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Aeolosaurini
Aeolosaurini is an extinct clade of titanosaurian dinosaurs known from the Cretaceous period of Argentina and Brazil. Rodrigo M. Santucci and Antonio C. de Arruda-Campos (2011) in their cladistic analysis found ''Aeolosaurus'', ''Gondwanatitan'', '' Maxakalisaurus'', '' Panamericansaurus'' and '' Rinconsaurus'' to be aeolosaurids. Aeolosaurini is characterized by several synapomorphies of the caudal vertebrae, such as angled centra, elongate prezygapophyses, and neural arches shifted anteriorly relative to the centra. In life, their tails may have been strongly curved downward as a result of these traits, which may have increased the force exerted by the caudofemoralis longus muscle in retracting the hindlimb. Some aeolosaurins, such as ''Shingopana'' and ''Overosaurus'', were relatively small compared to other titanosaurs, whereas others, such as ''Aeolosaurus maximus'', were large. Phylogeny Aeolosaurini was defined by Franco-Rosas, Salgado, Rosas and Carvalho (2004) as the ste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aeolosaurus
''Aeolosaurus'' (; "Aeolus' lizard") is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now South America. Like most sauropods, it would have been a quadrupedal herbivore with a long neck and tail. ''Aeolosaurus'' is well known for a titanosaur, as it is represented by the remains of several individuals belonging to at least two species. However, like most titanosaurs, no remains of the skull are known. The holotype of ''Aeolosaurus rionegrinus'' consists of a series of seven tail vertebrae, as well as parts of both forelimbs and the right hindlimb. It was discovered in the Angostura Colorada Formation in Argentina, which dates from the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, about 83 to 74 million years ago. The species ''A. maximus'' was transferred over to the new genus '' Arrudatitan'' in 2021. Etymology This dinosaur is named after the Greek mythological figure Aeolus, Keeper of the Winds in Homer's Odyssey, because of the frequent wind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Titanosaur
Titanosaurs (or titanosaurians; members of the group Titanosauria) were a diverse group of sauropod dinosaurs, including genera from all seven continents. The titanosaurs were the last surviving group of long-necked sauropods, with taxa still thriving at the time of the extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous. This group includes some of the largest land animals known to have ever existed, such as ''Patagotitan''—estimated at long with a weight of —and the comparably-sized ''Argentinosaurus'' and ''Puertasaurus'' from the same region. The group's name alludes to the mythological Titans of ancient Greek mythology, via the type genus (now considered a '' nomen dubium)'' ''Titanosaurus''. Together with the brachiosaurids and relatives, titanosaurs make up the larger sauropod clade Titanosauriformes. Titanosaurs have long been a poorly-known group, and the relationships between titanosaur species are still not well-understood. Description Titanosauria have the largest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saltasauroidea
Saltasauroidea is a superfamily of titanosaurs named by França and colleagues in 2016 based on their phylogenetic results, for a clade uniting Aeolosaurini and Saltasauridae, as well as the intermediate genera ''Baurutitan'', ''Diamantinasaurus'' and ''Isisaurus''. The group was not defined or discussed in the text, but was supported by Carballido and colleagues in 2022 as a useful designation for subdividing titanosaurs. As there was no discussion about the intentions for the clade, Carballido gave it the definition of all taxa closer to ''Saltasaurus'' than ''Patagotitan'', encompassing half of Eutitanosauria as the sister taxon to the inversely defined Colossosauria. Carballido ''et al.'' placed Nemegtosauridae Nemegtosauridae is a Scientific classification, family of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs based on their diplodocidae, diplodocid-like skulls. Only three species are known: ''Nemegtosaurus'', ''Quaesitosaurus'' and possibly ''Tapuiasaurus'', each ... and Saltasauridae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shingopana
