Pastorela
The ''pastorela'' (, "little/young shepherdess") was an Occitan lyric genre used by the troubadours. It gave rise to the Old French ''pastourelle''. The central topic was always the meeting of a knight with a shepherdess, which could lead to any of a number of possible conclusions. They were usually humorous pieces. The genre was allegedly invented by Cercamon, whose examples do not survive, and was most famously taken up by his (alleged) pupil Marcabru Marcabru (; floruit, fl. 1130–1150) is one of the earliest troubadours whose poems are known. There is no certain information about him; the two ''vida (Occitan literary form), vidas'' attached to his poems tell different stories, and both are e .... Table of ''pastorelas'' Only a few pastorelas have survived; Audiau counts 24 "true" Old Occitan examples, mentioning 10 others which resemble them but belong to other genres and one which is a translation from French. Zemp reduces this number further, to 17. Notes References ...
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Gavaudan
GavaudanHis Occitan name is also found as ''Gavaudas'' in the accusative and, by extension, ''Gavauda'' in the nominative. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century French scholarship used to call him ''le Vieux'' (the Old), but there is no basis for this. ( 11951215, known in 1212–1213) was a troubadour and hired soldier () at the courts of both Raymond V and Raymond VI of Toulouse and later on in Castile. He was from Gévaudan, as his name (probably a nickname) implies. He wrote moralising lyrics, either religious or political, and ten of his works survive, including five ''sirventes'', two ''pastorelas'', one ''canso'', one ''planh'' for an anonymous ''domna'' (lady), and one Crusade song. He is sometimes clumped in a primitive Marcabrunian "school" of poetry alongside Bernart Marti, Bernart de Venzac, and Peire d'Alvernhe. He developed a hermetic style, combining elements of the ''trobar ric'' and ''trobar clus.'' Pastorelas Gavaudan composed two customarily dated to aroun ...
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Troubadour
A troubadour (, ; oc, trobador ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a ''trobairitz''. The troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread to the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the Minnesang in Germany, ''trovadorismo'' in Galicia and Portugal, and that of the trouvères in northern France. Dante Alighieri in his ''De vulgari eloquentia'' defined the troubadour lyric as ''fictio rethorica musicaque poita'': rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the troubadours declined in the 14th century and around the time of the Black Death (1348) it died out. The texts of troubadou ...
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Cercamon
Cercamon (, fl. 1135-1145) was one of the earliest troubadours. His true name and other biographical data are unknown. He was apparently a Gascony-born jester of sorts who spent most of his career in the courts of William X of Aquitaine and perhaps of Eble III of Ventadorn. He was the inventor of the ''planh'' (the Provençal dirge), of the ''tenso'' (a sort of rhymed debate in which two poets write one stanza each) and perhaps of the ''sirventes''. Most of the information about Cercamon's life is nothing but rumour and conjecture; some of his contemporaries credit him as Marcabru's mentor, and some circumstantial evidence points to his dying on crusade as a follower of Louis VII of France. About seven of his lyrics survive, but not a single melody; the works that most contributed to his fame among his contemporaries, his '' pastorelas'' or pastourelles, are lost. ''Cercamon'' means "world searcher" in medieval Occitan. The fossil primate ''Cercamonius'' was named after him. ...
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1285 In Poetry
Works published *', a ''pastorela'' by Joan Esteve Events *Summer — five troubadours compose a literary cycle of ''sirventes'' on the topic of the Aragonese Crusade: Bernart d'Auriac, Peter III of Aragon, Pere Salvatge, Roger Bernard III of Foix, and an anonymous. Births {{Empty section, date=July 2010 Deaths * Peter III of Aragon (born 1239), an Occitan troubadour and King of Aragon 13th-century poetry Poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...

1276 In Poetry
Events *26 August — Matieu de Caersi composed a ''planh'' ("Tant suy marritz que no.m puese alegrar") on the death of James I of Aragon and so did Cerverí de Girona ("Si per tristor, per dol no per cossir") *Guiraut Riquier composes the pastorela ''D'Astarac venia''. * Death of Guido Guinizelli (born 1230), Italian poet and 'founder' of the Dolce Stil Novo Births {{Empty section, date=July 2010 Deaths * Guido Guinizelli (born 1230), Italian poet and 'founder' of the Dolce Stil Novo 13th-century poetry Poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...

