Gracillaria Japonica
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Gracillaria Japonica
''Gracillaria japonica'' is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the island of Honshu, the main island of Japan. The wingspan is 9.8–13 mm. The larvae feed on '' Ligustrum obtusifolium'' and '' Ligustrum tschonoskii''. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Young larvae make a solitary tentiform mine on the lower surface of the food plant. The mine being quite similar to that in some ''Phyllonorycter'' species. In later instar An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'', "form", "likeness") is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult (''ecdysis''), until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow or ...s, it leaves the mine, then rolls up the leaf from the tip towards the underside, thus making a triangular cone as in many '' Caloptilia'' species. The cocoon is usually placed on the surface of the leaf. It is boat-shaped and whitish. The species probably hibernates in the adult s ...
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Moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of which have yet to be described. Most species of moth are nocturnal, but there are also crepuscular and diurnal species. Differences between butterflies and moths While the butterflies form a monophyletic group, the moths, comprising the rest of the Lepidoptera, do not. Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is not monophyletic: Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia and Ditrysia.Scoble, MJ 1995. The Lepidoptera: Form, function and diversity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 404 p. Although the rules for distinguishing moths from butterflies are not well establishe ...
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Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, ''Cameraria ohridella''. Taxonomy and systematics There are 98 described genera of Gracillariidae (see below). A complete checklist is available of all currently recognised species. There are many undescribed species in the tropics but there is also an online catalogue of Afrotropical described speci the South African fauna is quite well known. Although Japanese and Russian authors have recognised additional subfamilies, there are three currently recognised subfamilies, Phyllocnistinae of which is likely to be basal. In this subfamily, the primitive genus ''Prophyllocnistis'' from Chile feeds on the plant genus '' Drimys'' (Winteraceae), and has leaf mines structurally similar in structure to fossils (see "Fossils"). While there have been some rec ...
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Honshu
, historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separates the Sea of Japan, which lies to its north and west, from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east. It is the seventh-largest island in the world, and the second-most populous after the Indonesian island of Java. Honshu had a population of 104 million , constituting 81.3% of the entire population of Japan, and is mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains. Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain. As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power, the island includes several past Japanese capitals, including Kyōto, Nara and Kamakura. Much of the island's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt, a megalopolis that spans several of the Japane ...
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Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans Japanese archipelago, an archipelago of List of islands of Japan, 6852 islands covering ; the five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu (the "mainland"), Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa Island, Okinawa. Tokyo is the Capital of Japan, nation's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto. Japan is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eleventh most populous country in the world, as well as one of the List of countries and dependencies by population density, most densely populated and Urbanization by country, urbanized. About three-fourths of Geography of Japan, the c ...
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Wingspan
The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of , and a wandering albatross (''Diomedea exulans'') caught in 1965 had a wingspan of , the official record for a living bird. The term wingspan, more technically extent, is also used for other winged animals such as pterosaurs, bats, insects, etc., and other aircraft such as ornithopters. In humans, the term wingspan also refers to the arm span, which is distance between the length from one end of an individual's arms (measured at the fingertips) to the other when raised parallel to the ground at shoulder height at a 90º angle. Former professional basketball player Manute Bol stood at and owned one of the largest wingspans at . Wingspan of aircraft The wingspan of an aircraft is always measured in a straight line, from wingtip to wingtip, independently of wing shape or sweep. Implications for aircraft design and anima ...
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Larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The larva's appearance is generally very different from the adult form (''e.g.'' caterpillars and butterflies) including different unique structures and organs that do not occur in the adult form. Their diet may also be considerably different. Larvae are frequently adapted to different environments than adults. For example, some larvae such as tadpoles live almost exclusively in aquatic environments, but can live outside water as adult frogs. By living in a distinct environment, larvae may be given shelter from predators and reduce competition for resources with the adult population. Animals in the larval stage will consume food to fuel their transition into the adult form. In some organisms like polychaetes and barnacles, adults are immobil ...
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Ligustrum Obtusifolium
''Ligustrum obtusifolium'' (border privet or Amur privet) is a species of privet A privet is a flowering plant in the genus ''Ligustrum''. The genus contains about 50 species of erect, deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes forming small or medium-sized trees, native species, native to Europe, north Africa, Asia, many in ..., native to Japan, Korea and northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang).Flora of China''Ligustrum obtusifolium''/ref> The species is considered invasive species, invasive in parts of the United States. It has become very common in southern New England, the mid-Atlantic States, and the Great Lakes regions, with scattered occurrences in the Southern United States, South, the Great Plains, and Washington (state), Washington state. With ''Ligustrum ovalifolium'' it is a parent of the widespread hybrid ''Ligustrum × ibolium''. ''Ligustrum obtusifolium'' is a deciduous shrub growing to tall. The leaf, leaves are long and broa ...