''Shingopana'' (meaning "wide neck" in Swahili) is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous (late Campanian-early Maastrichtian age) Galula Formation of Tanzania. It is known from only the type species, ''S. songwensis''. Gorscak & O'Connor's phylogenetic testing suggest ''Shingopana'' is more closely related to the South American titanosaur family of Aeolosaurini than any of the titanosaurs found so far in North & South Africa. Discovery and naming Part of the holotype, TZ-07, was discovered in 2002 by scientists affiliated with the Rukwa Rift Basin Project, which was run by Patrick O'Connor and Nancy Stevens. The rest of the skeleton was excavated during the following years. The holotype was mentioned in 2011 when the sauropod ''Aeolosaurus maximus'' (now '' Arrudatitan maximus'') was named and described, and the species ''Shingopana songwensis'' was officially named in 2017. Description ''Shingopana ''was a quadrupedal Aeolosaurin sauropod that would ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maxakalisaurus
''Maxakalisaurus'' is a genus of titanosaur dinosaur, found in the Adamantina Formation of Brazil, in the state of Minas Gerais in 1998. The genus name is derived from the tribe of the Maxakali; Topa is one of their divinities.Kellner, A.W.A., Campos, D.A., Azevedo, S.A.K., Trotta, M.N.F., Henriques, D.D.R., Craik, M.M.T., and Silva, H.P. (2006).On a new titanosaur sauropod from the Bauru Group, Late Cretaceous of Brazil." ''Boletim do Museu Nacional (Geologia)'', 74: 1-31. Description The type specimen of ''Maxakalisaurus'' belonged to an animal about long, with an estimated weight of . It had a long neck and tail, ridged teeth (unusual among sauropods) and lived about 80 million years ago. Because sauropods seem to have lacked significant competition in South America, they evolved there with greater diversity and more unusual traits than elsewhere in the world. Like the fellow titanosaur ''Saltasaurus'', ''Maxakalisaurus'' had defensive osteoderms; one has been found on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malawisaurus
''Malawisaurus'' (meaning "Malawi lizard") is an extinct genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur. It is known from the Dinosaur Beds of northern Malawi, which probably date to the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous. The type species is ''M. dixeyi'' and the specific name honours Frederick Augustus Dixey. Discovery and naming ''Malawisaurus dixeyi'' was originally described in 1928 by Sidney H. Haughton as a species of ''Gigantosaurus'' (an invalid name for the diplodocid currently known as ''Tornieria''). Haughton considered it closely related to the species ''G. robustus'' (later the type species of ''Janenschia''). The holotype was discovered in the "Dinosaur Beds" of Malawi (then known as the Nyasaland Protectorate), which are usually considered to be of Barremian-Aptian age based on K–Ar dating, though they have also been suggested to be Late Cretaceous in age based on the vertebrate assemblage, and possibly also the Lupata Group. In 1993 it was placed in the newly na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nemegtosaurus
''Nemegtosaurus'' (meaning 'Reptile from the Nemegt') was a sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Mongolia. It was named after the Nemegt Basin in the Gobi Desert, where the remains — a single skull — were found. The skull resembles diplodocoids in being long and low, with pencil-shaped teeth. However, recent work has shown that ''Nemegtosaurus'' is in fact a titanosaur, closely related to animals such as ''Saltasaurus'', ''Alamosaurus'' and ''Rapetosaurus''. Discovery and taxonomy The skull of ''Nemegtosaurus'' comes from the same beds as the titanosaur ''Opisthocoelicaudia'', which is known from a skeleton lacking the neck and skull. Originally, the referral of ''Nemegtosaurus'' to Diplodocoidea and ''Opisthocoelicaudia'' to Camarasauridae argued that the two represented different species. Both of these genera represent advanced titanosaurians, however, raising the possibility that the two are in fact the same animal. Relocation of the ''Nemegtosa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arrudatitan
''Arrudatitan'' (meaning " Arruda's giant") is an extinct genus of titanosaur sauropod dinosaur known from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)-aged Adamantina Formation of Brazil. The type species, ''A. maximus'', was named and described in 2011 as a species of ''Aeolosaurus'', but was separated into its own genus in 2021. It was relatively gracile for a titanosaur. Discovery and naming The holotype, MPMA 12-0001-97, which includes two partial posterior cervicals, fragments of several dorsals, parts of nine caudals, seven partial cervical ribs, twelve partial dorsal ribs, eight chevrons, a fragmentary scapula and arm bones, the left and partial right femur, the left ischium, and fragments; with other specimens known, such as the isolated middle caudal vertebra MPP 248, was discovered in 1997 by Ademir Frare and his 12-year-old nephew Luiz Augusto dos Santos Frare in a field in Cândido Rodrigues. They notified palaeontologist Antônio Celso de Arruda Campos and the holo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bravasaurus
