launched in
Sunderland
Sunderland () is a port city in Tyne and Wear, England. It is the City of Sunderland's administrative centre and in the Historic counties of England, historic county of County of Durham, Durham. The city is from Newcastle-upon-Tyne and is on t ...
, England. By the 21st century, she will be the world's oldest surviving clipper of only two (''
Cutty Sark'' being the other).
*
May 8
Events Pre-1600
* 453 BC – Spring and Autumn period: The house of Zhao defeats the house of Zhi, ending the Battle of Jinyang, a military conflict between the elite families of the State of Jin.
* 413 – Emperor Honorius signs a ...
–
21 – American Civil War:
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (The ''Bloody Angle'') – Some 4,000 troops on both sides die in an inconclusive engagement.
*
May 9
** Danish-Prussian War (
Second Schleswig War) –
Battle of Heligoland: The Danish navy gains a tactical victory over those of Austria and Prussia, near the island of Heligoland. It is the last significant naval battle fought by squadrons of wooden ships, and also the last involving Denmark.
** American general
John Sedgwick is shot dead during the
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, shortly after uttering the famous
last words: ''"They couldn't hit an elephant from this distance!"''
*
May 11
Events 1601–1900
*1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is Assassination of Spencer Perceval, assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
*1813 – William Lawson (explorer), William Lawson, Grego ...
– American Civil War:
Battle of Yellow Tavern – Confederate General
J. E. B. Stuart
James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart (February 6, 1833May 12, 1864) was a United States Army officer from Virginia who became a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War. He was known to his friends as "Jeb,” from the initials of ...
is mortally wounded at Yellow Tavern, Virginia.
*
May 13 – American Civil War:
Battle of Resaca – The battle begins with Union General
Sherman
Sherman most commonly refers to:
*Sherman (name), a surname and given name (and list of persons with the name)
** William Tecumseh Sherman (1820–1891), American Civil War General
*M4 Sherman, a tank
Sherman may also refer to:
Places United St ...
fighting toward
Atlanta.
*
May 15 – American Civil War:
Battle of New Market – Cadets from the
Virginia Military Institute fight alongside the
Confederate Army, forcing
Union General
Franz Sigel out of the
Shenandoah Valley
The Shenandoah Valley () is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. The valley is bounded to the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains, to the west by the eastern front of the Ridge- ...
.
*
May 18 –
Civil War gold hoax: The ''New York World'' and the ''New York Journal of Commerce'' publish a fake proclamation that President
Abraham Lincoln has issued a draft of 400,000 more soldiers.
*
May 20
** American Civil War:
Battle of Ware Bottom Church – In the Virginia
Bermuda Hundred Campaign, 10,000 troops fight in this Confederate victory.
** Australian bushranger
Ben Hall and his gang escape from a shootout with police, after attempting to rob the Bang Bang Hotel in
Koorawatha, New South Wales
Koorawatha is a town in the South West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia, on the Olympic Highway between Cowra and Young. It was once a large and thriving centre of activity but now has only a hotel and a cafe.
The Koorawatha Hotel h ...
.
*
May 21 – The Russian Empire begins the
Circassian genocide. More than 1.5 million Circassians are driven from their homeland to the
Ottoman Empire, ending the
Russo-Circassian War.
*
May 26 –
Montana Territory is organized out of parts of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory.
*
June – The
United States Sanitary Commission's
Sanitary Fair
Sanitary fairs were fund-raising events held in various cities on behalf of the United States Sanitary Commission to raise funds and supplies for the Union Army during the American Civil War. Established in 1863, the last major event was held in 1 ...
in
Philadelphia takes place.
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– American Civil War:
Battle of Piedmont – Union forces under General
David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at
Piedmont, West Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.
*
June 9 – American Civil War:
Battle of Petersburg – Union forces under General Grant and troops led by Confederate General
Robert E. Lee
Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, towards the end of which he was appointed the overall commander of the Confederate States Army. He led the Army of Nort ...
battle for the last time.
*
June 10 – American Civil War:
**
Battle of Noonday Creek – Confederate troops defeat Union forces, near
Kennesaw, Georgia.
**
Battle of Brice's Crossroads – Confederate troops under
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Nathan Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821October 29, 1877) was a prominent Confederate Army general during the American Civil War and the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan from 1867 to 1869. Before the war, Forrest amassed substantial wealt ...
defeat a much larger Union force, led by General
Samuel D. Sturgis
Samuel Davis Sturgis (June 11, 1822 – September 28, 1889) was a senior Officer (armed forces), officer of the United States Army. A veteran of the Mexican–American War, Mexican War, American Civil War, Civil War, and American Indian Wars, I ...
, in
Mississippi.
*
June 12 – American Civil War:
Battle of Cold Harbor – General Ulysses S. Grant pulls his troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia, and moves south.
*
June 15 –
Arlington National Cemetery is established in the United States, when of the grounds of Robert E. Lee's home (
Arlington House) are officially set aside as a military
cemetery, by U.S. Secretary of War
Edwin M. Stanton.
*
June 18
** The
Decree of Extended Freedom of Trade introduces complete freedom of trade in Sweden.
** The
January Uprising
The January Uprising ( pl, powstanie styczniowe; lt, 1863 metų sukilimas; ua, Січневе повстання; russian: Польское восстание; ) was an insurrection principally in Russia's Kingdom of Poland that was aimed at ...
ends in the defeat of Polish forces.
*
June 19 – American Civil War:
Battle of Cherbourg
The Battle of Cherbourg was part of the Battle of Normandy during World War II. It was fought immediately after the successful Allied landings on 6 June 1944. Allied troops, mainly American, isolated and captured the fortified port, which was ...
–
Confederate States Navy CSS ''Alabama'' is sunk in a
single-ship action
A single-ship action is a naval engagement fought between two warships of opposing sides, excluding submarine engagements; called so because there is a single ship on each side. The following is a list of notable single-ship actions.
Single-shi ...
with
USS ''Kearsarge'', in the
English Channel off the coast of
Cherbourg peninsula, France.
*
June 21
Events Pre-1600
* 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date).
* 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mo ...
–
New Zealand Wars: The
Tauranga Campaign ends.
*
June 27 – American Civil War:
Battle of Kennesaw Mountain – Confederate troops defeat Union forces, near
Kennesaw, Georgia.
