Stachybotrys

''Stachybotrys'' () is a genus of molds, hyphomycetes or asexually reproducing, filamentous fungi, now placed in the family Stachybotryaceae. The genus was erected by August Carl Joseph Corda in 1837. Historically, it was considered closely related to the genus ''Memnoniella'', because the spores are produced in slimy heads rather than in dry chains. Recently, the synonymy of the two genera is generally accepted. Most ''Stachybotrys'' species inhabit materials rich in cellulose. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 50 species. The name comes from the Greek words σταχυς ''stakhus'' (ear of grain, stalk, stick; metaphorically, progeny) and βότρυς ''botrus'' (cluster or bunch as in grapes, trusses).

The most infamous species, '' S. chartarum'' (previously known as ''S. atra'') and ''S. chlorohalonata'', are known as black mold or toxic black mold in the U.S., and are frequently associated with poor indoor air quality that arises after fungal growth on water-damaged building materials. ''Stachybotrys'' chemotypes are toxic, with one producing trichothecene mycotoxins including satratoxins, and another that produces atranones. However, the association of ''Stachybotrys'' mold with specific health conditions is not well proven and there exists a debate within the scientific community.

Conidia

Conidia are in slimy masses, smooth to coarsely rough, dark olivaceous to brownish black, obovoid, later becoming ellipsoid with age, 10–13 × 5–7 mm. Phialides are obovate or ellipsoidal, colorless early then turning to olivaceous with maturity, smooth, 12–14 × 5–7 mm, in clusters of 5 to 9 phialides. Conidiophores are simple, erect, smooth to rough, colorless to olivaceous, slightly enlarged apically, mostly unbranched but occasionally branched. Conidia of ''Stachybotrys'' are very characteristic and can be confidently identified in spore count samples. This genus is closely related to ''Memnoniella''. Species of ''Memnoniella'' may occasionally develop ''Stachybotrys''-like conidia, and vice versa.

Detection

Four distinctive microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) – 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanol, and thujopsene – were detected on rice cultures, and only one (1-butanol) was detected on gypsum board cultures.

Pathogenicity

Symptoms of ''Stachybotrys'' exposure in humans

A controversy began in the early 1990s after analysis of two infant deaths and multiple cases in children from the poor areas of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, due to pulmonary hemorrhage were initially linked to exposure to heavy amounts of ''Stachybotrys chartarum''. Subsequent and extensive reanalysis of the cases by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have failed to find any link between the deaths and the mold exposure.

Species

*'' Stachybotrys albipes'' (Berk. & Broome) S.C. Jong & Davis (1976)
*'' Stachybotrys alternans'' Bonord. (1851)
*''Stachybotrys breviuscula'' McKenzie (1991)
*''Stachybotrys chartarum'' (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes (1958)
*'' Stachybotrys chlorohalonata'' B. Andersen & Thrane (2003)
*'' Stachybotrys cylindrospora'' C.N. Jensen (1912)
*'' Stachybotrys dichroa'' Grove (1886)
*'' Stachybotrys elegans'' (Pidopl.) W. Gams (1980)
*'' Stachybotrys eucylindrospora'' D.W. Li (2007)
*'' Stachybotrys freycinetiae'' McKenzie (1991)
*'' Stachybotrys kampalensis'' Hansf. (1943)
*'' Stachybotrys kapiti'' Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde (2001)
*'' Stachybotrys longispora'' Matsush. (1975)
*'' Stachybotrys mangiferae'' P.C. Misra & S.K. Srivast. (1982)
*''Stachybotrys microspora'' (B.L. Mathur & Sankhla) S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis (1976)
*''Stachybotrys nephrodes'' McKenzie (1991)
*'' Stachybotrys nephrospora'' Hansf. (1943)
*'' Stachybotrys nilagirica'' Subram. (1957)
*''Stachybotrys oenanthes'' M.B. Ellis (1971)
*''Stachybotrys parvispora'' S. Hughes (1952)
*'' Stachybotrys ruwenzoriensis'' Matsush. (1985)
*'' Stachybotrys sansevieriae'' G.P. Agarwal & N.D. Sharma (1974)
*'' Stachybotrys sinuatophora'' Matsush. (1971)
*'' Stachybotrys suthepensis'' Photita, P. Lumyong, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie (2003)
*'' Stachybotrys theobromae'' Hansf. (1943)
*'' Stachybotrys waitakere'' Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde (2001)

See also

*Bioaerosol
*Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
*Mold health issues
*Sick building syndrome

References

Further reading

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External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q625873

Hypocreales genera
Environmental toxicology
Stachybotryaceae
Taxa named by August Carl Joseph Corda
Taxa described in 1837