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Helopeltis
The genus ''Helopeltis'', also known as mosquito bugs, is a group of Heteropterans in the family Miridae (capsid bugs) and tribe Dicyphini. They include important pests of various crops, including cacao, cashew, cotton and tea. Now in a different subgenus, a number of similar ''Afropeltis'' species are pests in Africa. Mosquito bugs have a characteristic spine on the scutellum, which is a diagnostic feature. Classification in the field is based on morphological characteristics, with considerable variations in colouration between insects of the same species (although for example, ''H. theivora'' is characteristically green and ''H. antonii'' red-brown). Damage and distribution With typical Hemipteran sucking mouthparts, they pierce plant tissues and cause damage ranging from leaf tattering and fruit blemishes, to complete death of shoots, branches or whole plants. There has been evident speciation along the islands of the Malay archipelago and there may be cryptic species in thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helopeltis Antonii
''Helopeltis antonii'', also known as the tea mosquito bug, are heteropterans found within the Miridae family. They have a relatively large geographical distribution and are a known pest of many agricultural “cash” crops such as cocoa, cashew, and tea. Subsequently, their impact negatively influences economic growth within the regions in which they inhabit. Thus, their impact on humans has caused them to be of great interest biologically, resulting in significant environmental implications. Distribution ''Helopeltis antonii'' are found in a region known as the old-world tropics which encompasses places such as India, Northern Australia, Guinea, Vietnam, Tanzania, Nigeria, and Indonesia.Rebijith, K. B., R. Asokan, N. K. K. Kumar, K. K. Srikumar, V. V. Ramamurthy, and P. S. Bhat. 2012. DNA Barcoding and Development of Species-Specific Markers for the Identification of Tea Mosquito Bugs (Miridae: Heteroptera) in India. Environmental Entomology 41:1239–1245Srikumar, K. K., P. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distantiella Theobromae
''Distantiella'' is a genus of African bugs, of the family Miridae or "capsids", named after William Lucas Distant. This genus is placed in the subtribe Odoniellina: which has been included in tribes Dicyphini or Monaloniini. Species The Global Biodiversity Information Facility lists: # ''Distantiella collarti'' (Schouteden, 1935) # '' Distantiella theobroma'' (Distant, 1909) - type species (as ''Sahlbergella theobroma'' Distant) Description, distribution and importance Species of Distantiella are very similar to each other externally and the genus is most similar to ''Sahlbergella'': the latter genus differs in hind tibia have "regular setation" as opposed to dense setatition in this genus.Namyatova AA, Cassis G (2016) Systematics of the tribe Monaloniini ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'', 176, 36–136. Both species are distributed in Tropical Africa and their host plants are known to include various species of Malvaceae and ''Citrus'' spp. ''D. theobroma'' i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miridae
The Miridae are a large and diverse insect family at one time known by the taxonomic synonym Capsidae. Species in the family may be referred to as capsid bugs or "mirid bugs". Common names include plant bugs, leaf bugs, and grass bugs. It is the largest family of true bugs belonging to the suborder Heteroptera; it includes over 10,000 known species, and new ones are being described constantly. Most widely known mirids are species that are notorious agricultural pests that pierce plant tissues, feed on the sap, and sometimes transmit viral plant diseases. Some species however, are predatory. Description Miridae are small, terrestrial insects, usually oval-shaped or elongate and measuring less than in length. Many of them have a hunched look, because of the shape of the prothorax, which carries the head bent down. Some are brightly coloured and attractively patterned, others drab or dark, most being inconspicuous. Some genera are ant mimics at certain stages of life. The Mirida ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dicyphini
''Dicyphini'' is a tribe of Heteroptera, bugs in the family Miridae. Subtribes and Genera The ''On-line Systematic Catalogue of Plant Bugs'' includes: Subtribe Dicyphina * ''Campyloneura'' Fieber, 1861 * ''Campyloneuropsis'' Poppius, 1914 * ''Chius'' * ''Cychrocapsus'' * ''Cyrtopeltis'' Fieber, 1861 * ''Dicyphus'' Fieber, 1858 * ''Engytatus'' Reuter, 1875 * ''Haematocapsus'' * ''Isoproba'' * ''Macrolophus'' Fieber, 1858 * ''Microoculis'' * ''Muirmiris'' * ''Nesidiocoris'' Kirkaldy, 1902 * ''Pameridea'' Reuter, 1907 * ''Setocoris'' * ''Singhalesia'' China & Carvalho, 1952 * ''Tupiocoris'' China & Carvalho, 1952 * ''Usingerella'' China & Carvalho, 1952 Subtribe Monaloniina * ''Arculanus'' * ''Arthriticus'' * ''Dimia'' * ''Eucerocoris'' * ''Eupachypeltis'' * ''Felisacoris'' * ''Felisacus'' * ''Helopeltis'' Signoret, 1858 * ''Mansoniella'' * †''Miomonalonion'' * ''Monalonion'' Herrich-Schäffer, 1850 * ''Onconotellus'' * ''Pachypeltis (insect)'' Signoret, 1858 * ''Pachypeltopsis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sahlbergella Singularis