*
June 29 – Second Schleswig War: The
Battle of Als
The Battle of Als ( da, Slaget om Als; german: Übergang nach Alsen) was fought on 29 June 1864 during the Second Schleswig War between Denmark and Prussia. It was the last major engagement of the war, as the Prussians under General Herwarth ...
is won by the Prussians under General
Herwarth von Bittenfeld, who occupy the island of
Als
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease, is a neurodegenerative disease that results in the progressive loss of motor neurons that control voluntary muscles. ALS is the most com ...
after crossing the Alssund, between the village of Sottrupskov and the
Sandbjerg Estate, by night. Of 9,000 Danish troops stationed there, a third are killed, wounded or captured.
July–September
*
July 2 –
Dimitri Atanasescu founds the first
Romanian school in the Balkans for the
Aromanians in
Trnovo, in the Ottoman Empire (now in
North Macedonia). By the early 20th century, the number of these schools will have risen to 106.
*
July 4 – The
University of Bucharest in
Romania is founded.
*
July 18 – President Lincoln issues a true proclamation of conscription of 500,000 men, for the U.S. Civil War.
*
July 19 – The
Third Battle of Nanking
The Third Battle of Nanking in 1864 was the last major engagement of the Taiping Rebellion in the Qing Empire. With the fall of Nanking (now spelled Nanjing), the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the rebellion came to an end. The Hunan ...
climaxes, when the
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom capital of
Nanking falls to an assault by Imperial
Qing Dynasty forces, in the last major action of the
Taiping Rebellion in China. There are probably more than a million troops in the battle, and the Taiping army sustains at least 100,000 dead.
*
July 20 –
American Civil War:
Battle of Peachtree Creek – Near
Atlanta, Confederate forces led by General
John Bell Hood unsuccessfully attack Union troops under General
William T. Sherman.
*
July 22 –
American Civil War:
Battle of Atlanta – Outside of Atlanta, Confederate General Hood leads an unsuccessful attack on Union troops under General Sherman, on Bald Hill.
*
July 24 –
American Civil War:
Second Battle of Kernstown
The Second Battle of Kernstown was fought on July 24, 1864, at Kernstown, Virginia, outside Winchester, Virginia, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War. The Confederate Army of the Valley under Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Ea ...
– Confederate General
Jubal Early defeats Union troops led by General
George Crook
George R. Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. During the 1880s, the Apache nicknamed Crook ''Nantan ...
in an effort to keep the Yankees out of the Shenandoah Valley.
*
July 28 –
American Civil War:
Battle of Ezra Church
The Battle of Ezra Church, also known as the Battle of Ezra Chapel and the Battle of the Poor House (July 28, 1864) saw Union Army forces under Major General William T. Sherman fight Confederate States Army troops led by Lieutenant General John ...
– Confederate troops, led by General Hood, make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces under General Sherman from Atlanta.
*
July 29 –
American Civil War: Confederate spy
Belle Boyd is arrested by Union troops, and detained at the
Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C.
*
July 30 –
American Civil War:
Battle of the Crater
The Battle of the Crater was a battle of the American Civil War, part of the siege of Petersburg. It took place on Saturday, July 30, 1864, between the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by General Robert E. Lee, and the Union Arm ...
– Union forces attempt to break Confederate lines, by exploding a large bomb under their trenches.
*
August 1 – The
Elgin Watch Company is founded in
Elgin, Illinois.
*
August 5 –
American Civil War:
Battle of Mobile Bay – At
Mobile Bay near
Mobile, Alabama
Mobile ( , ) is a city and the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama, United States. The population within the city limits was 187,041 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, down from 195,111 at the 2010 United States census, 2010 cens ...
, Admiral
David Farragut leads a Union flotilla through Confederate defenses, and seals one of the last major Southern ports.
*
August 10 – An undeclared
Uruguayan War begins, when
Uruguay refuses an ultimatum from the
Empire of Brazil.
*
August 13 – The first
fish and chips
Fish and chips is a popular hot dish consisting of fried fish in crispy batter, served with chips. The dish originated in England, where these two components had been introduced from separate immigrant cultures; it is not known who created t ...
shop perhaps opens in London.
*
August 18 –
American Civil War:
Battle of Globe Tavern – Forces under Union General
Ulysses S. Grant try to cut a vital
Confederate supply-line into
Petersburg, Virginia, by attacking the
Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, forcing the Confederates to use wagons.
*
August 22 – The
First Geneva Convention
The First Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, held on 22 August 1864, is the first of four treaties of the Geneva Conventions. It defines "the basis on which rest the rules of internatio ...
, for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, is signed in
Geneva by 12 European states, under the auspices of the
International Committee for Relief to the Wounded (predecessor of the
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, an ...
).
*
August 31 –
American Civil War: Union forces, led by General
William T. Sherman, launch an assault on
Atlanta.
*
September 1
**
American Civil War: Confederate General Hood evacuates Atlanta, after a 4-month siege mounted by Union General Sherman.
**
Charlottetown Conference: Delegates from the Canadian colonies meet, to discuss
Canadian Confederation.
*
September 2 –
American Civil War: Union forces under General Sherman enter Atlanta, a day after the Confederate defenders fled the city.
*
September 5–
6 –
Bombardment of Shimonoseki: An American, British,
Dutch and French alliance engages the powerful feudal Japanese warlord or ''
daimyō'' Lord
Mōri Takachika, of the
Chōshū clan, based in
Shimonoseki, Japan.
*
September 7 –
American Civil War: Atlanta is evacuated on orders of Union General William Tecumseh Sherman.
*
September 16 –
Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
establishes the
Diocese of Gozo.
*
September 17
Events Pre-1600
* 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia".
* 1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Empi ...
–
American Civil War: The
Second Battle of Cabin Creek is fought in
Indian Territory.
*
September 28
Events Pre-1600
*48 BC – Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII.
* 235 – Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus ...
– The
International Workingmen's Association is founded in London.
October–December
*
October 1 – A calamity is narrowly averted in London at the
Erith explosion
*
October 2 –
American Civil War:
First Battle of Saltville – Union forces attack
Saltville, Virginia, but are defeated by Confederate troops.
*
October 5 – A
cyclone
In meteorology, a cyclone () is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from above (opposite to an anti ...
kills 70,000 in
Calcutta, India.
