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Oxalobacter Paraformigenes
''Oxalobacter'' is a genus of bacteria in the Oxalobacteraceae family. The species are chemoorganotrophs and strictly anaerobic.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (eds.) (2005). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two: The Proteobacteria, Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria. New York, New York: Springer. . They are found in rumens of animals such as cattle and in feces of other animals and humans. Some are marine and some have been isolated from fresh water. These bacteria are characterized by their ability to metabolize oxalate Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate) is an anion with the formula C2O42−. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and several esters such as dimethyl o .... The genus was first identified in 1985. References External linksNCBI taxonomy browser Burkholderiales Bacteria genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxalobacter Aliiformigenes
''Oxalobacter aliiformigenes'' is a Gram negative, non-spore-forming, oxalate-degrading anaerobic bacterium that was first isolated from human fecal samples. ''O. aliiformigenes'' is believed to have roles in calcium oxalate kidney stone disease because of its unique ability to utilize oxalate as its primary carbon source. Taxonomy ''Oxalobacter aliiformigenes'' was originally thought to be a subgroup of ''Oxalobacter formigenes b''ased on fatty acid profile, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, and DNA probes specific to the ''oxc'' ( oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase) gene and ''frc'' (formyl-CoA transferase).. However, full genomes were sequenced and based on average nucleotide identity calculation, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, and phylogenetic tree A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxalobacter Formigenes
''Oxalobacter formigenes'' is a Gram negative oxalate-degrading anaerobic bacterium that was first isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a sheep in 1985. To date, the bacterium has been found to colonizes the large intestines of numerous vertebrates, including humans, and has even been isolated from freshwater sediment. It processes oxalate by decarboxylation into formate ( oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase), producing energy for itself in the process. The broad-spectrum quinolone antibiotics kill ''O. formigenes''. If a person's gastrointestinal (GI) tract lacks this bacterium, and therefore lacks the primary source for the oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase enzyme, then the GI tract cannot degrade dietary oxalates which on digestion get absorbed easily and after some vitamin B6-modulated partial metabolic degradation in the body, is excreted in the kidney, where it precipitates with calcium to form calcium oxalate kidney stones. ''Oxalobacter formigenes'' can protect against kidney ston ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxalobacter Paeniformigenes
''Oxalobacter'' is a genus of bacteria in the Oxalobacteraceae family. The species are chemoorganotrophs and strictly anaerobic.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (eds.) (2005). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two: The Proteobacteria, Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria. New York, New York: Springer. . They are found in rumens of animals such as cattle and in feces of other animals and humans. Some are marine and some have been isolated from fresh water. These bacteria are characterized by their ability to metabolize oxalate Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate) is an anion with the formula C2O42−. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and several esters such as dimethyl o .... The genus was first identified in 1985. References External linksNCBI taxonomy browser Burkholderiales Bacteria genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxalobacter Paraformigenes
''Oxalobacter'' is a genus of bacteria in the Oxalobacteraceae family. The species are chemoorganotrophs and strictly anaerobic.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (eds.) (2005). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two: The Proteobacteria, Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria. New York, New York: Springer. . They are found in rumens of animals such as cattle and in feces of other animals and humans. Some are marine and some have been isolated from fresh water. These bacteria are characterized by their ability to metabolize oxalate Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate) is an anion with the formula C2O42−. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and several esters such as dimethyl o .... The genus was first identified in 1985. References External linksNCBI taxonomy browser Burkholderiales Bacteria genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxalobacter Vibrioformis
