The Carcharodini are a
tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...
in the
skipper butterfly
Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea; however, the most recent taxonomy ...
subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
Pyrginae. They are a very diverse but quite
plesiomorphic
In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy ("near form") and symplesiomorphy are synonyms for an ancestral character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades.
Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy, and ...
and inconspicuous group distributed throughout the
tropics
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
.
[Brower (2009)]
Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, they were included in the
Pyrgini
The Pyrgini are a tribe (biology), tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, the Pyrgini contained the largest number of genera among these. But this overly wide delimitation h ...
, which at that time contained a massive number of
genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
. But the Pyrginae have since been reorganized to make them and their tribes
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
, leading most modern authors to treat the Carcharodini as distinct tribe. However, the old circumscription of the Pyrgini was by and large just as correct from a
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
perspective.
The tribe of the Pyrgini ''
sensu lato
''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...
'' most closely related to the Pyrgini ''
sensu stricto
''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...
'' are the strikingly different
Achlyodidini
The Achlyodidini (sometimes – but apparently in errorWahlberg ''fide'' Savela (2008) – spelled Achylodidini) are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Many species of them are notable for their (by skipper butterfly ...
. As many consider it desirable to treat this lineage as a distinct tribe, the Carcharodini naturally need to be considered distinct too.
Genera
These genera belong to the tribe Carcharodini:
Carcharodus
''Carcharodus'' is a Palearctic genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae.
In genomic research published in 2020, it was determined that six of the eight species in ''Carcharodus'' were more closely related to those in the genus ''Muschampi ...
'' Hübner, 819/small>
* ''Clytius Clytius (Ancient Greek: Κλυτίος), also spelled Klythios, Klytios, Clytios, and Klytius, is the name of multiple people in Greek mythology:
* Clytius, one of the Giants, sons of Gaia, killed by Hecate during the Gigantomachy, the battle of th ...
'' Grishin, 2019
* '' Conognathus'' Felder & Felder, 1862
* '' Cyclosemia'' Mabille, 1878 (eyed skippers)
* '' Ernsta'' Grishin, 2020
* ''Favria
Favria is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about north of Turin.
Favria borders the following municipalities: Rivarolo Canavese, Busano, Oglianico
Oglianico is a ''comune'' ...
'' Tutt, 1906
* '' Fuscocimex'' Austin, 2008
* '' Gomalia'' Moore, 1879 (marbled or African mallow skippers)
* '' Gorgopas'' Godman & Salvin, 1894
* '' Hesperopsis'' Dyar, 1905 (sootywings)
* '' Iliana'' Bell, 1937
* '' Incisus'' Grishin, 2019
* '' Jera'' Lindsey, 1925
* '' Mictris'' Evans, 1955
* '' Mimia'' Evans, 1953
* '' Morvina'' Evans, 1953
* '' Muschampia'' Tutt, 1906
* '' Myrinia'' Evans, 1953
* '' Nisoniades'' Hübner, 1819
* '' Noctuana'' E. Bell, 1937
* '' Ocella'' Evans, 1953
* '' Pachyneuria'' Mabille, 1888
* '' Pellicia'' Herrich-Schaffer, 1870
* '' Perus'' Grishin, 2019
* '' Pholisora'' Scudder, 1872 (sootywings)
* ''Polyctor In Greek mythology, Polyctor (Ancient Greek: Πολύκτωρ) may refer to the following figures:
* Polyctor, an Egyptian prince as one of the sons of King Aegyptus.Apollodorus, 2.1.5 His mother was the naiad Caliadne and thus full brother of Eu ...
'' Evans, 1953
* '' Sophista'' Plötz, 1879
* ''Spialia
''Spialia'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, which are mainly found in Africa and Asia. They are commonly called grizzled skippers or sandmen.
As a result of genomic research published in 2020, 3 species of ''Spialia'' were mov ...
'' Swinhoe, 1912 (grizzled skippers & sandmen)
* ''Staphylus
Staphylus (; Ancient Greek: Στάφυλος "grape cluster") is one of several personages of ancient Greek mythology, almost always associated with grapes or wine:
* Staphylus, son of wine-god Dionysus and Ariadne.
* Staphylus, beloved of Diony ...
'' Godman & Salvin, 1896 (scallopwings)
* ''Viola
The viola ( , also , ) is a string instrument that is bow (music), bowed, plucked, or played with varying techniques. Slightly larger than a violin, it has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or alto voice of ...
'' Evans, 1953 (Viola skippers)
* '' Viuria'' Grishin, 2019
* '' Windia'' H. Freeman, 1969
* '' Xispia'' Lindsey, 1925
Footnotes
References
* (2009): Tree of Life Web Project
The Tree of Life Web Project is an Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth.
This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world. The site h ...
&ndash
Carcharodini
Version of 2009-JUN-14. Retrieved 2009-DEC-26.
*
Taxa named by Ruggero Verity
Butterfly tribes
{{Pyrginae-stub