*
October 9 –
American Civil War:
Battle of Tom's Brook – Union cavalrymen in the Shenandoah Valley defeat Confederate forces at
Tom's Brook, Virginia
Toms Brook is a town in Shenandoah County, Virginia, United States. The population was 258 at the 2010 census.
History
During the American Civil War, the Battle of Tom's Brook was fought nearby, a Union victory that became dubbed "the Woodstock ...
.
*
October 10 – The
Quebec Conference begins, to discuss plans for the creation of a Dominion of Canada.
*
October 12 –
Uruguayan War: Forces of the
Empire of Brazil invade
Uruguay, in support of
Venancio Flores'
Colorado Party.
*
October 28 –
American Civil War: Second Battle of Fair Oaks – Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant withdraw from
Fair Oaks, Virginia, after failing to breach the Confederate defenses around
Richmond, Virginia
(Thus do we reach the stars)
, image_map =
, mapsize = 250 px
, map_caption = Location within Virginia
, pushpin_map = Virginia#USA
, pushpin_label = Richmond
, pushpin_m ...
.
*
October 30
** The
Second Schleswig War is concluded. Denmark renounces all claim to
Schleswig,
Holstein, and
Lauenburg, which come under
Prussian and Austrian administration.
**
Helena, Montana
Helena (; ) is the capital city of Montana, United States, and the county seat of Lewis and Clark County.
Helena was founded as a gold camp during the Montana gold rush, and established on October 30, 1864. Due to the gold rush, Helena would ...
, is founded, after four
prospectors (the so-called ''
Four Georgians'') discover
gold at ''Last Chance Gulch''; it is their last and agreed final attempt for weeks, of trying to find gold in the northern Rockies.
** An annular solar eclipse occurs, the 42nd solar eclipse of
Solar Saros 131.
*
October 31 –
Nevada is admitted as the 36th
U.S. state.
*
November 4 –
American Civil War:
Battle of Johnsonville – At Johnsonville, Tennessee, troops under the command of Confederate General
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Nathan Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821October 29, 1877) was a prominent Confederate Army general during the American Civil War and the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan from 1867 to 1869. Before the war, Forrest amassed substantial wealt ...
bombard a Union supply base with artillery, and destroy millions of dollars worth of material.
*
November 7 – The capital of
Idaho Territory
The Territory of Idaho was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1863, until July 3, 1890, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as Idaho.
History
1860s
The territory w ...
is moved from
Lewiston to
Boise;
North Idaho
The Idaho Panhandle—locally known as North Idaho—is a salient region of the U.S. state of Idaho encompassing the state's 10 northernmost counties: Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shosho ...
declares the move illegal, and proposes
secession.
*
November 8 –
1864 United States presidential election
The 1864 United States presidential election was the 20th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1864. Near the end of the American Civil War, incumbent President Abraham Lincoln of the National Union Party easily ...
:
Abraham Lincoln is reelected, in an overwhelming victory over
George B. McClellan.
*
November 12 – Hostilities in the
Paraguayan War open, with the Paraguayan ship ''Tacuarí'' capturing the Brazilian ''Marquês de Olinda'', in the
Paraguay River.
*
November 15 –
American Civil War –
Sherman's March to the Sea begins: Union General Sherman burns Atlanta and starts to move south, living off the land, and causing extensive devastation to crops and mills.
*
November 20 – The
judicial reform of Alexander II is launched in the
Russian Empire.
*
November 22 –
American Civil War:
Sherman's March to the Sea – Confederate General John Bell Hood invades
Tennessee, in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Union General Sherman from Georgia.
*
November 25 –
American Civil War: A group of Confederate operatives, calling themselves the
Confederate Army of Manhattan, starts fires in more than 20 locations, in an unsuccessful attempt to burn down
New York City.
*
November 29
Events Pre-1600
* 561 – Following the death of King Chlothar I at Compiègne, his four sons, Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I, divide the Frankish Kingdom.
* 618 – The Tang dynasty scores a decisive victory over t ...
–
American Indian Wars:
Sand Creek massacre –
Colorado volunteers, led by Colonel
John Chivington, massacre at least 400
Cheyenne and
Arapaho noncombatants at Sand Creek, Colorado (where they had been given permission to camp); many of the dead are subsequently mutilated.
*
November 30 –
American Civil War:
Second Battle of Franklin – The Confederate
Army of Tennessee, led by General Hood, mounts a dramatically unsuccessful frontal assault on Union positions around
Franklin, Tennessee (Hood loses 6 generals and almost a third of his troops).
*
December 1 – The
Great Fire of Brisbane breaks out in Australia.
*
December 4 –
American Civil War:
Sherman's March to the Sea – At
Waynesboro, Georgia, forces under Union General
Judson Kilpatrick prevent troops, led by Confederate General
Joseph Wheeler, from interfering with Union General Sherman's campaign of destroying a wide swath of the South, on his march to
Savannah
A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland-grassland (i.e. grassy woodland) ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the Canopy (forest), canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to rea ...
; Union forces suffer more than 3 times the casualties as the Confederates, however.
*
December 8
**
James Clerk Maxwell presents his paper, ''
A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field'', to the
Royal Society in London, treating light as an
electromagnetic wave.
** ''
Syllabus errorum
The ''Syllabus of Errors'' ( la, Syllabus Errorum) is a document issued by the Holy See under Pope Pius IX on 8 December 1864, as an appendix to the encyclical. It condemns a total of 80 errors or heresies, articulating Catholic Church teachi ...
'':
Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
condemns theological liberalism as an error, and claims the supremacy of Roman Catholic Church authority over civil society. He also condemns
rationalism and
socialism.
** The
Clifton Suspension Bridge across the
River Avon (Bristol) in England, designed by
Isambard Kingdom Brunel and completed as a memorial to him, opens to traffic.
*
December 13 –
Paraguayan War:
Paraguay formally declares war on the
Empire of Brazil, in support of the
Uruguayan National Party. The war continues to
1870
Events
January–March
* January 1
** The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England.
** Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed.
* January 3 – Construction of the Broo ...
, with around 300,000 Paraguayan deaths.
*
December 15–
16 –
American Civil War:
Battle of Nashville
The Battle of Nashville was a two-day battle in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign that represented the end of large-scale fighting west of the coastal states in the American Civil War. It was fought at Nashville, Tennessee, on December 15–16, 1 ...
– Union forces decisively defeat the Confederate Army of Tennessee.
