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Polygonales
Polygonales was an order of flowering plants recognized by several older systems such as the Wettstein system, last revised in 1935, the Engler system, in its update of 1964, and the Cronquist system, 1981. Its circumscription was typically: * order Polygonales *: family Polygonaceae In these systems the order is placed close to the order Caryophyllales (or its predecessor Centrospermae). Cronquist placed this order in his subclass Caryophyllidae Caryophyllidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. At the moment there is no complete consensus about what orders it includes, except that it presumably contains the order Caryophyllales. Note that this is only a naming difficulty: wh ... of three orders. Dahlgren placed the order Polygonales within the superorder Polygoniflorae, alternatively Polygonanae. References {{Reflist Historically recognized angiosperm orders ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wettstein System
A system of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups, according to Richard Wettstein's ''Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik'' (1901–1924). 3rd edition (1924) Outline Synopsis * Flagellatae p. 65 * Myxophyta p. 69 * Schizophyta ** Schizophyceae ** Schizomycetes * Zygophyta ** Peridinieae ** Bacillarieae *** Centricae *** Pennatae ** Conjugatae * Phaeophytae * Rhodophyta ** Bangieae ** Florideae * Euphallophyta ** Chlorophyceae ** Fungi *** Eumycetes **** Phycomycetes **** Ascomycetes **** Basidiomycetes *** Lichenes **** Ascolichenes **** Basidiolichenes * Cormophyta ** Archegoniatae *** Bryophyta **** Musci **** Hepaticae *** Pteridophyta **** Psilophytinae **** Lycopodiinae **** Psilotinae **** Equisetinae **** Isoëtinae **** Filicinae **** Cycadofilicinae ** Anthophyta *** Gymnospermae **** Cycadinae **** Bennettitinae **** Cordaitinae **** Gingkoinae **** Coniferae **** Gnetinae *** Angiospermae p. 467 **** Dicotyledone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cronquist System
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) and ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) (''see'' Bibliography). Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida ( dicotyledons) and Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While the scheme was widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, many botanists now use the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants, first developed in 1998. The system as laid out in Cronquist's ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) counts 64 orders and 321 families in class Magnoliopsida and 19 orders and 65 families in class Liliopsida. ''The Evo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales ( ) is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. The betalain pigments are unique in plants of this order and occur in all its families with the exception of Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae. Description The members of Caryophyllales include about 6% of eudicot species. This order is part of the core eudicots. Currently, the Caryophyllales contains 37 families, 749 genera, and 11,620 species The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by DNA sequences, cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel-elements with simple perforations. Circumscription As with all taxa, the circumscription of Caryophyllales has changed within various classification systems. All systems recognize a core of families with centrospermous ovules and seeds. Mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caryophyllidae
Caryophyllidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. At the moment there is no complete consensus about what orders it includes, except that it presumably contains the order Caryophyllales. Note that this is only a naming difficulty: what to call various taxa of plants; there is little debate about how the plants in question are related. A well-known system that used this name is the Cronquist system, and in the original, 1981, version of this system the circumscription was: * subclass Caryophyllidae *: order Caryophyllales *: order Polygonales *: order Plumbaginales These plants form the order Caryophyllales in the APG II system The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Gr ..., 2003. References Historically recognized angiosperm taxa {{angiosperm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polygonum Affine - Blossom (aka)
''Polygonum'' is a genus of about 130 species of flowering plant in the buckwheat and knotweed family Polygonaceae. Common names include knotweed and knotgrass (though the common names may refer more broadly to plants from Polygonaceae). In the Middle English glossary of herbs ''Alphita'' ( 1400–1425), it was known as ars-smerte. There have been various opinions about how broadly the genus should be defined. For example, buckwheat (''Fagopyrum esculentum'') has sometimes been included in the genus as ''Polygonum fagopyrum''. Former genera such as ''Polygonella'' have been subsumed into ''Polygonum''; other genera have been split off. The genus primarily grows in northern temperate regions. The species are very diverse, ranging from prostrate herbaceous annual plants to erect herbaceous perennial plants. ''Polygonum'' species are occasionally eaten by humans, and are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species – see list. Most species are considered weeds i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flowering Plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants that produce their seeds enclosed within a fruit. They are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders, 416 families, approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species. Angiosperms were formerly called Magnoliophyta (). Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants. They are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within their seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from the common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous, over 300 million years ago. The closest fossil relatives of flowering plants are uncertain and contentious. The earliest angiosperm fossils ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Systems Of Plant Taxonomy
