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Mughal–Afghan Wars
The Afghan-Mughal wars were a series of wars that took place during the 16th and 18th centuries between the Mughal Empire of India and different Afghan tribes and kingdoms. The conflict over the lands in modern-day Afghanistan, which were crucial from a strategic standpoint for both sides, served as the primary catalyst for these conflicts. The Afghans struggled to protect their independence and resisted Mughal expansion while the Mughals worked to enlarge their empire and take control of the area. Background The Afghan-Mughal Wars had their roots in the complex political and military history of the Indian subcontinent in the 16th century. The Mughal Empire, under the leadership of Emperor Babur, had established its rule in northern India by defeating the Delhi Sultanate in 1526. However, the Mughals faced constant threats from various regional powers, including the Afghans, who controlled parts of present-day Afghanistan. The Afghans, particularly the Pashtuns, were a triba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran border, west, Turkmenistan to the Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border, northwest, Uzbekistan to the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border, north, Tajikistan to the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border, northeast, and China to the Afghanistan–China border, northeast and east. Occupying of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains Afghan Turkestan, in the north and Sistan Basin, the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. , Demographics of Afghanistan, its population is 40.2 million (officially estimated to be 32.9 million), composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. Kabul is the country's largest city and ser ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shah Jahan
Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan I (; ), was the fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire, reigning from January 1628 until July 1658. Under his emperorship, the Mughals reached the peak of their architectural achievements and cultural glory. The third son of Jahangir (), Shah Jahan participated in the military campaigns against the Rajputs of Mewar and the Lodis of Deccan. After Jahangir's death in October 1627, Shah Jahan defeated his youngest brother Shahryar Mirza and crowned himself emperor in the Agra Fort. In addition to Shahryar, Shah Jahan executed most of his rival claimants to the throne. He commissioned many monuments, including the Red Fort, Shah Jahan Mosque and the Taj Mahal, where his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal is entombed. In foreign affairs, Shah Jahan presided over the aggressive campaigns against the Deccan Sultanates, the conflicts with the Portuguese, and the wars with Safavids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sher Shah Sur
Sher Shah Suri ( ps, شیرشاه سوری) (1472, or 1486 – 22 May 1545), born Farīd Khān ( ps, فرید خان) , was the founder of the Sur Empire in India, with its capital in Sasaram in modern-day Bihar. He standardized the silver coin to the weight of 178 grams and named the currency as rupee based on the ancient Sanskrit term for silver. An ethnic Pashtun ruler, Sher Shah took control of the Mughal Empire in 1540 CE. After his accidental death in 1545 CE, his son Islam Shah became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under Babur and then the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Shah overran the state of Bengal and established the Suri dynasty. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself as a gifted administrator as well as a capable general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably Akbar, son of Huma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaju Khan
Malak Gaju Khan Yousafzai ( ps, ګجو خان بابا), also spelled Gajju Khan or Gajo Khan Yousafzai, Popularly known as Khan Al Khawanin or ""Khan of Khans", was a Pashtun Ruler and military commander from Yousafzai chieftaincy. He is often seen as a founding chief of the tribe. His tomb is in Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Early Life Gaju Khan, a notable figure from the Mandanr branch of the famous Pashtun Yusufzai tribe, was born in 1490 in the house of Malik Qarakhan, son of Malik Behzad Sadozai, in Kabul. His family was well-known for its power and wealth. Gaju Khan lost his father at a young age, and his education and upbringing were overseen by his mother, Monda Bibi, who paid special attention to his religious and worldly learning. Monda Bibi also introduced him to the art of warfare. She was known throughout Afghanistan at the time as a virtuous, and devout woman. Legacy The Gajju Khan Medical College Swabi is named after him. See also * Kalu Khan Yousafzai * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai
Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai (1460–1530) also known as Malak Ahmad Baba was an Afghan chief and warrior. He belonged to the Razar Mandanr clan of the Yousafzai. Ahmad Khan's life was spent in fighting and resettling the Yusufzai in modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The Yusufzai fought the Dilazak and Sultan Awais Swati for control of northern KPK. The Dilzaks had initially given refuge to the Yusufzai before they were driven out by them. After being expelled, Malak Ahmad Khan replaced his uncle Malak Suleiman Shah as the chief of the Yusufzai. Through Bibi Mubarika marriage to Babur, the Yusufzai finally made peace with the Mughals and were able to establish their stronghold in Dir, Swat, Buner, Malakand, Swabi and Mardan with Thana, Malakand as the capital. Bibi Mubarika was the daughter of Shah Mansur, who was the son of Malak Suleiman Shah and the cousin of Malak Ahmad Khan. Early life Ahmad Khan was born in or around 1460 to the Mandanr Yusufzai tribe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibrahim Lodi
Ibrahim Khan Lodi (or Lodhi) (Pashto: ابراهیم خان لودي), (1480 – 21 April 1526) was the last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate, who became Sultan in 1517 after the death of his father Sikandar Khan Lodi. He was the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, reigning for nine years until 1526, when he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Panipat by Babur's invading army, giving way to the emergence of the Mughal Empire in India. Biography Ibrahim was an ethnic Pashtun. He attained the throne upon the death of his father, Sikandar, but was not blessed with the same ruling capability. He faced a number of rebellions. Ibrahim Khan Lodi also displeased the nobility when he replaced old and senior commanders with younger ones who were loyal to him. His Afghan nobility eventually invited Babur to invade India. In 1526, the Mughal forces of Babur, the king of Kabulistan (Kabul, present Afghanistan), defeated Ibrahim's much larger army in the Battle of Panipat. He was killed in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tomb Of I'timād-ud-Daulah
Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah (''I'timād-ud-Daulah Maqbara'') is a Mughal mausoleum in the city of Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Often described as a "jewel box", sometimes called the "Bachcha Taj" or the "Baby Taj", the tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the Taj Mahal. Along with the main building, the structure consists of numerous outbuildings and gardens. The tomb, built between 1622 and 1628, represents a transition between the first phase of monumental Mughal architecture – primarily built from red sandstone with marble decorations, as in Humayun's Tomb in Delhi and Akbar's tomb in Sikandra – to its second phase, based on white marble and ''pietra dura'' inlay, most elegantly realized in the Taj Mahal. The mausoleum was commissioned by Nur Jahan, the wife of Jahangir, for her father Mirzā Ghiyās Beg, originally a Persian Amir in exile, who had been given the title of ''I'timād-ud-Daulah'' (pillar of the state). Mirzā Ghiyā ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raja Birbal
''Raja'' (; from , IAST ') is a royal title used for South Asian monarchs. The title is equivalent to king or princely ruler in South Asia and Southeast Asia. The title has a long history in South Asia and Southeast Asia, being attested from the Rigveda, where a ' is a ruler, see for example the ', the "Battle of Ten Kings". Raja-ruled Indian states While most of the Indian salute states (those granted a gun salute by the British Crown) were ruled by a Maharaja (or variation; some promoted from an earlier Raja- or equivalent style), even exclusively from 13 guns up, a number had Rajas: ; Hereditary salutes of 11-guns : * the Raja of Pindrawal * the Raja of Morni * the Raja of Rajouri * the Raja of Ali Rajpur * the Raja of Bilaspur * the Raja of Chamba * the Raja of Faridkot * the Raja of Jhabua * the Raja of Mandi * the Raja of Manipur * the Raja of Narsinghgarh * the Raja of Pudukkottai * the Raja of Rajgarh * the Raja of Sangli * the Raja of Sailana * the Raja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zain Khan Koka