Date unknown
* The Second
Anglo-Ashanti War ends.
* The Dutch conquer southern
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
.
*
Asa Mercer travels from
Seattle to the U.S. East Coast, and recruits 11 ''
Mercer Girls'', potential wives for men on the West Coast.
* The first
Quanjude Peking Roast Duck restaurant opens on Qianmen Street in
Peking, China.
* Yasudaya Currency Exchange Bank, as predecessor of
Mizuho Financial Group, is founded in Edo (modern-day
Tokyo), Japan.
* Merchants Bank of Halifax, as predecessor of
Royal Bank of Canada
Royal Bank of Canada (RBC; french: Banque royale du Canada) is a Canadian multinational financial services company and the largest bank in Canada by market capitalization. The bank serves over 17 million clients and has more than 89,000& ...
, founded in
Nova Scotia.
Births
January–March
*
January 1
**
Qi Baishi, Chinese painter (d.
1957
1957 ( MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1957th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 957th year of the 2nd millennium, the 57th year of the 20th century, and the 8th y ...
)
**
Alfred Stieglitz
Alfred Stieglitz (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his 50-year career in making photography an accepted art form. In addition to his photography, Stieglitz was kno ...
, American photographer (d.
1946
Events January
* January 6 - The 1946 North Vietnamese parliamentary election, first general election ever in Vietnam is held.
* January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into f ...
)
*
January 8
Events Pre-1600
* 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Jin Huaidi becomes emperor of China in succession to his father, Emperor Hui of Jin, Jin Huidi, despite a challenge from his uncle, Sima Ying.
* 871 – Æthelred I, King of Wessex, Æthel ...
–
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (d.
1892
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States.
* February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado.
* February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
)
*
January 13
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
–
Wilhelm Wien, German physicist,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1928
Events January
* January – British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffith's experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA.
* January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris Bazhanov, J ...
)
*
January 21 –
Israel Zangwill, British novelist, playwright (d.
1926
Events January
* January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece.
* January 8
**Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud is crowned King of Hejaz.
** Crown Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thuy ascends the throne, the last monarch of V ...
)
*
January 24 –
Marguerite Durand, French actress, journalist and feminist leader (d.
1936
Events
January–February
* January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
)
*
January 28 –
Herbert Akroyd Stuart, English mechanical engineer, inventor (d.
1927
Events January
* January 1 – The British Broadcasting ''Company'' becomes the British Broadcasting ''Corporation'', when its Royal Charter of incorporation takes effect. John Reith becomes the first Director-General.
* January 7
* ...
)
*
February 4
Events Pre–1600
* 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...
–
James Fenton, Australian politician (d.
1950
Events January
* January 1 – The International Police Association (IPA) – the largest police organization in the world – is formed.
* January 5 – 1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash, Sverdlovsk plane crash: ''Aeroflot'' Lisunov Li-2 cr ...
)
*
February 7 –
Arthur Collins, early American recording artist (d.
1933
Events
January
* January 11 – Sir Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand.
* January 17 – The United States Congress votes in favour of Philippines independence, against the wis ...
)
*
February 11
Events Pre-1600
*660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
* 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...
–
Louis Bouveault, French chemist (d.
1909
Events
January–February
* January 4 – Explorer Aeneas Mackintosh of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition escaped death by fleeing across ice floes.
* January 7 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama.
* Januar ...
)
*
February 17
Events Pre-1600
* 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau.
* 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of ...
–
Banjo Paterson, Australian poet (d.
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
)
*
February 20
Events Pre-1600
*1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated.
*1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawned by Norway to Scotland ...
–
Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson, British general (d.
1925
Events January
* January 1
** The Syrian Federation is officially dissolved, the State of Aleppo and the State of Damascus having been replaced by the State of Syria.
* January 3 – Benito Mussolini makes a pivotal speech in the Italia ...
)
*
March 4 –
David W. Taylor, American naval architect (d.
1940
A calendar from 1940 according to the Gregorian calendar, factoring in the dates of Easter and related holidays, cannot be used again until the year 5280.
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
*January ...
)
*
March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
* 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
–
W. H. R. Rivers
William Halse Rivers Rivers FRS FRAI ( – ) was an English anthropologist, neurologist, ethnologist and psychiatrist known for treatment of First World War officers suffering shell shock, so they could be returned to combat. Rivers' most f ...
, English psychiatrist (d.
1922
Events
January
* January 7 – Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic), Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes.
* January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éirean ...
)
*
March 13 –
Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian expressionist painter (d.
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
)
*
March 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
* 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguen ...
–
Alfred Redl
Alfred Redl (14 March 1864 – 25 May 1913) was an Austrian military officer who rose to head the '' Evidenzbureau'', the
counterintelligence wing of the General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army. Redl was one of the leading figures of pre-Wor ...
, Austrian military intelligence officer and double agent (suicide
1913
Events January
* January 5 – First Balkan War: Battle of Lemnos (1913), Battle of Lemnos – Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it will not ven ...
)
*
March 15 –
Johan Halvorsen, Norwegian composer (d.
1935
Events
January
* January 7 – Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude Franco-Italian Agreement of 1935, an agreement, in which each power agrees not to oppose the other's colonial claims.
* ...
)
*
March 17 –
Joseph Baptista,
Indian Home Rule Movement founder (d.
1930
Events
January
* January 15 – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called perigee, at the same time as its fullest phase of the Lunar Cycle. This is the closest moon distance at in recent history, and the next one will be ...
)
*
March 19 –
Charles Marion Russell, American artist (d.
1926
Events January
* January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece.
* January 8
**Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud is crowned King of Hejaz.
** Crown Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thuy ascends the throne, the last monarch of V ...
)
*
March 23 –
Sándor Simonyi-Semadam, 26th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.
1946
Events January
* January 6 - The 1946 North Vietnamese parliamentary election, first general election ever in Vietnam is held.
* January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into f ...
)
April–June
*
April 10
**
Michael Mayr, 2nd Chancellor of Austria (d.
1922
Events
January
* January 7 – Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic), Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes.
* January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éirean ...
)
**
Tully Marshall, American actor (d.
1943
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4 – ...
)
*
April 11 –
Johanna Elberskirchen
Johanna Elberskirchen (11 April 1864 in Bonn – 17 May 1943 in Rüdersdorf) was a feminist writer and activist for the rights of women, gays and lesbians as well as blue-collar workers. She published books on women's sexuality and health among oth ...