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Ligustrum Tschonoskii
A privet is a flowering plant in the genus ''Ligustrum''. The genus contains about 50 species of erect, deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes forming small or medium-sized trees, native to Europe, north Africa, Asia, many introduced and naturalised in Australasia, where only one species, ''Ligustrum australianum'', extends as a native into Queensland. Some species have become widely naturalized or invasive where introduced. ''Privet'' was originally the name for the European semi-evergreen shrub ''Ligustrum vulgare'', and later also for the more reliably evergreen ''Ligustrum ovalifolium'' and its hybrid ''Ligustrum × ibolium'' used extensively for privacy hedging, though now the name is applied to all members of the genus. The generic name was applied by Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) to ''L. vulgare''. It is often suggested that the name ''privet'' is related to ''private'', but the OED states that there is no evidence to support this. Description Privet is a group of shru ...
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Leaf Miner
A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants. The vast majority of leaf-mining insects are moths (Lepidoptera), sawflies (Symphyta, the mother clade of wasps), and flies (Diptera). Some beetles also exhibit this behavior. Like woodboring beetles, leaf miners are protected from many predators and plant defenses by feeding within the tissues of the leaves, selectively eating only the layers that have the least amount of cellulose. When attacking ''Quercus robur'' (English oak), they also selectively feed on tissues containing lower levels of tannin, a deterrent chemical produced in great abundance by the tree. The pattern of the feeding tunnel and the layer of the leaf being mined is often diagnostic of the insect responsible, sometimes even to species level. The mine often contains frass, or droppings, and the pattern of frass deposition, mine shape, and host plant identity are useful to determi ...
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Phyllonorycter
''Phyllonorycter'' is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae. Diversity The genus comprises about 400 species, with a worldwide distribution. The vast majority of species are found in the temperate regions, with about 257 species described from the Palaearctic region and 81 from the Nearctic. In the tropics, the genus is species-poor, with 36 species described from Indo-Australia, 13 from the Neotropics and 22 from the Afrotropical region. In 2012, a further 27 species were described from the Afrotropics. Species *'' Phyllonorycter aarviki'' de Prins, 2012 *'' Phyllonorycter aberrans'' (Braun, 1930) *'' Phyllonorycter abrasella'' (Duponchel, 843 *'' Phyllonorycter acaciella'' (Duponchel, 1843) *'' Phyllonorycter acanthus'' Davis & Deschka, 2001 *'' Phyllonorycter acerifoliella'' (Zeller, 1839) *'' Phyllonorycter aceripestis'' (Kuznetzov, 1978) *'' Phyllonorycter aceriphaga'' (Kuznetzov, 1975) *'' Phyllonorycter achilleus'' de Prins, 2012 *'' Phyllonorycter acratynta'' ( ...
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Instar
An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'', "form", "likeness") is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult (''ecdysis''), until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow or assume a new form. Differences between instars can often be seen in altered body proportions, colors, patterns, changes in the number of body segments or head width. After shedding their exoskeleton (moulting), the juvenile arthropods continue in their life cycle until they either pupate or moult again. The instar period of growth is fixed; however, in some insects, like the salvinia stem-borer moth, the number of instars depends on early larval nutrition. Some arthropods can continue to moult after sexual maturity, but the stages between these subsequent moults are generally not called instars. For most insect species, an ''instar'' is the developmental stage of the larval forms of holometabolous (complete metamorphism) or nymphal forms o ...
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Caloptilia
''Caloptilia'' is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae. Species *'' Caloptilia acericola'' Kumata, 1966 *'' Caloptilia acericolella'' Kuznetzov, 1981 *'' Caloptilia aceriella'' (Chambers, 1881) *'' Caloptilia acerifoliella'' (Chambers, 1875) *'' Caloptilia aceris'' Kumata, 1966 *'' Caloptilia acerivorella'' (Kuznetzov, 1956) *'' Caloptilia acinata'' Yuan & Robinson, 1993 *'' Caloptilia acrotherma'' (Meyrick, 1908) *'' Caloptilia adelosema'' (Turner, 1940) *'' Caloptilia aeneocapitella'' (Walsingham, 1891) *'' Caloptilia aeolastis'' (Meyrick, 1920) *'' Caloptilia aeolocentra'' (Meyrick, 1922) *'' Caloptilia aeolospila'' (Meyrick, 1938) *'' Caloptilia agrifoliella'' Opler, 1971 *'' Caloptilia albospersa'' (Turner, 1894) *''Caloptilia alchimiella'' (Scopoli, 1763) *'' Caloptilia alni'' Kumata, 1966 *'' Caloptilia alnicolella'' (Chambers, 1875) *'' Caloptilia alnivorella'' (Chambers, 1875) *'' Caloptilia alpherakiella'' (Krulikovsky, 1909) *'' Caloptilia amphidelta'' (Meyric ...
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