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Cyclase
A cyclase is an enzyme, almost always a lyase, that catalyzes a chemical reaction to form a cyclic compound. Important cyclase enzymes include: * Adenylyl cyclase, which forms cyclic AMP from adenosine triphosphate (EC 4.6.1.1) ** ADCY1 ** ADCY2 ** ADCY3 ** ADCY4 ** ADCY5 ** ADCY6 ** ADCY7 ** ADCY8 ** ADCY9 ** ADCY10 * Guanylyl cyclase, which forms cyclic GMP from guanosine triphosphate (EC 4.6.1.2) ** GUCY1A2 ** GUCY1A3 ** GUCY1B3 ** Guanylate cyclase 2C ** Guanylate cyclase 2D ** Guanylate cyclase 2F ** NPR1 ** NPR2 * Protein cyclase, a ligase In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining (ligation) of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond. This is typically via hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the larger molecules or the enzym ... enzyme that produces backbone-cyclised proteins by intramolecular transpeptidation {{enzyme index EC 4.6.1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guanylyl Cyclase
Guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2, also known as guanyl cyclase, guanylyl cyclase, or GC; systematic name GTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3′,5′-cyclic-GMP-forming)) is a lyase enzyme that converts guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and pyrophosphate: : GTP = 3′,5′-cyclic GMP + diphosphate It is often part of the G protein Biochemical cascade, signaling cascade that is activated by low Calcium encoding, intracellular calcium levels and inhibited by high intracellular calcium levels. In response to calcium levels, guanylate cyclase synthesizes cGMP from GTP. cGMP keeps cGMP-gated Ion channel, channels open, allowing for the entry of calcium into the cell. Like Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP, cGMP is an important Second messenger system, second messenger that internalizes the message carried by intercellular messengers such as peptide hormones and nitric oxide and can also function as an Autocrine signaling, autocrine signal. Dependi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenylyl Cyclase
Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1, also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylyl cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3′,5′-cyclic-AMP-forming). It catalyzes the following reaction: :ATP = 3′,5′-cyclic AMP + diphosphate It has key regulatory roles in essentially all cells. It is the most polyphyletic known enzyme: six distinct classes have been described, all catalyzing the same reaction but representing unrelated gene families with no known sequence or structural homology. The best known class of adenylyl cyclases is class III or AC-III (Roman numerals are used for classes). AC-III occurs widely in eukaryotes and has important roles in many human tissues. All classes of adenylyl cyclase catalyse the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) and pyrophosphate.Magnesium ions are generally required and appear to be closely involved in the enzymatic mechanism. The cAMP produced by AC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ADCY10
Adenylyl cyclase 10 also known as ADCY10 is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the ''ADCY10'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a distinct class of mammalian adenylyl cyclase that is soluble and insensitive to G protein or forskolin regulation. It is localized in the cytoplasm and is thought to function as a general bicarbonate sensor throughout the body. It may also play an important role in the generation of cAMP in spermatozoa, implying possible roles in sperm maturation through the epididymis, capacitation, hypermotility, and/or the acrosome reaction. Clinical significance Mutations in the ''ADCY10'' gene are associated with an increased risk of adsorptive hypercalciuria Hypercalciuria is the condition of elevated calcium in the urine. Chronic hypercalciuria may lead to impairment of renal function, nephrocalcinosis, and chronic kidney disease. Patients with hypercalciuria have kidneys that put out higher levels .... References Ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guanylate Cyclase 2C
Guanylate cyclase 2C, also known as guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), intestinal guanylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase-C receptor, or the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor (hSTAR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GUCY2C'' gene. Guanylyl cyclase is an enzyme found in the luminal aspect of intestinal epithelium and dopamine neurons in the brain.Intestinal Protein May Have Role in ADHD, Other Neurological Disorders. ScienceDaily (Aug. 11, 2011/ref> The receptor has an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane region, a region with sequence similar to that of protein kinases, and a C-terminal guanylate cyclase domain. Tyrosine kinase activity mediates the GC-C signaling pathway within the cell. Functions GC-C is a key receptor for heat-stable enterotoxins that are responsible for acute secretory diarrhea. Heat-stable enterotoxins are produced by pathogens such as ''Escherichia coli''. Knockout mice deficient in the GC-C gene do not show secretory diarrhe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ADCY2
Adenylyl cyclase type 2 is an enzyme typically expressed in the brain of humans, that is encoded by the ''ADCY2'' gene. It belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-3 or guanylyl cyclase family because it contains two guanylate cyclase domains. ADCY2 is one of ten different mammalian isoforms of adenylyl cyclases. ADCY2 can be found on chromosome 5 and the "MIR2113-POU3F2" region of chromosome 6, with a length of 1091 amino-acids. An essential cofactor for ADCY2 is magnesium; two ions bind per subunit. Structure Structurally, ADCY2 are transmembrane proteins with twelve transmembrane segments. The protein is organized with six transmembrane segments followed by the C1 cytoplasmic domain. Then another six membrane segments, and then a second cytoplasmic domain which is called C2. The important parts for function are the N-terminus and the C1 and C2 regions. The C1a and C2a subdomains are homologous and form an intramolecular 'dimer' that forms the active site. This structure display ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the reaction ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ligase