, German feminist (d.
1943
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4 – ...
)
*
April 12 –
Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron Wester Wemyss, British admiral (d.
1933
Events
January
* January 11 – Sir Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand.
* January 17 – The United States Congress votes in favour of Philippines independence, against the wis ...
)
*
April 14 –
Artur Văitoianu, Romanian general and politician, 27th
Prime Minister of Romania (d.
1956
Events
January
* January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan.
* January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. evangelical Christian Missionary, missionaries, Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim ...
)
*
April 21
Events Pre-1600
*753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date).
* 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is murdered ...
–
Max Weber
Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (; ; 21 April 186414 June 1920) was a German sociologist, historian, jurist and political economist, who is regarded as among the most important theorists of the development of modern Western society. His ideas profo ...
, German sociologist (d.
1920
Events January
* January 1
** Polish–Soviet War in 1920: The Russian Red Army increases its troops along the Polish border from 4 divisions to 20.
** Kauniainen, completely surrounded by the city of Espoo, secedes from Espoo as its own ma ...
)
*
May 5 –
Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet, British field marshal, politician (d.
1922
Events
January
* January 7 – Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic), Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes.
* January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éirean ...
)
*
May 10
Events Pre-1600
* 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China.
*1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...
–
Léon Gaumont, French film pioneer (d.
1946
Events January
* January 6 - The 1946 North Vietnamese parliamentary election, first general election ever in Vietnam is held.
* January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into f ...
)
*
May 15 –
Vilhelm Hammershøi
Vilhelm Hammershøi (), often anglicised as Vilhelm Hammershoi (15 May 186413 February 1916), was a Danish painter. He is known for his poetic, subdued portraits and interiors.Souren Melikian,Hammershoi's decade of brilliance, before banality set ...
, Danish painter (d.
1916
Events
Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix.
January
* January 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that had been stored and cooled.
* ...
)
*
May 20 –
Vasily Gurko, Russian general (d.
1937
Events
January
* January 1 – Anastasio Somoza García becomes President of Nicaragua.
* January 5 – Water levels begin to rise in the Ohio River in the United States, leading to the Ohio River flood of 1937, which continues into Fe ...
)
*
May 25 –
Princess Anne of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
Princess Anne of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg (german: link=no, Anne Prinzessin zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg; née Lady Anne Savile; 25 May 1864 – 31 August 1927) was an English socialite and aviation patron and enthusiast. Anne was ...
, British-born German aristocrat, aviation enthusiast (d.
1927
Events January
* January 1 – The British Broadcasting ''Company'' becomes the British Broadcasting ''Corporation'', when its Royal Charter of incorporation takes effect. John Reith becomes the first Director-General.
* January 7
* ...
, officially declared dead February
1928
Events January
* January – British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffith's experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA.
* January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris Bazhanov, J ...
)
*
June 2 –
Wilhelm Souchon, German admiral (d.
1946
Events January
* January 6 - The 1946 North Vietnamese parliamentary election, first general election ever in Vietnam is held.
* January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into f ...
)
*
June 3 –
Ransom E. Olds, American automotive pioneer (d.
1950
Events January
* January 1 – The International Police Association (IPA) – the largest police organization in the world – is formed.
* January 5 – 1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash, Sverdlovsk plane crash: ''Aeroflot'' Lisunov Li-2 cr ...
)
*
June 10 –
Ninian Comper, British architect (d.
1960
It is also known as the "Year of Africa" because of major events—particularly the independence of seventeen African nations—that focused global attention on the continent and intensified feelings of Pan-Africanism.
Events
January
* Ja ...
)
*
June 11 –
Richard Strauss
Richard Georg Strauss (; 11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a German composer, conductor, pianist, and violinist. Considered a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, he has been described as a successor of Richard Wag ...
, German composer (d.
1949
Events
January
* January 1 – A United Nations-sponsored ceasefire brings an end to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. The war results in a stalemate and the division of Kashmir, which still continues as of 2022.
* January 2 – Luis ...
)
*
June 13 –
Dwight B. Waldo
Dr. Dwight Bryant Waldo (June 13, 1864 – October 29, 1939) was the first President of Western Michigan University (WMU) in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Waldo was born in Arcade, N.Y. but spent his childhood in Plainwell, Michigan. Waldo was elected pr ...
, American educator, historian (d.
1939
This year also marks the start of the Second World War, the largest and deadliest conflict in human history.
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1
** Third Reich
*** Jews are forbidden to ...
)
*
June 14 –
Alois Alzheimer, German psychiatrist, neuropathologist (d.
1915
Events
Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.
January
* January – British physicist Sir Joseph Larmor publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction".
*January 1 ...
)
*
June 22 –
Hermann Minkowski
Hermann Minkowski (; ; 22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a German mathematician and professor at Königsberg, Zürich and Göttingen. He created and developed the geometry of numbers and used geometrical methods to solve problems in number t ...
, German mathematician (d.
1909
Events
January–February
* January 4 – Explorer Aeneas Mackintosh of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition escaped death by fleeing across ice floes.
* January 7 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama.
* Januar ...
)
*
June 25 –
Walther Nernst
Walther Hermann Nernst (; 25 June 1864 – 18 November 1941) was a German chemist known for his work in thermodynamics, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and solid state physics. His formulation of the Nernst heat theorem helped pave the wa ...
, German chemist,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
)
*
June 30 –
Frederick Bligh Bond, English architect (d.
1945
1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat.
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
Januar ...
)
July–September
*
July 12
**
George Washington Carver
George Washington Carver ( 1864 – January 5, 1943) was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion. He was one of the most prominent black scientists of the ea ...
, African-American botanist (d.
1943
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4 – ...
)
**
Peter Deunov, Bulgarian spiritual teacher (d.
1944
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 2 – WWII:
** Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group in Nor ...
)
*
July 13 –
John Jacob Astor IV, American businessman, inventor (d.
1912
Events January
* January 1 – The Republic of China (1912–49), Republic of China is established.
* January 5 – The Prague Conference (6th All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) opens.
* January 6 ...
)
*
July 15 –
Marie Tempest, English stage, film actress (d.
1942
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1 – WWII: The Declaration by United Nations is signed by China, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and 22 other nations, in wh ...
)
*
July 20 –
Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1931
Events
January
* January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, used to accelerate particles to study nuclear physics.
