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Stachybotrys
''Stachybotrys'' () is a genus of molds, hyphomycetes or asexually reproducing, filamentous fungi, now placed in the family Stachybotryaceae. The genus was erected by August Carl Joseph Corda in 1837. Historically, it was considered closely related to the genus ''Memnoniella'', because the spores are produced in slimy heads rather than in dry chains. Recently, the synonymy of the two genera is generally accepted. Most ''Stachybotrys'' species inhabit materials rich in cellulose. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 50 species. The name comes from the Greek words σταχυς ''stakhus'' (ear of grain, stalk, stick; metaphorically, progeny) and βότρυς ''botrus'' (cluster or bunch as in grapes, trusses). The most infamous species, '' S. chartarum'' (previously known as ''S. atra'') and ''S. chlorohalonata'', are known as black mold or toxic black mold in the U.S., and are frequently associated with poor indoor air quality that arises after fungal growt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stachybotrys Chartarum
''Stachybotrys chartarum'' (, ), also known as black mold or toxic black mold, is a species of microfungus that produces its conidia in slime heads. It is sometimes found in soil and grain, but the mold is most often detected in cellulose-rich building materials, such as gypsum-based drywall and wallpaper, from damp or water-damaged buildings. Taxonomy The fungus was originally described scientifically in 1818 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg as a member of the genus '' Stilbospora''. His diagnosis emphasized the form of the spores, which he described as minute, sub-opaque, ovate, and agglomerated into subconcentric, water-soluble irregular clusters. He noted that the fungus adheres to paper, sometimes forming circles dotted with black. Stanley Hughes transferred the taxon to '' Stachybotrys'' in 1958. This genus was circumscribed in 1832 by Czech mycologist August Carl Joseph Corda, with ''Stachybotrys atra'' assigned as its type species. The species concept of ''Stachybotrys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycotoxins
A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης , "fungus" and τοξίνη , "toxin") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of kingdom Fungi and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. The term 'mycotoxin' is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops. Examples of mycotoxins causing human and animal illness include aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and ergot alkaloids such as ergotamine. One mold species may produce many different mycotoxins, and several species may produce the same mycotoxin. Production Most fungi are aerobic (use oxygen) and are found almost everywhere in extremely small quantities due to the diminute size of their spores. They consume organic matter wherever humidity and temperature are sufficient. Where conditions are right, fungi proliferate into colonies and mycotoxin levels become high. The reason for the product ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichothecene
The trichothecenes are a large family of chemically related mycotoxins. They are produced by various species of ''Fusarium'', ''Myrothecium'', ''Trichoderma''/''Podostroma'', '' Trichothecium'', ''Cephalosporium'', '' Verticimonosporium'', and '' Stachybotrys''. Chemically, trichothecenes are a class of sesquiterpenes. The determining structural features causing the biological activity of trichothecenes are the 12,13-epoxy ring, the presence of hydroxyl or acetyl groups at appropriate positions on the trichothecene nucleus, and the structure and position of the side-chain. They are produced on many different grains such wheat, oats or maize by various ''Fusarium'' species including ''F. graminearum'', ''F. sporotrichioides'', ''F. poae'' and ''F. equiseti''. Some molds that produce trichothecene mycotoxins, for example '' Stachybotrys chartarum'', can grow in damp indoor environments. It has been found that macrocyclic trichothecenes produced by ''S. chartarum'' can become airborn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stachybotryaceae
The Stachybotryaceae are a family of fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ... in the order Hypocreales; the genera it contains have been described as "hyper-diverse". Genera ''Mycobank'' initially listed the following genera in the family: References External links * * {{taxonbar, from=Q17575174 Ascomycota families Hypocreales ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
August Carl Joseph Corda
August Carl Joseph Corda (1809–1849) was a Czech physician and mycologist. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation when citing a botanical name. Early life and education Corda was born in Reichenberg (now Liberec), Bohemia on November 15, 1809. Corda's father was a textile seller. Both of Corda's parents died suddenly only a few weeks following his birth, and Corda was raised by his grandmother, attending the Normale School in Reichenberg. Corda's grandmother died in 1819 and Corda was sent to live with an "unacquainted family" for two years during which time he did not receive schooling. Two years later, Corda was transferred to the care of an uncle in Prague where he attended the "Lyceum of New Prague". As a result of family difficulties, Corda left the Lyceum in 1824 to attend polytechnical school. There, he studied physics under Franz Ignatz Cassian Hallaschka, chemistry under Josef Johann Steinmann, mineralogy under Franz Xaver Zippe, and botany under Ign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satratoxin
