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Spread-winged Skipper
Pyrginae, commonly known as spread-winged skippers, are a subfamily of the skipper butterfly family (Hesperiidae). The subfamily was established by Hermann Burmeister in 1878. Their delimitation and internal systematics has changed considerably in recent years with the most recent review being in 2019. It still is the second-largest subfamily of skipper butterflies, although of its over 1,000 species a considerable number are no longer in that classification. Description and distribution Spread-winged skippers bask with their wings held wide open. The wings are held closed when they are at rest. They are usually brown, black, or checkered, but some are brilliantly coloured. Some have long tailed hind wings.Daniels (2003): p.12 Males maintain territories and frequently perch on overhanging branches and tree trunks. They do not visit flowers for sustenance, but rather drink fluids from dung, carrion, and rotting fruit. A large and successful subfamily, the spread-winged skipp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spialia Mafa
''Spialia mafa'', the Mafa grizzled skipper or Mafa sandman, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in south-western Africa, in KwaZulu-Natal, Botswana, Zimbabwe and from the Cape in South Africa to Sudan and southern Arabia. These skippers are dark brown with white spots and both sides of the wings. Wingspan is from 22–26 mm. Flight period is year-round but peaks from September to April. The larvae feed on ''Hermannia'', ''Pavonia (plant), Pavonia'' and ''Hibiscus'' species (including ''Hibiscus aethiopicus''). Subspecies *''Spialia mafa mafa'' (southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, southern and south-eastern Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, central and northern Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Lesotho) *''Spialia mafa higginsi'' Evans, 1937 (Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, south-western Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman) References External links * Spialia Butterflies described in 1870 Butterflies of Africa Taxa named by Roland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intertropical Convergence Zone
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ , or ICZ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the thermal equator though its specific position varies seasonally. When it lies near the geographic equator, it is called the near-equatorial trough. Where the ITCZ is drawn into and merges with a monsoon, monsoonal circulation, it is sometimes referred to as a ''monsoon trough'' (a usage that is more common in Australia and parts of Asia). Meteorology The ITCZ was originally identified from the 1920s to the 1940s as the ''Intertropical Front'' (''ITF''), but after the recognition in the 1940s and the 1950s of the significance of convergence zone, wind field convergence in tropics, tropical weather production, the term ''Intertropical Convergence Zone'' (''ITCZ'') was then applied. The ITCZ appears as a band of clouds, usually thunderstorms, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tagiadini
The Tagiadini are a tribe (biology), tribe of skipper butterfly, butterflies in the family Skipper (butterfly), Hesperiidae. Many of its genera were of uncertain relationships for long, and delimitation of the Tagiadini versus the Celaenorrhinini was quite disputed at times. The species of this tribe are found in mostly tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australia.Brower (2007) Genera Altogether, the tribe contains 27 genera. Some of these seem to form a close-knit group around the tribe's type genus ''Tagiades''. These genera are often collectively called "Tagiades group" and may form a clade: "Tagiades group" * ''Abantis'' – paradise skippers * ''Abaratha'' * ''Ctenoptilum'' * ''Leucochitonea'' * ''Netrobalane'' – buff-tipped skipper * ''Semperium'' * ''Tagiades'' – water flats, snow flats Other genera * ''Abraximorpha'' * ''Albiphasma'' * ''Calleagris'' – scarce flats * ''Capila'' (formerly often placed in Celaenorrhinini) * ''Coladenia'' * ''Daimio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eudaminae
The Eudaminae are a subfamily of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae). Their original type genus ''Eudamus'' is today a junior synonym of '' Urbanus''. They are largely found in the Neotropics, with some extending into temperate North America, and one genus, '' Lobocla'', endemic to East Asia. (2009): Tree of Life Web Project &ndashEudaminae Version of 2009-JUN-11. Retrieved 2009-DEC-24. Taxonomy The Eudaminae have been recent subject to significant taxonomic revisions based on genome analysis, including by Brower & Warren 2009, and Li et al. 2019. Historically, the subfamily has been included as tribe Eudamini in subfamily Pyrginae, based on perceived similarities with two of the tribes in that subfamily, the Celaenorrhinini and Pyrgini. As of Li et al. 2019, the Eudaminae are divided into four tribes: Entheini, Phocidini, Eudamini and Oileidini. Current status and subdivisions Except where otherwise noted, the classification below follows Li et al., 2019: Tribe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tagiadinae
Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea, but have since been placed in the superfamily Papilionoidea (the butterflies). They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly lack wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.Ackery et al. (1999) Description and systematics Traditionally, the Hesperiidae were placed in a monotypic superfamily Hesperioidea, because they are morphologically distinct from other Rhopalocera (butterflies), which mostly belong to the typical butterfly superfamily Papilionoidea. The third and rather small butterfly superfamily is the moth- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Celaenorrhinini
The Celaenorrhinini are a tribe of spread-winged skippers in the skipper butterfly subfamily Tagiadinae. These skippers are mainly found in tropical Africa. A few are found in Asia, and some species presently placed in the (paraphyletic) type genus '' Celaenorrhinus'' are found in the Neotropics. Genera The following genera – listed in the presumed phylogenetic sequence – are placed in the Celaenorrhinini:Brower (2009) * '' Alenia'' * '' Aurivittia'' * '' Apallaga'' * '' Celaenorrhinus'' – sprites, " flats" (paraphyletic) * '' Kobelana'' * '' Eretis'' – "elves" * '' Sarangesa'' – "elfins" (formerly often in Tagiadini) * '' Scopulifera'' (retrieved 9 January 2025) - Africa * '' [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrgini
The Pyrgini are a tribe (biology), tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, the Pyrgini contained the largest number of genera among these. But this overly wide delimitation has since turned out to be paraphyletic.Brower & Warren (2007) One of the traditional Pyrginae tribes, the Eudamini, had to be raised to subfamily rank as Eudaminae. Some genera now in the Eudaminae were placed in the Pyrgini in earlier times. In addition, a number of additional tribes – Achlyodidini, Carcharodini and Erynnini – are now usually recognized again. These are close relatives of the Pyrgini ''sensu stricto'', and may just as well be included in them as they used to be: together they do still form a monophyletic group. Most authors prefer to keep them separate however, as each is an apomorphic and biogeographically distinct lineage of the Pyrgini ''sensu lato''. Of these newly recognized tribes, the Achlyodidini are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erynnini
The Erynnini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. They are a moderately diverse but quite plesiomorphic and inconspicuous group, and except for the Holarctic species of the type genus '' Erynnis'' occur only in the Neotropics.Brower (2009) Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, they were included in the Pyrgini, which at that time contained a massive number of genera. But the Pyrginae have since been reorganized to make them and their tribes monophyletic, leading most modern authors to treat the Erynnini as distinct tribe. However, the old circumscription of the Pyrgini was by and large just as correct from a phylogenetic perspective. The tribe of the Pyrgini '' sensu lato'' most closely related to the Pyrgini ''sensu stricto'' are the strikingly different Achlyodidini. As many consider it desirable to treat this lineage as a distinct tribe, the Erynnini naturally need to be considered distinct too. Genera The genera are listed here ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Achlyodidini
The Achlyodidini (sometimes – but apparently in errorWahlberg ''fide'' Savela (2008) – spelled Achylodidini) are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Many species of them are notable for their (by skipper butterfly standards) gaudy colors and the unusually-shaped wings, which look as if the forewing tips have been squarely cut off. They are only found in the Americas, with few occurring out of tropical areas.Brower & Warren (2009) Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, they were included in the Pyrgini, which at that time contained a massive number of genera. But the Pyrginae have since been reorganized to make them and their tribes monophyletic, leading most modern authors to treat the Achlyodidini as distinct tribe. However, they are the tribe most closely related to the Pyrgini ''sensu stricto'', and the old circumscription of the Pyrgini was by and large just as correct from a phylogenetic perspective. The other two tribes of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carcharodini
The Carcharodini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. They are a very diverse but quite plesiomorphic and inconspicuous group distributed throughout the tropics.Brower (2009) Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, they were included in the Pyrgini, which at that time contained a massive number of genera. But the Pyrginae have since been reorganized to make them and their tribes monophyletic, leading most modern authors to treat the Carcharodini as distinct tribe. However, the old circumscription of the Pyrgini was by and large just as correct from a phylogenetic perspective. The tribe of the Pyrgini ''sensu lato'' most closely related to the Pyrgini ''sensu stricto'' are the strikingly different Achlyodidini. As many consider it desirable to treat this lineage as a distinct tribe, the Carcharodini naturally need to be considered distinct too. Genera These genera belong to the tribe Carcharodini: * '' Agyllia'' Grishin, 2020 * '' Arteu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
