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SEPSA Class EN 300
The EN 300 are a series of EMUs built in 1977 for the Italian railway company SEPSA, used on the commuter railways Circumflegrea and Cumana. Description Each trainset is composed by 2 cars: a railcar (EN 300) and a control car (RN 300). The numbers are EN 301–307 for the railcars and RN 301–307 for the control cars. History The EN 300 were ordered in 1976 to renew the train sets of the SEPSA. They were delivered in 1977. The EN 300 derivate from the ALe 803 of the Ferrovie dello Stato, but with less maximal speed and a shorter loading gauge A loading gauge is a diagram or physical structure that defines the maximum height and width dimensions in railway vehicles and their loads. Their purpose is to ensure that rail vehicles can pass safely through tunnels and under bridges, and ke .... They are used on the Circumflegrea and Cumana lines. Bibliography * L. Munzi: ''Nuovi treni SEPSA.'' In: ″Italmodel Ferrovie″ Nr. 220 (November 1978), p. 762–765 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SOFER
A sofer, sopher, sofer SeTaM, or sofer ST"M ( he, סופר סת״ם, "scribe"; plural of is , ; female: ) is a Jewish scribe who can transcribe Sifrei Kodesh (holy scrolls), tefillin (phylacteries), mezuzot (ST"M, , is an abbreviation of these three terms) and other religious writings. By simple definition, soferim are copyists, but their religious role in Judaism is much more. Besides sifrei Torah, tefillin, and mezuzot, scribes are necessary to write the Five Megillot (scrolls of the Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Ecclesiastes, and Book of Lamentations), Nevi'im (the books of the prophets, used for reading the haftarah), and for , divorce documents. Many scribes also function as calligraphers—writing functional documents such as (marriage contracts), or ornamental and artistic renditions of religious texts, which do not require any scribal qualifications, and to which the rules on lettering and parchment specifications do not apply. The major halakha per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumflegrea Railway
The Circumflegrea railway (sometimes also known as Line 5) is a commuter railway line that connects Naples city centre with the northern Phlegraean Fields, a suburban area located west of the city. The line is operated by the Ente Autonomo Volturno (EAV) company. History The line was projected in 1946 and works started in 1948. The construction proceeded very slowly, and the first section (from Napoli Montesanto to Soccavo) was not opened until 1962; the railway was extended in 1968 to Marina di Licola; the last part was built but remained abandoned. The complete railway was opened on 11 January 1986. Projects Construction started of a new short branch between Soccavo and Monte Sant′Angelo, but has stopped due to the lack of funds. Route Service Trains run every 20 minutes between Montesanto and Licola; only a few trains continue to the terminus at Torregaveta. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cumana Railway
The Cumana railway ( it, Ferrovia Cumana, sometimes also known as Line 7) is a commuter railway in Campania, southern Italy, connecting Naples by two separate routes with Torregaveta, near Cuma in the town of Bacoli (about 15 km west of Naples). It passes through Pozzuoli and the volcanic Campi Flegrei area. The line was built and run by the ''Società per le Ferrovie Napoletane'' (the Neapolitan Railway Company), founded in 1883, and is now operated by the Ente Autonomo Volturno (EAV) company. Overview The line was opened on 1 July 1889 by the Società per le Ferrovie Napoletane; the route follows the coast for about 20 km from the main terminal in the populous downtown area of Montesanto to Torregaveta via the stations of Corso Vittorio Emanuele, Fuorigrotta, Mostra, Bagnoli, Pozzuoli, Arco Felice, Baia and Fusaro. In 1927 the railway, because of the increasing commuter traffic, was electrified with a 1,2 kV DC overhead line. In 1940 the section in the neighbourh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overhead Line
An overhead line or overhead wire is an electrical cable that is used to transmit electrical energy to electric locomotives, trolleybuses or trams. It is known variously as: * Overhead catenary * Overhead contact system (OCS) * Overhead equipment (OHE) * Overhead line equipment (OLE or OHLE) * Overhead lines (OHL) * Overhead wiring (OHW) * Traction wire * Trolley wire This article follows the International Union of Railways in using the generic term ''overhead line''. An overhead line consists of one or more wires (or rails, particularly in tunnels) situated over rail tracks, raised to a high electrical potential by connection to feeder stations at regular intervals. The feeder stations are usually fed from a high-voltage electrical grid. Overview Electric trains that collect their current from overhead lines use a device such as a pantograph, bow collector or trolley pole. It presses against the underside of the lowest overhead wire, the contact wire. Current collectors ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pantograph (rail)
A pantograph (or "pan" or "panto") is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train, tram or electric bus to collect power through contact with an overhead line. By contrast, battery electric buses and trains are charged at charging stations. The pantograph is a common type of current collector; typically, a single or double wire is used, with the return current running through the rails. The term stems from the resemblance of some styles to the mechanical pantographs used for copying handwriting and drawings. Invention The pantograph, with a low-friction, replaceable graphite contact strip or "shoe" to minimise lateral stress on the contact wire, first appeared in the late 19th century. Early versions include the bow collector, invented in 1889 by Walter Reichel, chief engineer at Siemens & Halske in Germany, and a flat slide-pantograph first used in 1895 by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad The familiar diamond-shaped roller pantograph was devised and patented b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrical Multiple Units