''Sahlbergella'' is a genus of African bugs in the family Miridae and tribe Dicyphini (subtribe Odoniellina). Species are mostly distributed in Africa, where ''S. singularis'' is a major insect pest of cacao: causing damage similar to ''Distantiella'' in tropical Africa and '' Helopeltis'' spp. in SE Asia.Entwistle PF (1972) ''Pests of Cocoa'', Longmans, London, 779 pp Species The Global Biodiversity Information Facility lists: # ''Sahlbergella ghesquierei'' Schouteden, 1935 # ''Sahlbergella lais'' Linnavuori, 1973 # ''Sahlbergella maynei ''Sahlbergella'' is a genus of African bugs in the family Miridae and tribe Dicyphini (subtribe Odoniellina). Species are mostly distributed in Africa, where ''S. singularis'' is a major insect pest of cacao: causing damage similar to ''Distan ...'' Schouteden, 1935 # '' Sahlbergella singularis'' Haglund, 1895 - type speciesNamyatova AA, Cassis G (2016) Systematics of the tribe Monaloniini ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'', 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theobroma Cacao
''Theobroma cacao'', also called the cacao tree and the cocoa tree, is a small ( tall) evergreen tree in the family Malvaceae. Its seeds, cocoa beans, are used to make chocolate liquor, cocoa solids, cocoa butter and chocolate. The largest producer of cocoa beans in 2018 was Ivory Coast, 2.2 million tons. Description Its leaves are alternate, entire, unlobed, long and broad. Flowers The flowers are produced in clusters directly on the trunk and older branches; this is known as cauliflory. The flowers are small, diameter, with pink calyx. The floral formula, used to represent the structure of a flower using numbers, is ✶ K5 C5 A(5°+52) (5). While many of the world's flowers are pollinated by bees ( Hymenoptera) or butterflies/moths ( Lepidoptera), cacao flowers are pollinated by tiny flies, ''Forcipomyia'' midges in the subfamily Forcipomyiinae. Using the natural pollinator ''Forcipomyia'' midges for ''Theobroma cacao'' was shown to have more fruit production th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at . With over 275 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature. It has 38 provinces, of which nine have special status. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most populous urban area. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republika sang Filipinas * ibg, Republika nat Filipinas * ilo, Republika ti Filipinas * ivv, Republika nu Filipinas * pam, Republika ning Filipinas * krj, Republika kang Pilipinas * mdh, Republika nu Pilipinas * mrw, Republika a Pilipinas * pag, Republika na Filipinas * xsb, Republika nin Pilipinas * sgd, Republika nan Pilipinas * tgl, Republika ng Pilipinas * tsg, Republika sin Pilipinas * war, Republika han Pilipinas * yka, Republika si Pilipinas In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines: * es, República de las Filipinas * ar, جمهورية الفلبين, Jumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, and southeast of the Arabian Sea; it is separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. Sri Lanka shares a maritime border with India and Maldives. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is its legislative capital, and Colombo is its largest city and financial centre. Sri Lanka has a population of around 22 million (2020) and is a multinational state, home to diverse cultures, languages, and ethnicities. The Sinhalese are the majority of the nation's population. The Tamils, who are a large minority group, have also played an influential role in the island's history. Other long established groups include the Moors, the Burghers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime Malaysia–Thailand border, border with Thailand and Maritime boundary, maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia, and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the national capital, the country's largest city, and the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia, legislative branch of the Government of Malaysia, federal government. The nearby Planned community#Planned capitals, planned capital of Putrajaya is the administrative capital, which represents the seat of both the Government of Malaysia#Executive, executive branch (the Cabine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent islands such as the Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, Enggano, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago. Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest–southeast axis. The Indian Ocean borders the northwest, west, and southwest coasts of Sumatra, with the island chain of Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, and Enggano off the western coast. In the northeast, the narrow Strait of Malacca separates the island from the Malay Peninsula, which is an extension of the Eurasian continent. In the southeast, the narrow Sunda Strait, containing the Krakatoa Archipelago, separates Sumatra from Java. The northern tip of Sumatra is near the Andaman Islands, while off the southeastern coast lie the islands of Bangka and Belitung, Karim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sabah
Sabah () is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia to the south. The Federal Territory (Malaysia), Federal Territory of Labuan is an island just off Sabah's west coast. Kota Kinabalu is the state capital city, the economic centre of the state, and the seat of the Government of Sabah, Sabah state government. Other major towns in Sabah include Sandakan and Tawau. The 2020 census recorded a population of 3,418,785 in the state. It has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests, abundant with animal and plant species. The state has long mountain ranges on the west side which forms part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River, the second longest river in Malaysia runs through Sabah. The highest point of Sabah, Mount Kinabalu is also the highest point of Malaysia. The ear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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