* January 4 – German pilot Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa.
* January 22 – Sir I ...
)
*
July 21 –
Frances Cleveland,
First Lady of the United States
The first lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title held by the hostess of the White House, usually the wife of the president of the United States, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never ...
(d.
1947
It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Events
January
* January–February – Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in ...
)
*
July 23 –
Apolinario Mabini, Filipino political theoretician, Prime Minister (d.
1903
Events January
* January 1 – Edward VII is proclaimed Emperor of India.
* January 19 – The first west–east transatlantic radio broadcast is made from the United States to England (the first east–west broadcast having been ...
)
*
August 9 –
Roman Dmowski, Polish politician (d.
1939
This year also marks the start of the Second World War, the largest and deadliest conflict in human history.
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1
** Third Reich
*** Jews are forbidden to ...
)
*
August 20 –
Ion I. C. Brătianu
Ion Ionel Constantin Brătianu (, also known as Ionel Brătianu; 20 August 1864 – 24 November 1927) was a Romanian politician, leader of the National Liberal Party (PNL), Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, and Foreign Minister on seve ...
, 5-time prime minister of Romania (d.
1927
Events January
* January 1 – The British Broadcasting ''Company'' becomes the British Broadcasting ''Corporation'', when its Royal Charter of incorporation takes effect. John Reith becomes the first Director-General.
* January 7
* ...
)
*
August 23 –
Eleftherios Venizelos
Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos ( el, Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος, translit=Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, ; – 18 March 1936) was a Greek statesman and a prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movem ...
, 7-time prime minister of Greece (d.
1936
Events
January–February
* January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
)
*
September 14 –
Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, English politician, diplomat, recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize (d.
1958
Events
January
* January 1 – The European Economic Community (EEC) comes into being.
* January 3 – The West Indies Federation is formed.
* January 4
** Edmund Hillary's Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition completes the third ...
)
October–December
*
October 1 –
Emma Sheridan Fry, American actress and playwright (d.
1936
Events
January–February
* January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
)
*
October 5 –
Louis Lumière
Louis Jean Lumière (5 October 1864 Besançon – 6 June 1948, Bandol) was a French engineer and industrialist who played a key role in the development of photography and cinema.
Early life and education
Lumière was one of four children of ...
, French inventor (d.
1948
Events January
* January 1
** The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is inaugurated.
** The Constitution of New Jersey (later subject to amendment) goes into effect.
** The railways of Britain are nationalized, to form British ...
)
*
October 8 –
Kikunae Ikeda, Japanese chemist (d.
1936
Events
January–February
* January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
)
*
October 9 –
Reginald Dyer, British army officer, perpetrator of
Jallianwala Bagh massacre (d.
1927
Events January
* January 1 – The British Broadcasting ''Company'' becomes the British Broadcasting ''Corporation'', when its Royal Charter of incorporation takes effect. John Reith becomes the first Director-General.
* January 7
* ...
)
*
October 15
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – Following the death of Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, Edgar the Ætheling is proclaimed King of England by the Witan; he is never crowned, and concedes power to William the Conqueror two months later.
* 1211 ...
–
Lorenzo Lauri
Lorenzo Lauri (15 October 1864 – 8 October 1941) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Major Penitentiary from 1927 and Camerlengo from 1939 until his death and was elevated to the rank of cardinal in 1926.
Biography
...
, Italian cardinal (d.
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
)
*
October 25 –
Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian composer (d.
1956
Events
January
* January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan.
* January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. evangelical Christian Missionary, missionaries, Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim ...
)
*
October 31 –
Cosmo Gordon Lang
William Cosmo Gordon Lang, 1st Baron Lang of Lambeth, (31 October 1864 – 5 December 1945) was a Scottish Anglican prelate who served as Archbishop of York (1908–1928) and Archbishop of Canterbury (1928–1942). His elevation to Archbishop ...
,
Archbishop of Canterbury
The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justi ...
(d.
1945
1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat.
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
Januar ...
)
*
November 5 –
Jessie Ralph, American actress (d.
1944
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 2 – WWII:
** Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group in Nor ...
)
*
November 1 –
Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine
, russian: Елизавета Фёдоровна Романова
, house = Hesse-Darmstadt
, father = Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
, mother = Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
, birth_name = Princess E ...
(d.
1918
This year is noted for the end of the First World War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50–100 million people worldwide.
Events
Below, the events ...
)
*
November 11 –
Alfred Hermann Fried
Alfred Hermann Fried (; 11 November 1864 – 4 May 1921) was an Austrian Jewish pacifist, publicist, journalist, co-founder of the German peace movement, and winner (with Tobias Asser) of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1911. Fried was also a supporter o ...
, Austrian writer, pacifist, recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize (d.
1921
Events
January
* January 2
** The Association football club Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, from Belo Horizonte, is founded as the multi-sports club Palestra Italia by Italian expatriates in First Brazilian Republic, Brazil.
** The Spanish lin ...
)
*
November 24 –
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (d.
1901
Events
January
* January 1 – The Crown colony, British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria (Australia), Victoria and Western Australia Federation of Australia, federate as the Australia, ...
)
*
November 26 –
Edward Higgins
Edward John Higgins (26 November 1864 – 14 December 1947) was the third General of The Salvation Army (1929–1934).
He was born in Highbridge, Somerset, England. His father became a much revered Commissioner in the Army's ranks, ...
, 3rd General of
The Salvation Army (d.
1947
It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Events
January
* January–February – Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in ...
)
*
December 6
**
Alberico Albricci, Italian general (d.
1936
Events
January–February
* January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
)
**
William S. Hart, American film actor, director and writer (d.
1946
Events January
* January 6 - The 1946 North Vietnamese parliamentary election, first general election ever in Vietnam is held.
* January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into f ...
)
*
December 8 –
Camille Claudel, French sculptor (d.
1943
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4 – ...
)
*
December 9 –
Breaker Morant, Australian soldier (d.
1902
Events
January
* January 1
** The Nurses Registration Act 1901 comes into effect in New Zealand, making it the first country in the world to require state registration of nurses. On January 10, Ellen Dougherty becomes the world's f ...
)
*
December 12 –
Paul Elmer More, American critic, essayist (d.
1937
Events
January
* January 1 – Anastasio Somoza García becomes President of Nicaragua.