Satratoxin-H, a trichothecene mycotoxin, is a naturally occurring toxin produced by the ascomycetes ''Stachybotrys chartarum'' and ''Podostroma cornu-damae'' which is toxic to humans and animals. The clinical condition it causes is known as ''Stachybotrotoxicosis''. It is related to the mycotoxin T-2, but unlike T-2 has not been reported to have been used as a chemical weapon. Properties Satratoxin-H is almost completely insoluble in water, but is easily soluble in lower alcohols and polar solvents such as ethanol, methanol, 2-propanol, acetone and chloroform. Satratoxin-H is not officially classified as a chemical weapon. Effects Satratoxin-H is extremely versatile. Contact with the solution through ingestion, inhalation, or even prolonged physical contact produces symptoms similar to those listed below. * a rash that becomes a moist dermatitis * nosebleeds * chest pain * pulmonary hemorrhage Pulmonary hemorrhage (or pulmonary haemorrhage) is an acute bleeding fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mold (fungus)
A mold () or mould () is one of the structures certain fungi can form. The dust-like, colored appearance of molds is due to the formation of spores containing fungal secondary metabolites. The spores are the dispersal units of the fungi. Not all fungi form molds. Some fungi form mushrooms; others grow as single cells and are called microfungi (for example yeasts). A large and taxonomically diverse number of fungal species form molds. The growth of hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food. The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called a mycelium, is considered a single organism. The hyphae are generally transparent, so the mycelium appears like very fine, fluffy white threads over the surface. Cross-walls (septa) may delimit connected compartments along the hyphae, each containing one or multiple, genetically identical nuclei. The dusty texture of many molds is caused by profuse production of asexual spores ( conidia) formed by di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyphomycetes
Hyphomycetes are a form classification of fungi, part of what has often been referred to as fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi. Hyphomycetes lack closed fruit bodies, and are often referred to as moulds (or molds). Most hyphomycetes are now assigned to the Ascomycota, on the basis of genetic connections made by life-cycle studies or by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences; many remain unassigned phylogenetically. Although no longer considered a phylogenetically defined taxon, the prevalence of hyphomycete forms in nature, the built environment, and laboratories means that identification of members this group remains of practical importance. Taxonomic and nomenclatural history Because asexual forms of fungi usually occur separately from their sexual forms, when microscopic fungi began to be studied in the early 19th century, it was often unknown when two morphologically different forms were actually part of one species. The tendency for some organisms to app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indoor Air Quality
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the air quality within and around buildings and structures. IAQ is known to affect the health, comfort, and well-being of building occupants. Poor indoor air quality has been linked to sick building syndrome, reduced productivity, and impaired learning in schools. Common pollutants of indoor air include: Secondhand tobacco smoke, air pollutants from indoor combustion, radon, molds and other allergens, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, legionella and other bacteria, asbestos fibers, carbon dioxide, ozone and particulates. Source control, filtration, and the use of ventilation to dilute contaminants are the primary methods for improving indoor air quality in most buildings. Determination of IAQ involves the collection of air samples, monitoring human exposure to pollutants, collection of samples on building surfaces, and computer modelling of air flow inside buildings. IAQ is part of indoor environmental quality (IEQ), which includes IAQ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemotypes
A chemotype (sometimes chemovar) is a chemically distinct entity in a plant or microorganism, with differences in the composition of the secondary metabolites. Minor genetic and epigenetic changes with little or no effect on morphology or anatomy may produce large changes in the chemical phenotype. Chemotypes are often defined by the most abundant chemical produced by that individual and the concept has been useful in work done by chemical ecologists and natural product chemists. With respect to plant biology, the term "chemotype" was first coined by Rolf Santesson and his son Johan in 1968, defined as, "...chemically characterized parts of a population of morphologically indistinguishable individuals."Keefover-Ring K, Thompson JD, and Linhart YB. 2009. Beyond six scents: defining a seventh ''Thymus vulgaris'' chemotype new to southern France by ethanol extraction. ''Flavour and Fragrance Journal'', 24(3): 117-122. doi:10.1002/ffj.1921 In microbiology, the term "chemoform" or "che ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conidiophore
A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an Asexual reproduction, asexual, non-motility, motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. The two new haploid cells are genetically identical to the haploid parent, and can develop into new organisms if conditions are favorable, and serve in biological dispersal. Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes (the phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The Morphology (biology), morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive between species and, before the development of molecular techniques at the end of the 20th century, was widely used for identification of (''e.g.'' ''Metarhizium#Species, Metarhizium'') species. The terms microconidia and macroconidi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