In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining (ligation) of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond. This is typically via hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the larger molecules or the enzyme catalyzing the linking together of two compounds, e.g., enzymes that catalyze joining of C-O, C-S, C-N, etc. In general, a ligase catalyzes the following reaction: :Ab + C → A–C + b or sometimes :Ab + cD → A–D + b + c + d + e + f where the lowercase letters can signify the small, dependent groups. Ligase can join two complementary fragments of nucleic acid and repair single stranded breaks that arise in double stranded DNA during replication. Nomenclature The common names of ligases often include the word "ligase", such as DNA ligase, an enzyme commonly used in molecular biology laboratories to join together DNA fragments. Other common names for ligases include the word "synthetase", because they are used to synthes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NPR2
Natriuretic peptide receptor B/guanylate cyclase B (atrionatriuretic peptide receptor B), also known as NPR2, is an atrial natriuretic peptide receptor. In humans it is encoded by the NPR2 gene. A mutation of the NPR2 gene can result in disproportionate dwarfism with short limbs. See also * Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor An atrial natriuretic peptide receptor is a receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide. Mechanism NPRA and NPRB are linked to guanylyl cyclases, while NPRC is G-protein-linked and is a "clearance receptor" that acts to internalise and destroy th ... * Dwarfism References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * EC 4.6.1 {{membrane-protein-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NPR1
Natriuretic peptide receptor A/guanylate cyclase A (atrionatriuretic peptide receptor A), also known as NPR1, is an atrial natriuretic peptide receptor. In humans it is encoded by the ''NPR1'' gene. Function NPR1 is a membrane-bound guanylate cyclase that serves as the receptor for both atrial and brain natriuretic peptides ( ANP and BNP, respectively). It is localized in the kidneyBioGPS > NPR1Retrieved Nov 2010 where it results in natriuresis upon binding to natriuretic peptides. However, it is found in even greater quantity in the lungs and adipocytes. See also * Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor An atrial natriuretic peptide receptor is a receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide. Mechanism NPRA and NPRB are linked to guanylyl cyclases, while NPRC is G-protein-linked and is a "clearance receptor" that acts to internalise and destroy the ... References Further reading * * * * External links * EC 4.6.1 {{membrane-protein-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GUCY2F
Retinal guanylyl cyclase 2 also known as guanylate cyclase F (GUCY2F) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2F gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a guanylyl cyclase found predominantly in photoreceptors in the retina. The encoded protein is thought to be involved in resynthesis of cGMP after light activation of the visual signal transduction cascade, allowing a return to the dark state. This protein is a single-pass type I membrane protein. Clinical significance Defects in this gene may be a cause of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision. Symptoms include trouble seeing at night and decreasing peripheral vision (side and upper or lower visual field). As peripheral vision worsens, people may .... References Further reading * * * * * * * EC 4.6.1 {{gene-X-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GUCY2D
Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 also known as guanylate cyclase 2D, retinal is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2D (guanylate cyclase 2D) gene. Function This gene encodes a retina-specific guanylate cyclase, which is a member of the membrane guanylyl cyclase family. Like other membrane guanylyl cyclases, this enzyme has a hydrophobic amino-terminal The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide, referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide. Within a peptide, the ami ... signal sequence followed by a large extracellular domain, a single membrane spanning domain, a kinase homology domain, and a guanylyl cyclase catalytic domain. In contrast to other membrane guanylyl cyclases, this enzyme is not activated by natriuretic peptides. The nomenclature for members of the Gucy2 gene family is not consistent across species. In many mammals, including ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GUCY1B3
Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GUCY1B3'' gene. Function Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heterodimeric protein consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit, catalyzes the conversion of GTP to the second messenger cGMP and functions as the main receptor for nitric oxide and nitrovasodilator drugs. Interactions GUCY1B3 has been shown to interact with Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1 Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HSP90AA1'' gene. Function The gene, HSP90AA1, encodes the human stress-inducible 90-kDa heat shock protein alpha (Hsp90A). Complemented by the constitutively expr ... and Endothelial NOS. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * EC 4.6.1 {{gene-4-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
