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Threat Displays
Deimatic behaviour or startle display means any pattern of bluffing behaviour in an animal that lacks strong defences, such as suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots, to scare off or momentarily distract a predator, thus giving the prey animal an opportunity to escape. The term deimatic or dymantic originates from the Greek δειματόω (deimatóo), meaning "to frighten". Deimatic display occurs in widely separated groups of animals, including moths, butterflies, mantises and phasmids among the insects. In the cephalopods, different species of octopuses, squids, cuttlefish and the paper nautilus are deimatic. Displays are classified as deimatic or aposematic by the responses of the animals that see them. Where predators are initially startled but learn to eat the displaying prey, the display is classed as deimatic, and the prey is bluffing; where they continue to avoid the prey after tasting it, the display is taken as aposematic, meaning the prey is genuinely distastefu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirama Helicina-W-Thailand7810
''Spirama'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. Description Antennae usually minutely fasciculate (bundled) in the male. Tibia not hairy and mid-tibia spined. Palpi with second joint reaching vertex of head and third joint naked. Thorax and abdomen smoothly clothed with hair. Forewings with nearly rectangular apex. Hindwings with vein 5 from lower angle of cell, which is rather short. Defensive display Some of the species, such as '' S. helicina'', '' S. indenta'', '' S. recessa'', '' S. remota'' and '' S. sumbana'', have a pattern on the wings that looks like the frontal view of the face of a snake with slightly opened mouth. This pattern is more clearly discernible in females. It may intimidate potential predators and dissuade them from attacking.John L. Capinera, ''Encyclopedia of Entomology'', Volume 4, p. 1174 Species * '' Spirama biformis'' Hulstaert, 1924 * '' Spirama capitulifera'' Prout, 1919 * '' Spirama euphrages' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Notodontidae - Cerura Vinula
Notodontidae is a family of moths with approximately 3,800 known species. The family was described by James Francis Stephens in 1829. Moths of this family are found in all parts of the world, but they are most concentrated in tropical areas, especially in the New World (Miller, 1992). Species of this family tend to be heavy-bodied and long-winged, the wings held folded across the back of the body at rest. They rarely display any bright colours, usually being mainly grey or brown, with the exception of the subfamily Dioptinae (Grimaldi and Engel, 2005). These features mean they rather resemble Noctuidae although the families are not closely related. The adults do not feed. Many species have a tuft of hair on the trailing edge of the forewing which protrudes upwards at rest. This gives them their scientific name "back tooth" and the common name of prominents. The common names of some other species reflect their hairiness, such as puss moth and the group commonly known as kittens (' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirama
''Spirama'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. Description Antennae usually minutely fasciculate (bundled) in the male. Tibia not hairy and mid-tibia spined. Palpi with second joint reaching vertex of head and third joint naked. Thorax and abdomen smoothly clothed with hair. Forewings with nearly rectangular apex. Hindwings with vein 5 from lower angle of cell, which is rather short. Defensive display Some of the species, such as '' S. helicina'', '' S. indenta'', '' S. recessa'', '' S. remota'' and '' S. sumbana'', have a pattern on the wings that looks like the frontal view of the face of a snake with slightly opened mouth. This pattern is more clearly discernible in females. It may intimidate potential predators and dissuade them from attacking.John L. Capinera, ''Encyclopedia of Entomology'', Volume 4, p. 1174 Species * '' Spirama biformis'' Hulstaert, 1924 * '' Spirama capitulifera'' Prout, 1919 * '' Spirama euphrages' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speiredonia
''Speiredonia'' is a genus of moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...s in the family Erebidae. It was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1823. Description Palpi with thickened second joint, reaching vertex of head and third joint of moderate length. Antennae of male with minute fascicules of cilia. Thorax quadrately scaled. Abdomen with dorsal ridges of hair. Tibia slightly hairy, and mid-tibia spineless. Forewings with arched costa towards apex. Cilia crenulate. Hindwings with crenulate cilia as well, but with short cell. Vein 5 from lower angle of cell. Defensive display Some of the species, such as '' Speiredonia spectans'', '' S. cthulhui'', '' S. hogenesi'', '' S. martabanica'', '' S. sandokana'', '' S. alix''. '' S. itynx'', '' S. levis'' and '' S. celeb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Underwing
The red underwing (''Catocala nupta'') is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1767 12th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. This is a large (80 mm wingspan) nocturnal Palearctic (including Europe species which, like most noctuids, is above and with the wings closed drably coloured to aid concealment during the day. It flies in August and September, and comes freely to both light and sugar. Technical description and variation ''C. nupta'' L. Forewing pale grey powdered with darker grey, sometimes with dark grey banded suffusion, and in some cases yellowish-tinged; sometimes the cellspace before reniform coalescent with the spot below reniform, and a space along outer line, before it above middle and beyond it below, are all whitish: inner and outer lines double, black and grey; the outer line less oblique below middle and forming two more conspicuous angles on each side of vein 2, the lower one double, then deeply indente ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noctuidae
