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Protoceratidae
Protoceratidae is an extinct family of herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) that lived during the Eocene through Pliocene at around 46.2—4.9 Mya, existing for about 41 million years. Classification Protoceratidae was erected by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1891, with the type genus '' Protoceras'' and assigned to the Artiodactyla. It was later assigned to Pecora, and more recently to Ruminantia or Tylopoda. However, recently a relationship to chevrotains in the infraorder Tragulina has been proposed. Morphology When alive, protoceratids would have resembled deer, though they were not directly related. Protoceratids ranged from 1 to 2 m in length, from about the size of a roe deer to an elk. Unlike many modern ungulates, they lacked cannon bones in their legs. Their dentition was similar to that of modern deer and cattle, suggesting they fed on tough grasses and similar foods, with a complex stomach similar to that of camels. At least some forms are believe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthetoceratinae
Synthetoceratinae is an extinct subfamily of Protoceratidae, deer-like herbivorous mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla. They were endemic to North America during the Miocene epoch, living 23.03—3.9 Ma, existing for approximately . Taxonomy Synthetoceratinae was named by Frick (1937). Its type genus is ''Synthetoceras''. It was considered monophyletic by Webb ''et al.'' (2003). It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Webb (1981), Prothero (1998),D. R. Prothero. 1998. Protoceratidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), ''Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America'' 431-438 Webb et al. (2003),S. D. Webb, B. L. Beatty, and G. Poinar, Jr. 2003. ''New evidence of Miocene Protoceratidae including a new species from Chiapas, Mexico. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' 279:348-367 Hulbert and Whitmore (2006)R. C. Hulbert and F. C. Whitmore. 2006. Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla Local Fauna, Alabama.' Bulletin of the Florida Museum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lambdoceras
''Lambdoceras'' is an extinct genus of Protoceratidae belonging to the order Artiodactyla (subfamily Synthetoceratinae) endemic to North America during the Miocene, living epoch 20.6—13.6 Ma, existing for approximately . Taxonomy A description of the genus ''Lambdoceras'' by Ruben A. Stirton was published in 1967. Its type is ''Lambdoceras hessei''. It was synonymized subjectively with '' Prosynthetoceras'' by Patton (1969), Patton and Taylor (1971) and Patton and Taylor (1973). It was assigned to Protoceratidae Protoceratidae is an extinct family of herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) that lived during the Eocene through Pliocene at around 46.2—4.9 Mya, existing for about 41 million years. Classification Protoceratidae was ... by Stirton (1967), Tedford et al. (1987) and Albright (1999); and to Synthetoceratini by Webb (1981), Prothero (1998), Webb et al. (2003) and Prothero and Ludtke (2007).D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyptoceras
''Kyptoceras'' is a small extinct artiodactyl ungulate mammal of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to southeastern North America from the Miocene to Early Pliocene epoch 23.03—3.6 Ma, existing for approximately .D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss (eds.), The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169-176 The species name, ''amatorum'', comes in honor of all amateur fossil collectors, including Frank Garcia (Ruskin, Florida) the amateur who found it and donated it to the Florida Museum of Natural History. Taxonomy ''Kyptoceras'' is the last known member of the family. The protoceratids were believed to have been driven to extinction by more advanced grazing herbivores, but in Florida, where there were still relatively large tracts of forest, the protoceratids were able to survive. The genus name comes from its bent horns, in which the two horns above the eyes curved over its head, and the two nasal horns pointed forward. Fossil dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toromeryx
''Toromeryx'' is a medium-sized extinct genus of Artiodactyla, of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to southwestern North America from the Eocene epoch (Late Uintan stage) 46.2—42 Ma, existing for approximately . Taxonomy ''Toromeryx'' was named by Wilson (1974). Its type is ''Toromeryx marginensis''. It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Wilson (1974), Carroll (1988), Prothero (1998) and Prothero and Ludtke (2007).D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss (eds.), The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169-176 Morphology ''Toromeryx'' resembled deer. However they were more closely related to camelids. In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, rostral horns above the orbital cavity. ''Toromeryx'' was smaller than Miocene members of Tylopoda: '' Paratoceras'', '' Protoceras'', and ''Pseudoprotoceras''. Fossil distribution Fossils have been recovered from: *Candelaria TMM 31281 Colmena Tuff Forma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syndyoceras
''Syndyoceras'' is a small extinct genus of Artiodactyla, of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to central North America from the Miocene epoch (24.8—20.6 Ma), existing for approximately . Taxonomy ''Syndyoceras'' was named by Barbour (1905). Its type is ''Syndyoceras cooki''. It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Barbour (1905) and Carroll (1988); and to Kyptoceratini by Webb (1981), Prothero (1998), Webb ''et al.'' (2003) and Prothero and Ludtke (2007). Morphology The skull decoration of ''Syndyoceras'' looked quite unlike those of a deer. It had two pairs of horns. The first was a V-shaped pair on the snout, fused at the base. The second pair was placed between the eyes and the ears and was curved inwards, the horns facing towards each other in a semicircular shape. Like giraffe ossicones, these protrusions were covered with skin. They were probably used for display and fighting. In addition to the horns, ''Syndyoceras'' also possessed tusk-like canine teeth, that it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthetoceras
