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Neural Architecture Search
Neural architecture search (NAS) is a technique for automating the design of artificial neural networks (ANN), a widely used model in the field of machine learning. NAS has been used to design networks that are on par or outperform hand-designed architectures. Methods for NAS can be categorized according to the search space, search strategy and performance estimation strategy used: * The ''search space'' defines the type(s) of ANN that can be designed and optimized. * The ''search strategy'' defines the approach used to explore the search space. * The ''performance estimation strategy'' evaluates the performance of a possible ANN from its design (without constructing and training it). NAS is closely related to hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning and is a subfield of automated machine learning (AutoML). Reinforcement learning Reinforcement learning (RL) can underpin a NAS search strategy. Barret Zoph and Quoc Viet Le applied NAS with RL targeting the CIFAR-10 dataset a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artificial Neural Network
Artificial neural networks (ANNs), usually simply called neural networks (NNs) or neural nets, are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to other neurons. An artificial neuron receives signals then processes them and can signal neurons connected to it. The "signal" at a connection is a real number, and the output of each neuron is computed by some non-linear function of the sum of its inputs. The connections are called ''edges''. Neurons and edges typically have a ''weight'' that adjusts as learning proceeds. The weight increases or decreases the strength of the signal at a connection. Neurons may have a threshold such that a signal is sent only if the aggregate signal crosses that threshold. Typically ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1907
Events January * January 14 – 1907 Kingston earthquake: A 6.5 Mw earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica, kills between 800 and 1,000. February * February 11 – The French warship ''Jean Bart'' sinks off the coast of Morocco. * February 7 – The " Mud March", the first large procession organized by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS), takes place in London. * February 12 – The steamship ''Larchmont'' collides with the ''Harry Hamilton'' in Long Island Sound; 183 lives are lost. * February 16 – SKF, a worldwide mechanical parts manufacturing brand (mainly, bearing and seal), is founded in Gothenburg, Sweden. * February 21 – The English mail steamship ''Berlin'' is wrecked off the Hook of Holland; 142 lives are lost. * February 24 – The Austrian Lloyd steamship ''Imperatrix'', from Trieste to Bombay, is wrecked on Cape of Crete and sinks; 137 lives are lost. March * March ** The steamship ''Congo'' collide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2002
File:2002 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 2002 Winter Olympics are held in Salt Lake City; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and her daughter Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon die; East Timor gains East Timor independence, independence from Indonesia and is admitted to the United Nations; an Armenia, Armenian postage stamp depicts the 2002 FIFA World Cup, which was held in South Korea and Japan; the Department of Homeland Security is created in the wake of 9/11 to counter further terrorist threats against the United States; the 2002 Überlingen mid-air collision kills 71 people; FBI agents investigate a crime scene related to the D.C. sniper attacks; the Euro becomes the official currency of the European Union., 300x300px, thumb rect 0 0 200 200 2002 Winter Olympics rect 200 0 400 200 Death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother rect 400 0 600 200 East Timor independence rect 0 200 300 400 Euro rect 300 200 600 400 2002 FIFA World Cup rect 200 400 400 600 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1909
Events January–February * January 4 – Explorer Aeneas Mackintosh of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition escaped death by fleeing across ice floes. * January 7 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama. * January 9 – The British ''Nimrod'' Expedition to the South Pole, led by Ernest Shackleton, arrives at the farthest south reached by any prior expedition, at 88°23' S, prior to turning back due to diminishing supplies. * January 16 – Shackleton's expedition claims to have found the magnetic South Pole (but the location recorded may be incorrect). * January 24 – The White Star Liner RMS Republic (1903), RMS ''Republic'' sinks the day after a collision with ''SS Florida'' off Nantucket. * January 28 – The last United States troops leave Cuba, after being there since the Spanish–American War of 1898. * February 2 – The Paris Film Congress opens. It is an attempt to create a cartel of leading European producers simila ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1911
A notable ongoing event was the Comparison of the Amundsen and Scott Expeditions, race for the South Pole. Events January * January 1 – A decade after federation, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are added to the Commonwealth of Australia. * January 3 ** 1911 Kebin earthquake: An earthquake of 7.7 Moment magnitude scale, moment magnitude strikes near Almaty in Russian Turkestan, killing 450 or more people. ** Siege of Sidney Street in London: Two Latvian people, Latvian anarchists die, after a seven-hour siege against a combined police and military force. Home Secretary Winston Churchill arrives to oversee events. * January 5 – Egypt's Zamalek SC is founded as a general sports and Association football club by Belgian lawyer George Merzbach as Qasr El Nile Club. * January 14 – Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition makes landfall, on the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf. * January 18 – Eugene B. El ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1806