Zain Khan Koka (died 1601) was a leading official in the Mugal Empire under Akbar, including serving for a time as governor of Kabul. Zain Khan was the son of Akbar's wetnurse and thus received the title "Koka" which means foster brother. He was an accomplished musician besides being a military leader. In 1585 he was made one of the leaders of the Mughal forces fighting to bring the Yusufzai Afghan tribe under Mughal control. In 1596 he was made governor of Kabul. Daughter's marriage with Jahangir In 1596 Prince Salim (future Emperor Jahangir) became violently enamoured of Zain Khan Koka's daughter Khas Mahal, and meditated marrying her. Akbar was displeased at the impropriety. The cause of Akbar's objection was Sahib Jamal who had already been married to Salim. Akbar objected to marriages between near relations. However, when Akbar saw that Salim's heart was immoderately affected, he, of necessity, gave his consent. There was a great feast and joy. The marriage took place on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mir Khalifa
Amir Nizam-ud-din Khalifa ( fa, ), also Known as Mir Khalifa was a Mughal noble and statesman, who served as the Vakil of the Mughal Empire (''prime minister'') during the reign of Emperor Babur and Humayun. Biography Mir Khalifa was one of the closet companions of Babur. In 1526 Babur established Mughal Empire after defeating Ibrahim Lodhi in the Battle of Panipat. Emperor Babur created the ministry of ''Vakalat'' (Emperor's representative) and made Mir Khalifa the first Vakil of the Mughal Empire. Mir Khalifa along with his son Mir Mohib Ali commanded the battalions of Mughal army in both battles of Panipat and Khanwa Khanwa (also spelt Khanua) is the name of a village in Bharatpur District of Rajasthan, lying about 60 km west of the city of Agra in India. It was the site of A Historic Battle in the history of North India, and a few miles from Fatehp .... His son fought bravely in the battle of Khanwa and impressed the Emperor. Due to Mohib's bravery Babur m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raja Ali Khan
Raja Ali Khan was the Sultan of Khandesh who ruled from 1576 to 1597. In 1591 he, to some extent, recognized the overlordship of the Mughal Emperor Akbar by sending one of his daughters to be a wife of Akbar's son Jahangir. However, in 1595 when Akbar invaded the Sultanate of Ahmadnagar Raja Ali Khan refused to aid the invasion. Khandesh later became embroiled in war with the Mughal Empire which would lead to its annexation to the empire 4 years after Raja Ali Khan died. Reign In 1577, Akbar sent an expeditionary force of 55,000 to Khandesh to secure its sub-ordination. Raja Ali Khan was compelled to accept it. In 1586 CE, Akbar’s governor of Malwa Khan Azam invaded Berar. Raja Ali Khan joined hands with Ahmadnager and defeated him. In 1591 CE, Akbar sent Faizi to Khandesh and Ahmadnagar courts to invite them to accept Mughal suzerainty. Raja Ali Khan agreed to accept. Later, Raja Ali Khan was assigned a rank (mansab) of 5000. Marriage with Akbar's daughter Akbar gave his daugh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pir Muhammad Khan Shirwani
Maulana Pir Muhammad Khan Shirwani was a senior official of the Mughal Empire and a commander in the Mughal Army. Background Pir Muhammad was the Vakil-i-Mutlaq (general manager) of the regent of the Mughal Empire, Bairam Khan, who had granted him the titles of Khan and Sultan. However, in 1559, he was temporarily dismissed by Bairam due to his arrogance and ordered to go to Mecca for Hajj (pilgrimage). He was replaced by Haji Muhammad Sistani, one of Bairam's subordinates. This displeased Akbar as the dismissal of a senior official without prior consultation with the emperor was a sign of blatant disrespect on Bairam's part and Akbar decided to dismiss Bairam. Pir Muhammad, who had travelled till Gujarat and made his way back to Rajputana, was sent secret messages by Akbar to be ready to return. Later in 1560, when Bairam was ordered by Akbar to go to Hajj, on the insistence of his political opponents Maham Anga and Adham Khan, Pir Muhammad (who had returned to the Mughal c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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