''Bravasaurus'' (meaning Laguna Brava lizard) is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Ciénaga del Río Huaco Formation of La Rioja, Argentina. It contains one species, ''Bravasaurus arreirosorum''. Etymology The generic name ''Bravasaurus'' is derived from the Laguna Brava National Park in Argentina. The specific name refers to the people, the ''arreiros'' or drivers in Spanish, who carried cattle through the Andes in the 19th century. Description ''Bravasaurus'' was roughly long. It is known from the holotype CRILAR-Pv 612, which consists of the right quadrate and quadratojugal, four cervical, five dorsal, and three caudal vertebrae, few dorsal ribs, three haemal arches, the left humerus, a fragmentary ulna, the metacarpal IV, a partial left ilium with sacral ribs, the right pubis, a partial ischium, the left femur, and both fibulae, and the paratype CRILAR-Pv 613, which consists of an isolated tooth, the right ilium, the right femur, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caieiria
''Caieiria'' (named after the Caieira locality where its fossils were recovered) is a genus of titanosaurian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Serra da Galga Formation (formerly a unit of the Marília Formation) of Brazil. The type and only species is ''Caieiria allocaudata''. Discovery and naming From the 1940s to 1960s, the paleontologist Llewellyn Ivor Price excavated several series of titanosaur fossils in the "Caieira" locality of the Serra da Galga Formation in Minas Gerais, Brazil and he discovered the holotype of ''Caieiria'' around 1957. Two of these, "Series B" or MCT 1488-R and "Series C" or MCT 1490-R, have been named the holotypes of two titanosaur genera: ''Trigonosaurus'' and ''Baurutitan'' respectively. The describers of ''Trigonosaurus'' also referred a series of ten caudal vertebrae, MCT 1719-R, as the paratype of their new genus. Further titanosaurs from the BR-262 site of the same locality were reported by Silva Junior and colleagues in 2022, and in light of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panamericansaurus
''Panamericansaurus'' (meaning " Pan American Energy lizard") is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of Argentina. The holotype is very similar to known fossil material of ''Aeolosaurus'', which ''Panamericansaurus'' is thought to be closely related to. Discovery and naming The type species ''Panamericansaurus schroederi'' was named and described by Jorge Orlando Calvo and Juan Domingo Porfiri in 2010. The generic name refers to the Pan American Energy company which financially supported the paleontological investigations. The specific name honours the Schroeder family on whose land the remains were found. The describers placed ''Panamericansaurus'' in a clade within the Titanosauridae, the Aeolosaurini, of which also ''Aeolosaurus'' and ''Gondwanatitan'' are also members. The holotype, MUCPv-417, was found in June 2003 in a layer of the Allen Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) near San Patricio del Chañar, in Neuquén, Argentina. It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punatitan
''Punatitan'' (meaning " puna giant") is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Ciénaga del Río Huaco Formation of La Rioja, Argentina. It contains one species, ''Punatitan coughlini''. Etymology The generic name ''Punatitan'' refers to the oxygen-depleted atmosphere characteristic of the Andes. The specific name refers to geologist Tim Coughlin, who first reported dinosaur fossils in the discovery locality. Description Known from the holotype CRILAR-Pv 614 (Paleovertebrate Collection of Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja, Argentina), a partial skeleton composed of the anterior portion of posterior cervical vertebra (likely C12), two middle dorsal vertebrae (likely D6–D7), a partial sacrum, 13 articulated caudal vertebrae (some with articulated haemal arches), the right pubis, the left ischium, and several dorsal ribs, ''Punatitan'' was roughly long. Classification The describers' phyl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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