Events January–March * January 1 ** The French Republican Calendar is abolished. ** The Kingdom of Bavaria is established by Napoleon. * January 5 – The body of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, lies in state in the Painted Hall of Greenwich Hospital, London, prior to his funeral. * January 8 – Battle of Blaauwberg: British infantry force troops of the Batavian Republic in the Dutch Cape Colony to withdraw. * January 9 ** The Dutch commandant of Cape Town surrenders to British forces. On January 10, formal capitulation is signed under the Treaty Tree in Papendorp (modern-day Woodstock). ** Lord Nelson is given a state funeral and interment at St Paul's Cathedral in London, attended by the Prince of Wales. * January 18 – The Dutch Cape Colony capitulates to British forces, the origin of its status as a colony within the British Empire. * January 23 ** Grenville succeeds his cousin William Pitt the Younger as wartime Prime Minister of the United Kingdom upon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1910
Events January * January 13 – The first public radio broadcast takes place; live performances of the operas '' Cavalleria rusticana'' and ''Pagliacci'' are sent out over the airwaves, from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. February * February 20 – Boutros Ghali, the first native-born Prime Minister of Egypt, is assassinated in Cairo. March * March – Albanian revolt of 1910: An uprising against Ottoman rule breaks out in Albania. * March 8 – In France, Raymonde de Laroche is awarded Pilot's license No. 36 by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, becoming the first woman authorized to fly an airplane. * March 10 ** Slavery in China, which has existed since the Shang dynasty, is now made illegal. ** Nazareth Baptist Church, an African-initiated church, is founded by Prophet Isaiah Shembe in South Africa. * March 17 – Progressive Republicans in the United States House of Representatives rebel against Speaker Joseph Gurney Cann ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1812
Events January–March * January 1 – The ''Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch'' (the Austrian civil code) enters into force in the Austrian Empire. * January 19 – Peninsular War: The French-held fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812), is stormed by the Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Earl of Wellington. * February 7 – The last 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes, New Madrid earthquake strikes New Madrid, Missouri, with an estimated moment magnitude scale, moment magnitude of over 8. * February 12 – Napoleon authorizes the usage of ''Mesures usuelles'', the basis of the metric system. * February 13 – The first Chilean newspaper ''Aurora de Chile'' deals with political philosophy, and stands in favor of the new national government. * February 27 ** Argentine War of Independence: Manuel Belgrano raises the Flag of Argentina (which he designed) in the city of Rosario, Santa Fe, Rosario, for the first time. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1902
Events January * January 1 ** The Nurses Registration Act 1901 comes into effect in New Zealand, making it the first country in the world to require state registration of nurses. On January 10, Ellen Dougherty becomes the world's first registered nurse. ** Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates his wireless telephone device in Kentucky, United States. * January 8 – A train collision in the New York Central Railroad's Park Avenue Tunnel kills 17 people, injures 38, and leads to increased demand for electric trains and the banning of steam locomotives in New York City. * January 23 – Hakkōda Mountains incident: A snowstorm in the Hakkōda Mountains of northern Honshu, Japan, kills 199 during a military training exercise. * January 30 – The Anglo-Japanese Alliance is signed. February * February 11 – Police and universal suffrage demonstrators are involved in a physical altercation in Brussels, Belgium. * February 15 – The Berlin U-B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1802
Events January–March * January 5 – Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens, claiming they were at risk of destruction during the Ottoman occupation of Greece; the first shipment departs Piraeus on board Elgin's ship, the ''Mentor'', "with many boxes of moulds and sculptures", including three marble torsos from the Parthenon. * January 15 – Canonsburg Academy (modern-day Washington & Jefferson College) is chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. * January 29 – A French expeditionary force (40,000 troops) led by General Charles Leclerc (Bonaparte's brother-in-law) lands in Saint-Domingue, (modern Haiti) to restore colonial rule, where Toussaint Louverture (a black former slave) has proclaimed himself Governor-General for Life, and established control over Hispaniola. * February 3 – French Army General Charles Leclerc and the first 5,000 of 20,000 troops ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pareto Efficiency
Pareto efficiency or Pareto optimality is a situation where no action or allocation is available that makes one individual better off without making another worse off. The concept is named after Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Italian civil engineer and economist, who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution. The following three concepts are closely related: * Given an initial situation, a Pareto improvement is a new situation where some agents will gain, and no agents will lose. * A situation is called Pareto-dominated if there exists a possible Pareto improvement. * A situation is called Pareto-optimal or Pareto-efficient if no change could lead to improved satisfaction for some agent without some other agent losing or, equivalently, if there is no scope for further Pareto improvement. The Pareto front (also called Pareto frontier or Pareto set) is the set of all Pareto-efficient situations. Pareto originally used the word "optimal" for t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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