* January 5 – Water levels begin to rise in the Ohio River in the United States, leading to the Ohio River flood of 1937, which continues into Fe ...
)
*
December 14 –
Frank Campeau, American actor (d.
1943
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4 – ...
)
*
December 23 –
Princess Zorka of Montenegro (d.
1890
Events
January–March
* January 1
** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa.
** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River.
* January 2
** The steamship ...
)
*
December 25 –
Thomas Cahill, American soccer coach (d.
1951
Events
January
* January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
* January 9 – The Government of the United ...
)
*
December 27 –
Peyton C. March
General Peyton Conway March (December 27, 1864April 13, 1955) was a senior officer of the United States Army. He served in the Philippines, on the Mexican border, and World War I. March was the ninth Chief of Staff from 1918 to 1921, accomplish ...
, American general (d.
1955
Events January
* January 3 – José Ramón Guizado becomes president of Panama.
* January 17 – , the first nuclear-powered submarine, puts to sea for the first time, from Groton, Connecticut.
* January 18– 20 – Battle of Yijian ...
)
Date unknown
*
Ali Rikabi
Ali Rida Pasha Rikabi ( ar, علي رضا باشا الركابي; 1864 25 May 1943) was the First Prime Minister in modern Syria and was also the 3rd Prime Minister of Jordan.
Summary
During the last phase of Ottoman rule in the Middle East, R ...
, 2-time prime minister of Jordan (d.
1943
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4 – ...
)
Deaths
January–June
*
January 13
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
–
Stephen Foster, American song composer (b.
1826
Events January–March
* January 15 – The French newspaper ''Le Figaro'' begins publication in Paris, initially as a weekly.
* January 30 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford, is opened between the island o ...
)
*
January 27
Events Pre-1600
* 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent.
* 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to becom ...
–
Leo von Klenze, German neoclassicist architect, painter and writer (b.
1784
Events
January–March
* January 6 – Treaty of Constantinople: The Ottoman Empire agrees to Russia's annexation of the Crimea.
* January 14 – The Congress of the United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Brit ...
)
*
February 7 –
Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Serbian linguist, major reformer of the Serbian language (b.
1787
Events
January–March
* January 9 – The North Carolina General Assembly authorizes nine commissioners to purchase of land for the seat of Chatham County. The town is named Pittsborough (later shortened to Pittsboro), for ...
)
*
February 22 –
James Sewall Reed, U.S. Army officer (in battle) (b.
1832
Events
January–March
* January 6 – Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison founds the New-England Anti-Slavery Society.
* January 13 – The Christmas Rebellion of slaves is brought to an end in Jamaica, after the island's white plan ...
)
*
February 25
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor.
* 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II.
...
–
Anna Harrison,
First Lady of the United States
The first lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title held by the hostess of the White House, usually the wife of the president of the United States, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never ...
(b.
1775
Events
Summary
The American Revolutionary War began this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord on the day after Paul Revere's now-legendary ride. The Second Continental Congress t ...
)
*
March 10 – King
Maximilian II of Bavaria (b.
1811
Events
January–March
* January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana.
* January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón Brid ...
)
*
March 28 –
Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark (b.
1789
Events
January–March
* January – Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès publishes the pamphlet ''What Is the Third Estate?'' ('), influential on the French Revolution.
* January 7 – The 1788-89 United States presidential election a ...
)
*
April 4
Events Pre-1600
* 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines.
* 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground.
* 611 – ...
–
Joseph Pitty Couthouy
Joseph Pitty Couthouy (6 January 1808 – 4 April 1864) was an American naval officer, conchologist, and invertebrate palaeontologist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he entered the Boston Latin School in 1820. He married Mary Greenwood Wi ...
, American naval officer (b.
1808
Events January–March
* January 1
** The importation of slaves into the United States is banned, as the 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves takes effect; African slaves continue to be imported into Cuba, and until the island ab ...
)
*
April 14 –
Charles Lot Church
Charles Lot Church (March 13, 1777 – April 14, 1864) was a political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Lunenburg County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1820 to 1830.
He was born in Rhode Island (some sources say Fall River, ...
, Nova Scotia politician (b.
1777
Events
January–March
* January 2 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of the Assunpink Creek: American general George Washington's army repulses a British attack by Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, in a second ...
)
*
May 2 –
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Giacomo Meyerbeer (born Jakob Liebmann Beer; 5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a German opera composer, "the most frequently performed opera composer during the nineteenth century, linking Mozart and Wagner". With his 1831 opera ''Robert le di ...
, German composer (b.
1791
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Austrian composer Joseph Haydn arrives in England, to perform a series of concerts.
* January 2 – Northwest Indian War: Big Bottom Massacre – The war begins in the Ohio Country ...
)
*
May 5 –
Elizabeth Andrew Warren
Elizabeth Andrew Warren (28 April 1786 – 5 May 1864) was a Cornish botanist and marine Phycology, algologist who spent most of her career collecting along the southern coast of Cornwall. Her goal was to create a herbarium of indigenous plants o ...
, Cornish botanist, marine
algolologist (b.
1786
Events
January–March
* January 3 – The third Treaty of Hopewell is signed, between the United States and the Choctaw.
* January 6 – The outward bound East Indiaman '' Halsewell'' is wrecked on the south coast of Englan ...
)
*
May 9 –
John Sedgwick, Union general, American Civil War (b.
1813
Events
January–March
* January 18–January 23 – War of 1812: The Battle of Frenchtown is fought in modern-day Monroe, Michigan between the United States and a British and Native American alliance.
* January 24 – T ...
)
*
May 12 –
J. E. B. Stuart
James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart (February 6, 1833May 12, 1864) was a United States Army officer from Virginia who became a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War. He was known to his friends as "Jeb,” from the initials of ...
, Confederate cavalry general, American Civil War (b.
1833
Events January–March
* January 3 – Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833), Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.
* February 6 – His Royal Highness Prince Otto ...
)
*
May 19 –
Nathaniel Hawthorne, American author (b.
1804
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France, and becomes the first black republic, having the only successful slave revolt ever.
* February 4 – The Sokoto Caliphate is founded in West Africa.
* Februar ...
)
*
May 20 –
John Clare,
Northamptonshire peasant poet (b.
1793
The French Republic introduced the French Revolutionary Calendar starting with the year I.
Events
January–June
* January 7 – The Ebel riot occurs in Sweden.
