|
3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone
3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone (EDMC), or 3,4-ethylenedioxy-''N''-methylcathinone, is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) of the cathinone family related to methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone; MDMC). It is the β- keto or cathinone analogue of 3,4-ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (EDMA). EDMC acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). Its values for induction of monoamine release are 347nM for serotonin, 327nM for norepinephrine, and 496nM for dopamine in rat brain synaptosomes. These potencies were about 1.4-fold, 2.2-fold, and 3.7-fold lower than those of methylone, respectively. The drug was first described in 2015, whereas EDMA has been described much earlier. See also * 3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine (EDA), also known as EDA-6, is a drug of the substituted amphetamine, amphetamine family related to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). It is closely related to structural analog, analogues including 3,4-eth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Isopropylidenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Isopropylidenedioxyamphetamine (IDA) is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) of the amphetamine family related to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). It is considerably less potent than MDA as an MRA ''in vitro''. IDA fully substituted for MDMA and LSD in animal drug discrimination tests, albeit with 5- to 7-fold lower potency than MDA. See also * 3,4-Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine (EIDA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine (EDA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (EDMA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone (EDMC), or 3,4-ethylenedioxy-''N''-methylcathinone, is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) of the cathinone family related to methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone; MDMC). It is the β- keto or cathinone analog ... (EDMC) References Entactogens Methylenedioxyphenethylamines Monoamine releasing agents Psychedelic phenethylamines Substituted amphetamines {{Psychoactive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine (EIDA) is a substituted derivative of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), which was developed by David Nichols and coworkers, in the course of research to determine the bulk tolerance around the benzodioxole portion of the MDA molecule. EIDA was found to produce similar effects to MDA in animals but with less than half the potency, while the isopropylidenedioxy derivative (IPIDA, IDA) did not substitute for MDA and instead had sedative and convulsant effects. This shows limited bulk tolerance at this position and (as with 2C-G-5) makes it likely the activity of EIDA will reside primarily in one enantiomer, although only the racemic mix has been studied as yet. See also * 3,4-Isopropylidenedioxyamphetamine (IDA) * Difluoromethylenedioxyamphetamine (DiFMDA) * F-2 (psychedelic) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine (EIDA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (EDMA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone (EDMC), or 3,4-ethyle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-ethylenedioxymethamphetamine
3,4-Ethylenedioxy-''N''-methylamphetamine (EDMA) is an entactogen drug of the methamphetamine class. It is an analogue of MDMA where the methylenedioxy ring has been replaced by an ethylenedioxy ring. EDMA was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ''PiHKAL'', the dosage is listed as 150–250 mg, and the duration listed as 3–5 hours. According to Shulgin, EDMA produces only mild psychedelic effects consisting of paresthesia, nystagmus, and hypnogogic imagery, with few to no other symptoms. It has been found that EDMA acts as a non-neurotoxic serotonin releasing agent with moderately diminished potency relative to MDMA, and with negligible effects on dopamine release. However, subsequent research found that EMDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) with values of 117nM for serotonin release, 325nM for norepinephrine release, and 597nM for dopamine release in rat brain synaptosomes. Compared to MDMA, EDMA was about half as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine (EDA), also known as EDA-6, is a drug of the substituted amphetamine, amphetamine family related to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). It is closely related to structural analog, analogues including 3,4-ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (EDMA), 3,4-ethylidenedioxyamphetamine (EIDA), and 3,4-isopropylidenedioxyamphetamine (IDA). EDMA, the ''N''-methyl group, methylated analogue of EDA, is known to be a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). According to Alexander Shulgin however, the drug only produced limited psychoactive drug, psychoactive effects in humans at doses in the range of 150 to 250mg. See also * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (EDMA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone (EDMC) * 3,4-Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine (EIDA) * 3,4-Isopropylidenedioxyamphetamine (IDA) * 3,4-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA) References Ethylenedioxyphenethylamines Monoamine releasing agents Substituted amphetamines {{Psychoactive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine Releasing Agent
A serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), also known as a triple releasing agent (TRA), is a type of drug which induces the release of serotonin, norepinephrine/epinephrine, and dopamine in the brain and body. SNDRAs produce euphoriant, entactogen, and psychostimulant effects, and are almost exclusively encountered as recreational drugs. A closely related type of drug is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). Examples of SNDRAs Examples of SNDRAs include specific amphetamines such as MDMA, MDA, 4-methylamphetamine, methamphetamine (in high doses), certain substituted benzofurans such as 5-APB and 6-APB, naphthylisopropylamine; cathinones such as mephedrone and methylone; tryptamines such as αMT and αET; along with agents of other chemical classes such as 4,4'-DMAR, and 5-IAI.Bruce E. Blough, Richard Rothman, Antonio Landavazo, Kevin M. Page, Ann Marie Decker. Phenylmorpholines and analogues thereof. US Patent 2013/0 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synaptosome
A synaptosome is an isolated synaptic terminal from a neuron. Synaptosomes are obtained by mild homogenization of nervous tissue under isotonic conditions and subsequent fractionation using differential and density gradient centrifugation. Liquid shear detaches the nerve terminals from the axon and the plasma membrane surrounding the nerve terminal particle reseals. Synaptosomes are osmotically sensitive, contain numerous small clear synaptic vesicles, sometimes larger dense-core vesicles and frequently one or more small mitochondria. They carry the morphological features and most of the chemical properties of the original nerve terminal. Synaptosomes isolated from mammalian brain often retain a piece of the attached postsynaptic membrane, facing the active zone. Synaptosomes were first isolated in an attempt to identify the subcellular compartment corresponding to the fraction of so-called bound acetylcholine that remains when brain tissue is homogenized in iso-osmotic sucrose. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cathinones
Substituted cathinones, or simply cathinones, which include some stimulants and Empathogen-entactogen, entactogens, are chemical derivative, derivatives of cathinone. They feature a substituted phenethylamine, phenethylamine core with an alkyl functional group, group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, beta carbon, along with additional Substitution reaction, substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug. Substituted cathinones act as monoamine releasing agents and/or monoamine reuptake inhibitors, including of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. In contrast to substituted amphetamines, most substituted cathinones do not act as agonists of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This may potentiate their stimulating and drug addiction, addictive effects. In addition, β-keto-substituted phenethylamines, such as βk-2C-B, app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potency (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, potency or biological potency is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity. A highly potent drug (e.g., fentanyl, clonazepam, risperidone, benperidol, bumetanide) evokes a given response at low concentrations, while a drug of lower potency (e.g. morphine, alprazolam, ziprasidone, haloperidol, furosemide) evokes the same response only at higher concentrations. Higher potency does not necessarily mean greater effectiveness nor more side effects nor less side effects. Types of potency The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) has stated that "potency is an imprecise term that should always be further defined", and lists of types of potency as follows: Miscellaneous Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most potent psychoactive drug A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, mind-altering drug, consciousness-altering drug, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic compound, organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and human body, body as a hormone, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. The name "noradrenaline" (from Latin '':wikt:ad-, ad'', "near", and '':wikt:ren, ren'', "kidney") is more commonly used in the United Kingdom and the rest of the world, whereas "norepinephrine" (from Ancient Greek :wikt:ἐπί, ἐπῐ́ (''epí''), "upon", and :wikt:νεφρός, νεφρός (''nephrós''), "kidney") is usually preferred in the United States. "Norepinephrine" is also the international nonproprietary name given to norepinephrine (drug), the drug. Regardless of which name is used for the substance itself, parts of the body that produce or are affected by it are referred to as noradrenergic. The general function of norepinephrine is to mobilize the brain and body for action. Norepinephrine release is lowest during sleep, rise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical, L-DOPA, which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controllin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoamine Releasing Agent
A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of one or more monoamine neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitters and hence enhanced signaling by those neurotransmitters. The monoamine neurotransmitters include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; MRAs can induce the release of one or more of these neurotransmitters. MRAs work by reversing the direction of the monoamine transporters (MATs), including the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and/or dopamine transporter (DAT), causing them to promote efflux of non-vesicular cytoplasmic monoamine neurotransmitter rather than reuptake of synaptic monoamine neurotransmitter. Many, but not all MRAs, also reverse the direction of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), thereby additionally resulting in efflux of vesicular monoamine neuro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