''Synthetoceras tricornatus'' is a large, extinct protoceratid, endemic to North America ( Nebraska ) during the Late Miocene, 10.3—5.3 Ma, existing for approximately . Fossils have been recovered from Nebraska and Texas Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 .... Description With a length of and a mass of , ''Synthetoceras'' was the largest member of its family. It was also the last, and had what is considered to be the protoceratids' strangest set of horns.Geist, V. (1966). The Evolution of Horn-Like Organs. Behaviour, 27(1-2), 175–214. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853966x00155 The two horns above its eyes looked fairly normal and similar to those of many modern horned mammals, but on its snout it had a bizarre, long horn with a forked tip that gave it a Y shape. On ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poabromylus
''Poabromylus'' is an extinct genus of small Artiodactyla, artiodactyl, of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to North America. They lived during the Late Eocene 40.4—33.9 Annum, Ma, existing for approximately . They resembled deer but were more closely related to Camelidae, camelids. Fossil distribution Fossils have been recovered from: *Big Red Horizon, Chambers Tuff Formation, Presidio County, Texas *Titus Canyon, Titus Canyon Formation, Inyo County, California *Titanothere Quarry, Duchesne River Formation, Uintah County, Utah *Badwater Locality, Wagon Bed Formation, Natrona County, Wyoming References Eocene even-toed ungulates Protoceratids, Priabonian genus extinctions Eocene mammals of North America Fossil taxa described in 1931 Prehistoric even-toed ungulate genera {{paleo-eventoedungulate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prosynthetoceras
''Prosynthetoceras'' is an extinct genus of Artiodactyla, of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to North America. It lived from the Early to Middle Miocene 20.6—13.6 Ma, existing for approximately . In appearance, ''Prosynthetoceras'' looked much like ''Syndyoceras'', ''Kyptoceras'', and ''Synthetoceras ''Synthetoceras tricornatus'' is a large, extinct protoceratid, endemic to North America ( Nebraska ) during the Late Miocene, 10.3—5.3 Ma, existing for approximately . Fossils have been recovered from Nebraska and Texas Texas (, ; Spa ...'' with three horns, one on the snout, and two above the eyes. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q7251128 Protoceratids Serravallian extinctions Miocene even-toed ungulates Miocene mammals of North America Aquitanian genus first appearances Fossil taxa described in 1967 Prehistoric even-toed ungulate genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tragulina
Tragulina (also known as Traguliformes) is an infraorder of even-toed ungulates. Only the chevrotains survive to the present, including the genera ''Tragulus'' (the mouse deer) and ''Hyemoschus'', all within the family Tragulidae. Taxonomy and Classification Tragulina is an infraorder within the larger suborder Ruminantia, and is the sister clade to the infraorder Pecora. Tragulina contains one extant (living) family, Tragulidae, as well as several extinct families, although the extinct members currently classified as within Tragulina causes it to be considered paraphyletic. Tragulina's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram:(see e.g. Fig S10) The following is the taxonomy of the group Tragulina. *Infrarorder TRAGULINA **† Praetragulidae ***'' Praetragulus'' ***'' Parvitragulus'' ***'' Simimeryx'' **† Archaeomerycidae ***'' Archaeomeryx'' ***'' Miomeryx'' ***'' Paukkaungmeryx'' **†Gelocidae ***'' Phaneromeryx'' ***'' Paragelocus' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deer
Deer or true deer are hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the red deer, and the fallow deer; and the Capreolinae, including the reindeer (caribou), white-tailed deer, the roe deer, and the moose. Male deer of all species (except the water deer), as well as female reindeer, grow and shed new antlers each year. In this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are part of a different family (Bovidae) within the same order of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). The musk deer (Moschidae) of Asia and chevrotains (Tragulidae) of tropical African and Asian forests are separate families that are also in the ruminant clade Ruminantia; they are not especially closely related to Cervidae. Deer appear in art from Paleolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion, and literature throughout history, as well as in heraldry, such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artiodactyla
The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla , ) are ungulates—hoofed animals—which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes: the third and fourth. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing posteriorly. By contrast, odd-toed ungulates bear weight on an odd number of the five toes. Another difference between the two is that many other even-toed ungulates (with the exception of Suina) digest plant cellulose in one or more stomach chambers rather than in their intestine as the odd-toed ungulates do. Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) evolved from even-toed ungulates, and are therefore often classified under the same taxonomic branch because a species cannot outgrow its evolutionary ancestry; some modern taxonomists combine the two under the name Cetartiodactyla , while others opt to include cetaceans in the already-existing Artiodactyla. The roughly 270 land-based even-toed ungulate species include pigs, peccaries, hippopo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trigenicus
''Trigenicus'' is an extinct genus of small artiodactyl in the family Protoceratidae, endemic to North America. It lived from the Late Eocene 37.2—33.9 Ma, existing for approximately . ''Trigenicus'' resembled deer, but were more closely related to camelids. Fossil distribution Fossils have been recovered from: *Toadstool Park, Chadron Formation, Sioux County, Nebraska *Peanut Peak, Chadron Formation, Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota *Little Spring Gulch, Cook Ranch Formation, Beaverhead County, Montana *Carnagh, Cypress Hills Formation, Saskatchewan Saskatchewan ( ; ) is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province in Western Canada, western Canada, bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, to the northeast by Nunavut, and on t ... References Eocene even-toed ungulates Eocene mammals of North America Fossil taxa described in 1903 Prehistoric even-toed ungulate genera {{paleo-eventoedung ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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