An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple-unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages using electricity as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate locomotive, as electric traction motors are incorporated within one or a number of the carriages. An EMU is usually formed of two or more semi-permanently coupled carriages, but electrically powered single-unit railcars are also generally classed as EMUs. The great majority of EMUs are passenger trains, but versions also exist for carrying mail. EMUs are popular on commuter and suburban rail networks around the world due to their fast acceleration and pollution-free operation. Being quieter than diesel multiple units (DMUs) and locomotive-hauled trains, EMUs can operate later at night and more frequently without disturbing nearby residents. In addition, tunnel design for EMU trains is simpler as no provision is needed for exhausting fumes, although retrofitting existing limited-clearance tunnels to accommodate the ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commuter Rail
Commuter rail, or suburban rail, is a passenger rail transport service that primarily operates within a metropolitan area, connecting commuters to a central city from adjacent suburbs or commuter towns. Generally commuter rail systems are considered heavy rail, using electrified or diesel trains. Distance charges or zone pricing may be used. The term can refer to systems with a wide variety of different features and service frequencies, but is often used in contrast to rapid transit or light rail. Similar non-English terms include ''Treno suburbano'' in Italian, ''Cercanías'' in Spanish, Aldiriak in Basque, Rodalia in Catalan/Valencian, Proximidades in Galician, ''Proastiakos'' in Greek, ''Train de banlieue'' in French, '' Banliyö treni '' in Turkish, ''Příměstský vlak'' or ''Esko'' in Czech, ''Elektrichka'' in Russian, ''Pociąg podmiejski '' in Polish and ''Pendeltåg'' in Swedish. Some services share similarities with both commuter rail and high-frequency rapid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FS Class ALe 803
The ALe 803 are a series of EMUs built in the 1960s for the Italian state railways FS, and now used by the railway company Trenitalia. Description Each trainset is composed by 3 or 4 cars: a power car (ALe 803), 1 or 2 trailers (Le 803.100), and a control car (Le 803.000). The numbers are ALe 803.001–053 for the power cars, Le 803.101–161 for the trailers, and Le 803.001–053 for the control cars. History The ALe 803 were conceived at the end of the 1950s to resolve the increasing problems of commuting around the larger cities of Italy. They were designed together with the ALe 601 series luxury railcars, with a similar structure and shared components. In 1959 the Ferrovie dello Stato ordered a first series of 20 trainsets, and a second series of 15 trainsets specifically conceived for the Naples metropolitan railway, with fewer seats and more austere interiors. Each set was made of three distinct cars - power car, trailer and control car. Those series were delivere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferrovie Dello Stato
Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane S.p.A. ( "Italian Railways of the State"; previously only Ferrovie dello Stato, hence the abbreviation FS) is Italy's national state-owned railway holding company that manages transport, infrastructure, real estate services and other services in Italy and other European countries. History Early years The company was instituted by an act on 22 April 1905, taking control over the majority of the national railways, which up until that time were privately owned and managed. The president was nominated by the government. The first Director General was Riccardo Bianchi. In June 1912 Ferrovie dello Stato owned 5021 steam locomotives, 151 railcars, 10,037 coaches, 3371 baggage cars and 92,990 goods wagons.Victor Freiherr von Röll''Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens.''Band 6, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin, 1914, p. 297. (in German) With the rise of Fascism, a centralization policy was carried out. The board of directors and chief administrator office ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loading Gauge
A loading gauge is a diagram or physical structure that defines the maximum height and width dimensions in railway vehicles and their loads. Their purpose is to ensure that rail vehicles can pass safely through tunnels and under bridges, and keep clear of platforms, trackside buildings and structures. Classification systems vary between different countries, and gauges may vary across a network, even if the track gauge is uniform. The term loading gauge can also be applied to the maximum size of road vehicles in relation to tunnels, overpasses and bridges, and doors into automobile repair shops, bus garages, filling stations, residential garages, multi-storey car parks and warehouses. A related but separate gauge is the structure gauge, which sets limits to the extent that bridges, tunnels and other infrastructure can encroach on rail vehicles. The difference between these two gauges is called the clearance. The specified amount of clearance makes allowance for wobbling of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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