1282 In Poetry
Events *Guiraut Riquier composes the pastorela ''A Sant Pos de Tomeiras'' Births {{Further, 1982 births Deaths * Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd ibn Hakam al Qurashi (born 1204), Ra'îs of Manûrqa, poet, scholar, writer; in Arabic in Menorca 13th-century poetry Poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...

Joan Esteve
En Johan Esteve de Bezers, in modern orthography Joan Esteve ( fl. 1270–1288), was a troubadour from Béziers. The only chansonnier which contains his eleven works, also calls him Olier de Bezers, implying that he was perhaps a potter. All his works are accompanied by dates of composition which allows scholars to place his literary output between 1270 and 1288. Joan's work is pious and religious, but metrically complex, with difficult strophes (' being an example). He wrote three ''pastorelas'', all following Guiraut Riquier in style. His indiscreet ''cansos'' are dominated by courtly love, wherein the object of his affection is a woman known as ''Bel rai'' ("beautiful sunbeam"). He is not a typical southern troubadour in that he was thoroughly Gallicised and his sympathies were for the French. He dedicated several works to Guilhem de Lodeva, the Provençal admiral of the French Mediterranean. Joan's earliest work is ', a ''planh'' composed on the death of Amalric I of Narb ...
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1275 In Poetry
{{Year nav topic5, 1275, poetry, literature Works published *''L'autr' ier al gai tems de Pascor'', a ''pastorela'' by Joan Esteve Births * Dnyaneshwar (died 1296), Maharashtran saint, poet, philosopher and yogi * Manuel Philes (died 1345), Byzantine * Robert Mannyng (died 1338), English monk, writing in Middle English, French and Latin * Musō Soseki (died 1351), Rinzai Zen Buddhist monk and teacher, and a calligraphist, poet and garden designer Deaths * Fujiwara no Tameie (born 1198), Japanese poet * John of Howden, English canon and poet writing in Norman French and Latin 13th-century poetry Poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...

Guiraut D'Espanha
Guiraut d'Espanha (Also ''d'Espagna'' or ''d'Espaigna''. or de Tholoza ( fl. 1245–1265) was of the last generation of troubadours, working in Provence at the court of Charles of Anjou and Countess Beatrice.Aubrey, 24. Many of his poems were addressed to Beatrice. Guiraut was either from Spain or Toulouse—the manuscripts differ—but ten of his ''dansas'', a ''pastorela The ''pastorela'' (, "little/young shepherdess") was an Occitan lyric genre used by the troubadours. It gave rise to the Old French ''pastourelle The pastourelle (; also ''pastorelle'', ''pastorella'', or ''pastorita'' is a typically Old Fre ...'', and a '' baladeta'' survive. One of his ''dansas'', ''Ben volgra s'esser poges'', survives with a melody. It begins: And ends: He also wrote ''Per amor soi gai''. Sources *Aubrey, Elizabeth. ''The Music of the Troubadours''. Indiana University Press, 1996. . Notes {{DEFAULTSORT:Guiraut Despanha 13th-century French troubadours People from ...
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1288 In Poetry
Events *Joan Esteve, troubadour, composes the ''pastorela'' "" Births {{Further, 1288 births Deaths * Adam de la Halle (born 1237), a French trouvère, poet and musician * Shang Ting (born 1209), writer of Chinese Sanqu poetry * Tikkana (born 1205), second poet of "Trinity of Poets (Kavi Trayam)" that translated Mahabharatamu into Telugu over a period of few centuries 13th-century poetry Poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...

1264 In Poetry
Events *''Gaia, pastorela'', a ''pastorela'' by Guiraut Riquier, composed Births Deaths * Gonzalo de Berceo (born 1190), Spanish poet especially on religious themes 13th-century poetry Poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...