The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of the clades are constantly changing, along with the other families of the Noctuoidea. It was considered the largest family in Lepidoptera for a long time, but after regrouping Lymantriinae, Catocalinae and Calpinae within the family Erebidae, the latter holds this title now. Currently, Noctuidae is the second largest family in Noctuoidea, with about 1,089 genera and 11,772 species. This classification is still contingent, as more changes continue to appear between Noctuidae and Erebidae. Description Adult: Most noctuid adults have drab wings, but some subfamilies, such as Acronictinae and Agaristinae, are very colorful, especially those from tropical regions (e.g. '' Baorisa hieroglyphica''). They are characterized by a structure in the metathorax called the nodular sclerite or epaulette, whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crypsis
In ecology, crypsis is the ability of an animal or a plant to avoid observation or detection by other animals. It may be a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation. Methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle and mimicry. Crypsis can involve visual, olfactory (with pheromones) or auditory concealment. When it is visual, the term cryptic coloration, effectively a synonym for animal camouflage, is sometimes used, but many different methods of camouflage are employed by animals or plants. Overview There is a strong evolutionary pressure for animals to blend into their environment or conceal their shape, for prey animals to avoid predators and for predators to be able to avoid detection by prey. Exceptions include large herbivores without natural enemies, brilliantly colored birds that rely on flight to escape predators, and venomous or otherwise powerfully armed animals with warning coloration. Cryptic animals include the tawny frogmouth (feather pat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aglais Io
''Aglais io'', the European peacock, more commonly known simply as the peacock butterfly, is a colourful butterfly, found in Europe and temperate Asia as far east as Japan. It was formerly classified as the only member of the genus ''Inachis'' (the name is derived from Greek mythology, meaning Io, the daughter of Inachus). It should not be confused or classified with the "American peacocks" in the genus '' Anartia''; while belonging to the same family as the European peacock, Nymphalidae, the American peacocks are not close relatives of the Eurasian species. The peacock butterfly is resident in much of its range, often wintering in buildings or trees. It therefore often appears quite early in spring. The peacock butterfly has figured in research in which the role of eyespots as an anti-predator mechanism has been investigated. The peacock is expanding its range and is not known to be threatened. Characteristics The butterfly has a wingspan of 50 to 55 mm. The base colour o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smerinthus Ocellatus
''Smerinthus ocellatus'', the eyed hawk-moth, is a European moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. The eyespots are not visible in resting position, where the forewings cover them. They are displayed when the moth feels threatened, and may startle a potential predator, giving the moth a chance to escape. Imago The adult (imago) is very similar in appearance to the other two western Palaearctic ''Smerinthus'' species, '' Smerinthus caecus'' and '' Smerinthus kindermannii'' but differentiated by an apical thorn on the foretibia, and the large, circular hindwing ocellus. The upperside forewings are marked in light and dark shades of brown and resemble the colouring of bark. The hindwings are pink coloured basally and then a yellow ochre. The hindwings are dominated by a large, blue, dark-centred and black-rimmed eyespot. The thorax has light brown sides and dark brown hairs in the middle. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoterpene
Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings (monocyclic and bicyclic). Modified terpenes, such as those containing oxygen functionality or missing a methyl group, are called monoterpenoids. Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids are diverse. They have relevance to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industries. Biosynthesis Monoterpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which is formed from acetyl-CoA via the intermediacy of mevalonic acid in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. An alternative, unrelated biosynthesis pathway of IPP is known in some bacterial groups and the plastids of plants, the so-called MEP-(2-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate) pathway, which is initiated from C5 sugars. In both pathways, IPP is isomerized to DMAPP by the enzyme isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase. Geranyl pyrophosphate is the precurso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dolichodial
Dolichodial is a natural chemical compound with two aldehyde groups, which belongs to the group of iridoid Iridoids are a type of monoterpenoids in the general form of cyclopentanopyran, found in a wide variety of plants and some animals. They are biosynthetically derived from 8-oxogeranial. Iridoids are typically found in plants as glycosides, mos ...s. Chemistry It has in its five-membered ring three asymmetric carbon atoms and accordingly exists in four diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers. The pairs with a different stereochemistry of dolichodial are called anisomorphal and peruphasmal. (1S,2R,3S)-(–)-Dolichodial Stereoisomer A V.1.svg, (1''R'',2''S'',5''S'')-(–)-Dolichodial (A) (1R,2S,3R)-(+)-Dolichodial Stereoisomer A V.1.svg, (1''S'',2''R'',5''R'')-(+)-Dolichodial (A') (1S,2S,3S)-(+)-Anisomorphal Stereoisomer B V.1.svg, (1''S'',2''S'',5''S'')-(+)-Anisomorphal (B) (1R,2R,3R)-(–)-Anisomorphal Stereoisomer B V.1.svg, (1''R'',2''R'',5''R'')-(–)-Anisomorphal (B') ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peruphasma Schultei
''Peruphasma schultei,'' known as the black beauty stick insect, is a species of phasmid found in the Cordillera del Condor region of northern Peru. In the wild the insect feeds on ''Schinus'' plants, but will feed on privet, ''Aucuba japonica'' and honeysuckle in captivity. In Peru they are only known to exist in a region of less than 5 hectares, usually on volcanoes or mountains, but since their discovery they have become increasingly popular as pets worldwide due to their unusual colouration and they are now bred regularly in captivity. Description A large and compact species, females can reach 5.5 cm and are larger than males, which measure 3.8 to 4.3 cm. They have a black body, yellow eyes and red/brownish mouth parts, with adults having bright red vestigial Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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