The Pyrgini are a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confli ...

in the

skipper butterfly Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea; however, the most recent taxonomy ...

subfamily Pyrginae. Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, the Pyrgini contained the largest number of genera among these. But this overly wide delimitation has since turned out to be paraphyletic.Brower & Warren (2007) One of the traditional Pyrginae tribes, the Eudamini, had to be raised to subfamily rank as

Eudaminae The Eudaminae are a subfamily of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae). Their original type genus ''Eudamus'' is today a junior synonym of ''Urbanus''. They are largely found in the Neotropics, with some extending into temperate North Ameri ...

. Some genera now in the Eudaminae were placed in the Pyrgini in earlier times. In addition, a number of additional tribes –

Achlyodidini The Achlyodidini (sometimes – but apparently in errorWahlberg ''fide'' Savela (2008) – spelled Achylodidini) are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Many species of them are notable for their (by skipper butterfly ...

, Carcharodini and

Erynnini The Erynnini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. They are a moderately diverse but quite plesiomorphic and inconspicuous group, and except for the Holarctic species of the type genus ''Erynnis'' occur only in the Neotrop ...

– are now usually recognized again. These are close relatives of the Pyrgini '' sensu stricto'', and may just as well be included in them as they used to be: together they do still form a monophyletic group. Most authors prefer to keep them separate however, as each is an

apomorph In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have ...

ic and

biogeographic Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, ...

ally distinct lineage of the Pyrgini ''

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

''. Of these newly recognized tribes, the Achlyodidini are closest to the Pyrgini, but conspicuously differ from the latter in their unusually-shaped wings.

Genera

The genera of the Pyrgini, after genomic research published in 2019, are: * '' Anisochoria'' Mabille, 1877 * '' Antigonus'' Hübner, 1819 * '' Bralus'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Burnsius'' Grishin, 2019 (New World checkered-skippers) * '' Canesia'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Carrhenes'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * '' Celotes'' Godman & Salvin, 1899 (streaky-skippers) * ''

Chirgus ''Chirgus'' is a genus of checkered-skippers, white-skippers, and allies in the butterfly family Hesperiidae, found in the New World. The genus was erected by Nick V. Grishin in 2019. There are about six described species in ''Chirgus''. As a re ...

'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Clito'' Evans, 1953 * '' Diaeus'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * '' Eracon'' Godman & Salvin, 1894 * '' Heliopetes'' Billberg, 1820 (white-skippers) * ''

Onenses ''Onenses'' is a genus of skipper (butterfly), skippers in the family Hesperiidae. ReferencesNatural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Pyrgini Hesperiidae genera Taxa named by Frederick DuCane Godman Taxa named by Osbert Salvin ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * '' Paches'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * ''

Plumbago ''Plumbago'' is a genus of 10–20 species of flowering plants in the family Plumbaginaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. Common names include plumbago and leadwort (names which are also shared by the genus ''Cerato ...

'' Evans, 1953 * '' Pseudodrephalys'' Burns, 1998 * ''

Pyrgus ''Pyrgus'' is a genus in the skippers butterfly family, Hesperiidae, known as the grizzled skippers. The name "checkered" or "chequered skipper" may also be applied to some species, but also refers to species in the genera '' Burnsius'' and '' ...

'' Hübner, 1819 (checkered-skippers) * ''

Santa Santa Claus, also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, or simply Santa, is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring children gifts during the late evening and overnigh ...

'' Grishin, 2019 * '' Spioniades'' Hübner, 1819 * '' Systasea'' W. H. Edwards, 1877 (powdered-skippers) * ''

Trina Katrina Laverne Taylor (born December 3, 1978), known professionally as Trina, is an American rapper. She rose to prominence in 1998 with her appearance on the Trick Daddy single "Nann Nigga". Trina has been described by '' XXL'' as "the most ...

'' Evans, 1953 * ''

Xenophanes Xenophanes of Colophon (; grc, Ξενοφάνης ὁ Κολοφώνιος ; c. 570 – c. 478 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and critic of Homer from Ionia who travelled throughout the Greek-speaking world in early Classical ...

'' Godman & Salvin, 1895 * '' Zobera'' Freeman, 1970 * '' Zopyrion'' Godman & Salvin, 1896

Footnotes

References

* (2007):

Tree of Life Web Project The Tree of Life Web Project is an Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth. This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world. The site ...

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Pyrgini
Version of 2007-MAR-04. Retrieved 2009-DEC-26. * Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister Butterfly tribes {{Pyrginae-stub