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Rotenone
Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone. It occurs naturally in the seeds and stems of several plants, such as the jicama vine, and in the roots of several other members of the Fabaceae. It was the first-described member of the family of chemical compounds known as rotenoids. Rotenone is approved for use as a piscicide to remove alien fish species, see ''Uses.'' It has also been used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, but its use as an insecticide has been banned in many countries. Discovery The earliest written record of the now-known rotenone-containing plants used for killing leaf-eating caterpillars was in 1848; for centuries, these same plants had been used to poison fish. The active chemical component was first isolated in 1895 by a French botanist, Emmanuel Geoffroy, who called it ''nicouline'', from a specimen of ''Robinia nicou'', now called '' Deguelia utilis'', while traveling in French Guiana. He wrote about this research in his thesis, publishe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piscicide
A piscicide is a chemical substance which is poisonous to fish. The primary use for piscicides is to eliminate a dominant species of fish in a body of water, as the first step in attempting to populate the body of water with a different fish. They are also used to combat parasite, parasitic and invasive species of fish. Examples of piscicides include rotenone, saponins, TFM (piscicide), TFM, niclosamide and Antimycin A (Fintrol).Susan J. Clearwater, Chris W. Hickey, Michael L. Martin Overview of potential piscicides and molluscicides for controlling aquatic pest species in New Zealand' Science & Technical Publishing 2008 Plant-based piscicides Historically, fishing techniques of indigenous people around the world have frequently included the use of plant-based piscicides. Many of these plants are natural sources of rotenone and saponins. The genus, genera ''Tephrosia'', ''Wikstroemia'', and ''Barringtonia'' are well known as fish poisons. See also *Cyanide fishing * Reference ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Derris Elliptica
''Derris eliptica'' is a species of leguminous plant from Southeast Asia and the southwest Pacific islands, including New Guinea. The roots of ''D. elliptica'' contain rotenone, a strong insecticide and fish poison. Also known as ''derris powder'' and ''tuba root'' (in Indonesia), it was formerly used as an organic insecticide used to control pests on crops such as peas. However, due to studies revealing the extreme toxicity of rotenone to which the powder is often refined, it is unsafe: in spite of its popularity with organic growers. Derris root, when crushed, releases rotenone. Some native residents of Fiji and New Guinea practice a form of fishing in which they crush the roots and throw them into the water. The stunned or killed fish float to the surface where they can be easily reached. Despite its toxicity, ''Derris'' is used as a food plant by Lepidopteran larvae including '' Batrachedra amydraula''. Subspecies The following subspecies are listed:Roskov Y., Kunze T., O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rotenoid
Rotenoids are naturally occurring substances containing a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno ,4-bhromene nucleus. Many have insecticidal and piscicidal activity, such as the prototypical member of the family, rotenone. Rotenoids are related to the isoflavones. Natural occurrences Many plants in the subfamily Faboideae contain rotenoids. Rotenoids can be found in '' Lonchocarpus sp''. Deguelin and tephrosin can be found in '' Tephrosia vogelii''. 6'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-12a-hydroxydalpanol can be found in the fruits of '' Amorpha fruticosa''. Elliptol, 12-deoxo-12alpha-methoxyelliptone, 6-methoxy-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin, 6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin, 6-hydroxy-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin, 6-oxo-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin and 12a-hydroxyelliptone can be isolated from the twigs of '' Millettia duchesnei''. Deguelin, dehydrodeguelin, rotenol, rotenone, tephrosin and sumatrol can be found in ''Indigofera tinctoria''. 6aα,12aα-12a-hydroxyelliptone can be found in the stems of '' Derris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pachyrhizus Erosus
''Pachyrhizus erosus'', commonly known as ''jícama'' ( or ; ; from ) or Mexican turnip, is a native Mesoamerican vine, although the name ''jícama'' most commonly refers to the plant's edible tuberous root. It is in the pea family (Fabaceae). ''Pachyrhizus tuberosus'' and '' Pachyrhizus ahipa'' are the other two cultivated species in the genus. The naming of this group of edible plants can sometimes be confusing, with much overlap of similar, or the same, common names. Flowers, either blue or white, and pods similar to peas, are produced on fully developed plants. Several species of ''Pachyrhizus'' are known as jícama, but the one found in many markets is ''P. erosus''. The two cultivated forms of ''P. erosus'' are ''jícama de agua'' and ''jícama de leche'', both named for the consistency of their juice. The ''leche'' form has an elongated root and milky juice, while the ''agua'' form has a top-shaped to oblate root and a more watery, translucent juice and is th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deguelia Utilis
''Deguelia utilis'', syn. ''Lonchocarpus utilis'' (cubé, (common) lancepod or barbasco) is a species of shrub in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of Peru, as well as of Brazil and Guyana, growing from above sea level. Cubé resin, the root extract from cubé and from barbasco ('' Lonchocarpus urucu''), is used as a commercial insecticide and piscicide (fish poison). The major active ingredients are rotenone Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone. It occurs naturally in the seeds and stems of several plants, such as the jicama vine, and in the roots of several other members of the Fabaceae. It was the first-described member of the ... and deguelin. Although "organic" (produced by nature) rotenone is no longer considered an environmentally safe chemical. Miscellaneous Cubé is toxic to insects, fish, and other pets. The primary threat to humans and other mammals comes from inhaling the powdered root or root extract. Reference ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insecticide
Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. The major use of insecticides is in agriculture, but they are also used in home and garden settings, industrial buildings, for vector control, and control of insect parasites of animals and humans. Acaricides, which kill mites and ticks, are not strictly insecticides, but are usually classified together with insecticides. Some insecticides (including common bug sprays) are effective against other non-insect arthropods as well, such as scorpions, spiders, etc. Insecticides are distinct from insect repellents, which repel but do not kill. Sales In 2016 insecticides were estimated to account for 18% of worldwide pesticide sales. Worldwide sales of insecticides in 2018 were estimated as $ 18.4 billion, of which 25% were neonicotinoids, 17% were pyrethroids, 13% were diamides, and the rest were many other classes which sold for less th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emmanuel Geoffroy
Emmanuel Geoffroy (1862 December 12, Saintes–1894) was a French botanist and explorer. Geoffroy traveled to Martinique and French Guiana in search of latex-yielding trees, but also studied the region's native plants in the genus ''Robinia'' after learning that forest Indians of French Guiana used ''Robinia'' as fish poisons. One in particular, "''Robinia''" ''nicou'', which is now considered to be '' Lonchocarpus nicou'', was to be the subject of his thesis, . In a fact to be discovered posthumously, Geoffroy unknowingly discovered rotenone, which he originally named ''nicouline''. He died in 1894 as a result of a parasitic disease A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused by parasites. Parasites are organisms which derive sustenance from its host while causing it harm. The study of parasites and parasitic diseases is known as parasitol .... References * * 1862 births 1894 deaths 19th-century French botanists 19th-century Frenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fabaceae
Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Article 18.5 states: "The following names, of long usage, are treated as validly published: ....Leguminosae (nom. alt.: Fabaceae; type: Faba Mill. Vicia L.; ... When the Papilionaceae are regarded as a family distinct from the remainder of the Leguminosae, the name Papilionaceae is conserved against Leguminosae." English pronunciations are as follows: , and . commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, is a large and agriculturally important family of |
Stone Moroko
The stone moroko (''Pseudorasbora parva''), also known as the topmouth gudgeon, is a species of freshwater Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish belonging to the Family (biology), family Gobionidae, the gudgeons. This species is native to Asia, but introduced and now considered an invasive species in Europe and North America. The fish's size is rarely above 8 cm and usually long. Invasive species In Europe, ''P. parva'' is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list). This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union. The fish was introduced in the 1960s into ponds in Nucet, Dâmbovița County, Romania and it made its way into Danube, then spreading throughout Europe. These fish feed on eggs of locally valuable native fish species. Four phylogenetic lineages of ''Pesudorasbora parva'' were identified within its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indigenous Peoples
There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples, although in the 21st century the focus has been on self-identification, cultural difference from other groups in a state, a special relationship with their traditional territory, and an experience of subjugation and discrimination under a dominant cultural model. Estimates of the population of Indigenous peoples range from 250 million to 600 million. There are some 5,000 distinct Indigenous peoples spread across every inhabited climate zone and inhabited continent of the world. Most Indigenous peoples are in a minority in the state or traditional territory they inhabit and have experienced domination by other groups, especially non-Indigenous peoples. Although many Indigenous peoples have experienced colonization by settlers from European nations, Indigenous identity is not determined by Western colonization. The rights of Indigenous peoples are outlined in national legislation, treaties and international law ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legume
Legumes are plants in the pea family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seeds of such plants. When used as a dry grain for human consumption, the seeds are also called pulses. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, but also as livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure. Legumes produce a botanically unique type of fruit – a simple fruit, simple Dry fruits, dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually Dehiscence (botany) , dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. Most legumes have Symbiosis , symbiotic nitrogen fixation , nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Rhizobia, in structures called root nodules. Some of the fixed nitrogen becomes available to later crops, so legumes play a key role in crop rotation. Terminology The term ''pulse'', as used by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), is reserved for legume crops harvested solely for the dry seed. This excludes green beans and Pea , green ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing biological fuels using an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which stores chemical energy in a biologically accessible form. Cellular respiration may be described as a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to transfer chemical energy from nutrients to ATP, with the flow of electrons to an electron acceptor, and then release waste products. If the electron acceptor is oxygen, the process is more specifically known as aerobic cellular respiration. If the electron acceptor is a molecule other than oxygen, this is anaerobic cellular respiration. Fermentation, which is also an anaerobic process, is not respiration, as no external electron acceptor is involved. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, producing large amounts of energy (ATP). Respiration ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