''Oxalobacter vibrioformis'' is an oxalate-degrading anaerobic bacterium that was isolated from anoxic freshwater sediments. ''O. vibrioformis'' is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, vibrioid rod which belongs to the genus '' Oxalobacter''. ''O. vibrioformis'' uses oxalate and oxamate as its sole source of energy and acetate An acetate is a salt (chemistry), salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base (e.g. Alkali metal, alkaline, Alkaline earth metal, earthy, Transition metal, metallic, nonmetallic or radical Radical (chemistry), base). "Acetate" als ... as its main source of carbon. References External linksType strain of ''Oxalobacter vibrioformis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Burkholderiales {{Betaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxalobacteraceae
The Oxalobacteraceae are a family of bacteria, included in the order Burkholderiales. Like all Pseudomonadota, Oxalobacteraceae are Gram-negative. The family includes strict aerobes, strict anaerobes, and nitrogen-fixing Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process by which molecular nitrogen (), with a strong triple covalent bond, in the air is converted into ammonia () or related nitrogenous compounds, typically in soil or aquatic systems but also in industry. Atmos ... (diazotrophic) members. The cells are curved, vibroid, or straight rod-shaped.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (eds.) (2005). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two: The Proteobacteria, Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 354–361. . References Burkholderiales Bacteria families {{betaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemoorganotroph
Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided in relation to the nutrition mode according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction. The sources of energy can be light or chemical compounds; the sources of carbon can be of organic or inorganic origin. The terms ''aerobic respiration'', ''anaerobic respiration'' and ''fermentation'' (''substrate-level phosphorylation'') do not refer to primary nutritional groups, but simply reflect the different use of possible electron acceptors in particular organisms, such as O2 in aerobic respiration, or nitrate (), sulfate () or fumarate in anaerobic respiration, or various metabolic intermediates in fermentation. Primary sources of energy ''Phototrophs'' absorb light in photoreceptors and transform it into chemical energy. ''Chemotrophs'' release chemical energy. The freed energy is stored as potential energy in ATP, carbohydrates, or proteins. Eventually, the energy is used for life ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anaerobic Organism
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenated environment. Anaerobes may be unicellular (e.g. protozoans, bacteria) or multicellular. Most fungi are obligate aerobes, requiring oxygen to survive. However, some species, such as the Chytridiomycota that reside in the rumen of cattle, are obligate anaerobes; for these species, anaerobic respiration is used because oxygen will disrupt their metabolism or kill them. Deep waters of the ocean are a common anoxic environment. First observation In his letter of 14 June 1680 to The Royal Society, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek described an experiment he carried out by filling two identical glass tubes about halfway with crushed pepper powder, to which some clean rain water was added. Van Leeuwenhoek sealed one of the glass tubes using a flame an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxalate
Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate) is an anion with the formula C2O42−. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and several esters such as dimethyl oxalate (C2O4(CH3)2). It is a conjugate base of oxalic acid. At neutral pH in aqueous solution, oxalic acid converts completely to oxalate. Relationship to oxalic acid The dissociation of protons from oxalic acid proceeds in a stepwise manner; as for other polyprotic acids, loss of a single proton results in the monovalent hydrogenoxalate anion . A salt with this anion is sometimes called an acid oxalate, monobasic oxalate, or hydrogen oxalate. The equilibrium constant ( ''K''a) for loss of the first proton is (p''K''a = 1.27). The loss of the second proton, which yields the oxalate ion, has an equilibrium constant of (p''K''a = 4.28). These values imply, in solutions with neutral pH, no oxalic acid and only trace am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burkholderiales
The Burkholderiales are an order of Pseudomonadota.George M. Garrity: '' Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology''. 2. Auflage. Springer, New York, 2005, Vol. 2: ''The Proteobacteria Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria'' Like all Pseudomonadota, they are Gram-negative. They include several pathogenic bacteria, including species of ''Burkholderia'', ''Bordetella'', and ''Ralstonia''. They also include '' Oxalobacter'' and related genera, which are unusual in using oxalic acid as their source of carbon. Other well-studied genera include ''Alcaligenes'', '' Cupriavidus'', ''Achromobacter'', ''Comamonas'', '' Delftia'', ''Massilia'', '' Duganella'', '' Janthinobacterium'', ''Polynucleobacter'' (important freshwater bacterioplankton), non-pathogenic ''Paraburkholderia'', '' Caballeronia'', '' Polaromonas'', ''Thiomonas'', ''Collimonas'', '' Hydrogenophaga'', ''Sphaerotilus'', '' Variovorax'', '' Acidovorax'', '' Rubrivivax'' and ''Rhodoferax'' (both members ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