* January 9 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fl ...
)
*
June 1 –
Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebel (b.
1814
Events January
* January 1 – War of the Sixth Coalition – The Royal Prussian Army led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher crosses the Rhine.
* January 3
** War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Cattaro: French garrison s ...
)
*
June 13 –
Henryk Dembiński, Polish engineer (b.
1791
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Austrian composer Joseph Haydn arrives in England, to perform a series of concerts.
* January 2 – Northwest Indian War: Big Bottom Massacre – The war begins in the Ohio Country ...
)
*
June 14 –
Patrick Kelly, U.S. Army officer (in battle) (b. c.
1822
Events
January–March
* January 1 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus.
*January 3 - The famous French explorer, Aimé Bonpland, is made prisoner in Paraguay accused of being a spy. ...
)
*
June 15 –
William E. Jones, Confederate general (in battle) (b.
1824
May 7: The almost completely deaf Beethoven premieres his Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven) , Ninth Symphony
Events
January–March
* January 8 – After much controversy, Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of the Royal Society, ...
)
July–December
*
August 3 –
Jakob Walter, German
stonemason
Stonemasonry or stonecraft is the creation of buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone as the primary material. It is one of the oldest activities and professions in human history. Many of the long-lasting, ancient shelters, temples, mo ...
, common draftee (b.
1788
Events
January–March
* January 1 – The first edition of ''The Times'', previously ''The Daily Universal Register'', is published in London.
* January 2 – Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the fourth U.S ...
)
*
August 4 –
David Hansemann, Prussian politician (b.
1790
Events
January–March
* January 8 – United States President George Washington gives the first State of the Union address, in New York City.
* January 11 – The 11 minor states of the Austrian Netherlands, which took p ...
)
*
August 19 –
Trương Định, Vietnamese leader (suicide) (b.
1820
Events
January–March
*January 1 – Nominal beginning of the Trienio Liberal in Spain: A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7).
*January 8 – General Maritime T ...
)
*
September 3 –
Emil Oskar Nobel, younger brother of
Alfred Nobel
Alfred Bernhard Nobel ( , ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedes, Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and Philanthropy, philanthropist. He is best known for having bequeathed his fortune to establish the Nobel ...
(killed in an explosion) (b.
1843
Events January–March
* January
** Serial publication of Charles Dickens's novel ''Martin Chuzzlewit'' begins in London; in the July chapters, he lands his hero in the United States.
** Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart" ...
)
*
October 1 –
Juan José Flores,
President of Ecuador (b.
1800
As of March 1 ( O.S. February 18), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 12 days until February 28 ( O.S. February 16), ...
)
*
October 12 –
Roger Taney,
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (b.
1777
Events
January–March
* January 2 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of the Assunpink Creek: American general George Washington's army repulses a British attack by Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, in a second ...
)
*
November 6 –
Tuanku Imam Bonjol, Indonesian religious and military leader (b.
1772
Events January–March
* January 10 – Shah Alam II, the Mughal Emperor of India, makes a triumphant return to Delhi 15 years after having been forced to flee.
* January 17 – Johann Friedrich Struensee and Queen Carolin ...
)
*
November 20 –
Albert Newsam, American artist (born 1809)
*
November 30
**
John Adams, Confederate Army officer (killed in action) (b.
1825
Events
January–March
* January 4 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies in Naples and is succeeded by his son, Francis.
* February 3 – Vendsyssel-Thy, once part of the Jutland peninsula forming westernmost Denmark, becomes a ...
)
**
Patrick Cleburne, Irish soldier, Confederate general (killed in action) (b.
1828
Events
January–March
* January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Comte de Villèle, as Prime Minister of France.
* January 8 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organized.
* January 22 – Arthu ...
)
**
States Rights Gist
States Rights Gist (September 3, 1831 – November 30, 1864) was a lawyer, a militia general in South Carolina, and a Confederate Army brigadier general who served during the American Civil War. A relative of several prominent South Carolinian ...
, Confederate General (killed in action) (b.
1831
Events
January–March
* January 1 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing '' The Liberator'', an anti-slavery newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts.
* January 10 – Japanese department store, Takashimaya in Kyoto establ ...
)
*
December 1 –
William L. Dayton – United States Minister to France (b.
1807
Events
January–March
* January 7 – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland issues an Order in Council prohibiting British ships from trading with France or its allies.
* January 20 – The Sierra Leone Company, faced with b ...
)
*
December 8 –
George Boole, English mathematician, philosopher (b.
1815
Events
January
* January 2 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, county of Durham, England.
* January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussi ...
)
*
December 21 –
Archduke Louis of Austria (b.
1784
Events
January–March
* January 6 – Treaty of Constantinople: The Ottoman Empire agrees to Russia's annexation of the Crimea.
* January 14 – The Congress of the United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Brit ...
)
*
December 23 –
James Bronterre O'Brien
James Bronterre O'Brien (1805Many sources give the time of his birth as 'early February 1804'. – 23 December 1864) was an Irish Chartist leader, reformer and journalist.
Early years
James O'Brien was born near Granard, County Longford, I ...
, British Chartist (b.
1804
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France, and becomes the first black republic, having the only successful slave revolt ever.
* February 4 – The Sokoto Caliphate is founded in West Africa.
* Februar ...
)
*
December 24 – Mary Baker (née Willcocks), aka
Princess Caraboo (b.
1791
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Austrian composer Joseph Haydn arrives in England, to perform a series of concerts.
* January 2 – Northwest Indian War: Big Bottom Massacre – The war begins in the Ohio Country ...
)
*
December 31 –
George M. Dallas, U.S. Senator,
11th
11 (eleven) is the natural number following 10 and preceding 12. It is the first repdigit. In English, it is the smallest positive integer whose name has three syllables.
Name
"Eleven" derives from the Old English ', which is first attested i ...
Vice President of the United States (b.
1792
Events
January–March
* January 9 – The Treaty of Jassy ends the Russian Empire's war with the Ottoman Empire over Crimea.
* February 18 – Thomas Holcroft produces the comedy '' The Road to Ruin'' in London.
* February ...
)
Date unknown
*
Fu Shanxiang, Chinese scholar, Chancellor (b.
1833
Events January–March
* January 3 – Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833), Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.
* February 6 – His Royal Highness Prince Otto ...
)
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1864
Leap years in the Gregorian calendar