This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification. A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants). There are two main criteria for this list. A system must be taxonomic, that is deal with many plants, by their botanical names. Secondly it must be a system, i.e. deal with the relationships of plants. Although thinking about relationships of plants had started much earlier (see history of plant systematics), such systems really only came into being in the 19th century, as a result of an ever-increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered plant species. The 18th century saw some early systems, which are perhaps precursors rather than full taxonomic systems. A milestone event was the publication of ''Species Plantarum'' by Linnaeus which serve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Engler System
One of the prime systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler (1844–1930), and is featured in two major taxonomic texts he authored or co-authored. His influence is reflected in the use of the terms "Engler School" and "Engler Era". Engler's starting point was that of Eichler who had been the first to use phylogenetic principles, although Engler himself did not think that he was. Engler's works His modified Eichler schema first appeared in 1886 in his ''Guide to Breslau Botanic Garden'' (of which he was the director) and was expanded in his ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' in 1892. This reflected the new post-Darwinian perspective. Engler's ''Syllabus'' first appeared in 1892 with the title ''Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik''. Many subsequent editions have appeared since, and it was continued after Engler's death in 1930. The most recent edition was the 13th in 2009. The other major work was ''Die ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polygonaceae
The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus ''Polygonum'', and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book, ''Genera Plantarum''.Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1789. ''Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam''. page 82. Herrisant and Barrois: Paris, France. (see ''External links'' below) The name may refer to the many swollen nodes the stems of some species have, being derived from Greek, ''poly'' meaning 'many' and ''gony'' meaning 'knee' or 'joint'. Alternatively, it may have a different derivation, meaning 'many seeds'. The Polygonaceae comprise about 1200 speciesDavid J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. distributed into about 48 genera. The largest genera are ''Eriogonum'' (240 species), ''Rumex'' (20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centrospermae
''Centrospermae'' is a descriptive botanical name, published in 1878 by Eichler, meaning "with the seed in the center", referring to the free (central) placentation. It was used in the Engler system and the Wettstein system) for an order of flowering plants. In its circumscription, Centrospermae corresponds fairly closely to the order Caryophyllales in the system of Cronquist. In the APG III system, and in later versions of the Kubitzki system, Caryophyllales is defined to include much more than Centrospermae. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Centrospermae is monophyletic. It is equivalent to a clade known as the core Caryophyllales, whenever the latter is defined to exclude the families Rhabdodendraceae, Simmondsiaceae, Physenaceae and Asteropeiaceae. Samuel F. Brockington, Roolse Alexandre, Jeremy Ramdial, Michael J. Moore, Sunny Crawley, Amit Dhingra, Khidir Hilu, Douglas E. Soltis, and Pamela S. Soltis. 2009. "Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales sensu la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rolf Dahlgren
Rolf Martin Theodor Dahlgren (7 July 1932 – 14 February 1987) was a Swedish-Danish botanist and professor at the University of Copenhagen from 1973 to his death. Life Dahlgren was born in Örebro on 7 July 1932 to apothecary Rudolf Dahlgren and wife Greta née Dahlstrand. He took his MSc degree in Biology in (1955) and PhD degree in Botany in (1963) at Lund University. He was killed in a car crash in Scania, Sweden on 14 February 1987. Career He continued working on South African plants during expeditions in 1956-57 and 1965–66, while affiliated with the ''Botanical Museum'' in Lund as ''docent''. In 1973, he became professor of botany at the University of Copenhagen. Here, he developed his system of Angiosperm classification, based on many more characters simultaneously than previous systems, most notably many chemical plant traits (see also chemotaxonomy). Although the system was first presented in Danish, it rapidly gained widespread acceptance, particularly due to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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