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Hacrobia
The cryptomonads-haptophytes assemblage is a proposed monophyletic grouping of unicellular eukaryotes that are not included in the SAR supergroup. Several alternative names have been used for the group, including Hacrobia (derived from "ha-" referring to Haptophyta, "-cr-" referring to cryptomonads, and "-bia" as a general suffix referring to life); CCTH (standing for Cryptophyta, Centrohelida, Telonemia and Haptophyta); and "Eukaryomonadae". , it is unclear whether this group is monophyletic or not; results of phylogenetic studies are "often dependent on the selection of taxa and gene data set". Two 2012 studies produced opposite results. Members In the past, heterokonts, haptophytes, and cryptomonads have sometimes been grouped together in a group known as chromists. Though the heterokonts are now split out, Cryptophyta and Haptophyta are considered in some studies to be closely related (and are sometimes simply referred to as the "Cryptophyta+Haptophyta" group). A 2009 pape ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptista
Cryptista is a clade of algae-like eukaryotes. It is most likely related to Archaeplastida which includes plants and many algae, within the larger group Diaphoretickes. Although it has sometimes placed along with Haptista in the group Hacrobia, within the kingdom Chromista, most recent studies have found that Hacrobia is not a clade. For example, in 2016, a broad phylogenomic study found that cryptists fall within the group Archaeplastida, while haptophytes are closely related to the SAR supergroup. Taxonomy Based on studies done by Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2015 *''Corbihelia'' ** Phylum Microheliellida Tedersoo 2017 [Endohelia Cavalier-Smith 2015] *** Class Endohelea Cavalier-Smith 2012 * Clade Cryptista s.s. ** Phylum Palpitophyta Tedersoo 2017 *** Class Palpitea Cavalier-Smith 2012 ** Clade Rollomonadia Cavalier-Smith 2013 stat. nov. *** Phylum Kathablepharidophyta Okamoto & Inouye 2005 [Leucocrypta Cavalier-Smith 2015] **** Class Leucocryptea Cavalier-Smith 2004 [Kathab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coccolithophore
Coccolithophores, or coccolithophorids, are single celled organisms which are part of the phytoplankton, the autotrophic (self-feeding) component of the plankton community. They form a group of about 200 species, and belong either to the kingdom Protista, according to Robert Whittaker's Five kingdom classification, or clade Hacrobia, according to a newer biological classification system. Within the Hacrobia, the coccolithophores are in the phylum or division Haptophyta, class Prymnesiophyceae (or Coccolithophyceae). Coccolithophores are almost exclusively marine, are photosynthetic, and exist in large numbers throughout the sunlight zone of the ocean. Coccolithophores are the most productive calcifying organisms on the planet, covering themselves with a calcium carbonate shell called a ''coccosphere''. However, the reasons they calcify remains elusive. One key function may be that the coccosphere offers protection against microzooplankton predation, which is one of the ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endohelea
Endohelea is a proposed clade of eukaryotes that are related to Archaeplastida and the SAR supergroup. Classification Based on studies done by Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2015 * Class Endohelea Cavalier-Smith 2012 ** Order Microhelida Cavalier-Smith 2011 *** Family Microheliellidae Cavalier-Smith 2011 **** Genus ''Microheliella'' Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012 ** Order Heliomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2012 *** Family Heliomorphidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2009 **** Genus ''Heliomorpha'' Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2009 References External links Tree of Life: Hacrobia Cryptista Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith Bikont classes {{Hacrobia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palpitea
Palpitea is a proposed clade of eukaryotes that are related to Archaeplastida and the SAR supergroup. Classification Based on studies done by Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2015 * Subphylum Palpitia Palpitea is a proposed clade of eukaryotes that are related to Archaeplastida and the SAR supergroup. Classification Based on studies done by Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2015 * Subphylum Palpitia Cavalier-Smith 2012 ** Class Palpitea Cavalier-S ... Cavalier-Smith 2012 ** Class Palpitea Cavalier-Smith 2012 *** Order Palpitida **** Family Palpitomonadidae ***** Genus '' Palpitomonas'' Yabuki, Inagaki & Ishida 2010 ****** Species '' Palpitomonas bilix'' Yabuki, Inagaki & Ishida 2010 References External links Tree of Life: Hacrobia Cryptista Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith Monotypic eukaryote classes {{Hacrobia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromist
Chromista is a biological kingdom consisting of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic species that share similar features in their photosynthetic organelles (plastids). It includes all protists whose plastids contain chlorophyll ''c'', such as some algae, diatoms, oomycetes, and protozoans. It is probably a polyphyletic group whose members independently arose as a separate evolutionary group from the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. As it is assumed the last common ancestor already possessed chloroplasts of red algal origin, the non-photosynthetic forms evolved from ancestors able to perform photosynthesis. Their plastids are surrounded by four membranes, and are believed to have been acquired from some red algae. Chromista as a biological kingdom was created by British biologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1981 to differentiate some protists from typical protozoans and plants. According to Cavalier-Smith, the kingdom originally included only algae, but his later analysis in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukaryote
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacteria and Archaea (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains. The eukaryotes are usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the Asgard archaea. This implies that there are only two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon, likely as flagellated phagotrophs. Their name comes from the Greek εὖ (''eu'', "well" or "good") and κάρυον (''karyon'', "nut" or "kernel"). Euka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leucocryptea
The katablepharids, a group of heterotrophic flagellates, have been considered as part of the Cryptista since katablepharids were described in 1939. Although they differ from other cryptophytes and have even been proposed to be alveolates, early 21st century research suggests they are related to cryptophytes. Phylogeny As of 2009, only five genera and ten species have been formally described. Dozens of other DNA sequences (both freshwater and marine) seem to represent further katablepharids which have not been cultured or formally described. Classification Based on studies done by Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2015 * Super Class Leucocrypta Cavalier-Smith 2015 stat. n. [Kathablepharidophyta (sic)Okamoto & Inouye 2005] ** Class Leucocryptea Cavalier-Smith 2004 [Kathablepharidea (sic) Okamoto & Inouye 2005; Kathablepharidophyceae (sic) Okamoto & Inouye 2005] *** Order Katablepharida Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Kathablepharida (sic)] **** Family Katablepharidae Vors 1992 [Kathablepharidae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haptista
Haptista is a proposed group of protists made up of centrohelids and haptophytes. Phylogenomic studies indicate that Haptista, together with ''Ancoracysta twista'', forms a sister clade to the SAR+Telonemia supergroup, but it may also be sister to the Cryptista (+Archaeplastida). It is thus one of the earliest diverging Diaphoretickes. Taxonomy Based on studies done by Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2015 and Ruggiero et al. 2015. * Subphylum Centroheliozoa Cushman & Jarvis 1929 sensu Durrschmidt & Patterson 1987 eliozoa Haeckel 1862 stat. n. Margulis 1974 em. Cavalier-Smith 2003** Class Centrohelea Kuhn 1926 stat. n. Cavalier-Smith 1993 entroplastiales; Centrohelina Hartmann 1913; Centroplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier 1984* Subphylum Haptophytina Cavalier-Smith 2015 (Haptophyta Hibberd 1976 sensu Ruggerio et al. 2015) ** Clade Rappemonada Kim et al. 2011 *** Class Rappephyceae Rappephyceae, or Rappemonads, are a small family of protists first described in 2011, of uncertain phylog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corbihelia
Corbihelia is a proposed phylum of eukaryotes. Classification Based on studies done by Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2015 * Super Class Endohelia Cavalier-Smith 2015 ** Class Endohelea Cavalier-Smith 2012 *** Order Microhelida Cavalier-Smith 2011 **** Family Microheliellidae Cavalier-Smith 2011 ***** Genus ''Microheliella'' Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012 *** Order Heliomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2012 **** Family Heliomorphidae Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2009 ***** Genus ''Heliomorpha'' Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2009 * Super Class Corbistoma Cavalier-Smith 2015 ** Class Picomonadea Seenivasan et al. 2013 [Biliphyta; Picobiliphytes; Picozoa Seenivasan et al. 2013] *** Order Picomonadida Seenivasan et al. 2013 **** Family Picomonadidae Seenivasan et al. 2013 ***** Genus ''Picomonas'' Seenivasan et al. 2013 ** Class Telonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Telonemia Shalchian-Tabrizi 2006] *** Order Telonemida Cavalier-Smith 1993 **** Family Telonemidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 ***** Genus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rappephyceae
Rappephyceae, or Rappemonads, are a small family of protists A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the excl ... first described in 2011, of uncertain phylogenic affinity. It has been discussed as a possible member of a larger clade Haptophyte, Haptophyta. This newly identified taxonomic class of phytoplankton are named after a professor from the Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, Hawai’i institute of marine biology, known as Michael Rappé. Rappé discovered these phytoplankton in the Atlantic Ocean and published his findings on their DNA in 1998. Current research has shown that these organisms provide an immense amount of nutritional organic molecules, such as oxygen, for other organisms using biochemical processes like photosynthesis and Biological carbon fixation, carbon fixat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goniomonadea
Goniomonadea is a proposed class of cryptomonads which includes the orders Goniomonadida and Hemiarmida. Taxonomy * Order Goniomonadida Novarino & Lucas 1993 oniomonadales Novarino & Lucas 1993** Family Goniomonadidae Hill 1991 oniomonadaceae Hill 1991*** Genus ''Goniomonas'' von Stein 1878 * Order Hemiarmida Cavalier-Smith 2017 ** Family Hemiarmidae Cavalier-Smith 2017 *** Genus ''Hemiarma Hemiarma marina is a monotypic species of cryptomonad discovered off the coast of Palau Palau,, officially the Republic of Palau and historically ''Belau'', ''Palaos'' or ''Pelew'', is an island country and microstate in the western ...'' Shiratori & Ishida 2016 References Cryptomonads {{Hacrobia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telonemea
Telonemia is a phylum of microscopic eukaryote, single-celled organisms. They were formerly classified as protists until that kingdom fell out of general use, and are suggested to have evolutionary significance in being a possible transitional form between ecologically important heterotrophic and photosynthetic species among chromalveolates. One paper places them in the SAR supergroup. Phylogenomic analyses of 127 genes place Telonemia with Centroheliozoa in a group also consisting of cryptomonads and haptophytes (see Cryptomonads-haptophytes assemblage). Although they have been studied in primarily marine environments, they have also been found in freshwater. Shalchian-Tabrizi ''et al'' say that 18S rDNA sequences in the phylum formed two major groups, Group 1 and 2, including ''T. subtilis'' and ''T. antarcticum'' respectively, and that these were further sub-divided into several statistically supported clades of sequences with restricted geographic distribution. Species of Te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
