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3,4-Ethylenedioxymethamphetamine
3,4-Ethylenedioxy-''N''-methylamphetamine (EDMA) is an entactogen drug of the methamphetamine class. It is an analogue of MDMA where the methylenedioxy ring has been replaced by an ethylenedioxy ring. EDMA was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book ''PiHKAL'', the dosage is listed as 150–250 mg, and the duration listed as 3–5 hours. According to Shulgin, EDMA produces only mild psychedelic effects consisting of paresthesia, nystagmus, and hypnogogic imagery, with few to no other symptoms. It has been found that EDMA acts as a non-neurotoxic serotonin releasing agent with moderately diminished potency relative to MDMA, and with negligible effects on dopamine release. However, subsequent research found that EMDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) with values of 117nM for serotonin release, 325nM for norepinephrine release, and 597nM for dopamine release in rat brain synaptosomes. Compared to MDMA, EDMA was about half as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Isopropylidenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Isopropylidenedioxyamphetamine (IDA) is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) of the amphetamine family related to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). It is considerably less potent than MDA as an MRA ''in vitro''. IDA fully substituted for MDMA and LSD in animal drug discrimination tests, albeit with 5- to 7-fold lower potency than MDA. See also * 3,4-Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine (EIDA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine (EDA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (EDMA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone (EDMC), or 3,4-ethylenedioxy-''N''-methylcathinone, is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) of the cathinone family related to methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone; MDMC). It is the β- keto or cathinone analog ... (EDMC) References Entactogens Methylenedioxyphenethylamines Monoamine releasing agents Psychedelic phenethylamines Substituted amphetamines {{Psychoactive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine (EIDA) is a substituted derivative of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), which was developed by David Nichols and coworkers, in the course of research to determine the bulk tolerance around the benzodioxole portion of the MDA molecule. EIDA was found to produce similar effects to MDA in animals but with less than half the potency, while the isopropylidenedioxy derivative (IPIDA, IDA) did not substitute for MDA and instead had sedative and convulsant effects. This shows limited bulk tolerance at this position and (as with 2C-G-5) makes it likely the activity of EIDA will reside primarily in one enantiomer, although only the racemic mix has been studied as yet. See also * 3,4-Isopropylidenedioxyamphetamine (IDA) * Difluoromethylenedioxyamphetamine (DiFMDA) * F-2 (psychedelic) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine (EIDA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (EDMA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone (EDMC), or 3,4-ethyle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine (EDA), also known as EDA-6, is a drug of the substituted amphetamine, amphetamine family related to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). It is closely related to structural analog, analogues including 3,4-ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (EDMA), 3,4-ethylidenedioxyamphetamine (EIDA), and 3,4-isopropylidenedioxyamphetamine (IDA). EDMA, the ''N''-methyl group, methylated analogue of EDA, is known to be a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). According to Alexander Shulgin however, the drug only produced limited psychoactive drug, psychoactive effects in humans at doses in the range of 150 to 250mg. See also * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (EDMA) * 3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone (EDMC) * 3,4-Ethylidenedioxyamphetamine (EIDA) * 3,4-Isopropylidenedioxyamphetamine (IDA) * 3,4-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DMA) References Ethylenedioxyphenethylamines Monoamine releasing agents Substituted amphetamines {{Psychoactive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mouth
A mouth also referred to as the oral is the body orifice through which many animals ingest food and animal communication#Auditory, vocalize. The body cavity immediately behind the mouth opening, known as the oral cavity (or in Latin), is also the first part of the alimentary canal, which leads to the pharynx and the gullet. In tetrapod vertebrates, the mouth is bounded on the outside by the lips and cheeks — thus the oral cavity is also known as the buccal cavity (from Latin ', meaning "cheek") — and contains the tongue on the inside. Except for some groups like birds and lissamphibians, vertebrates usually have teeth in their mouths, although some fish species have pharyngeal teeth instead of oral teeth. Most bilaterian phylum, phyla, including arthropods, molluscs and chordates, have a two-opening gut tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other. Which end forms first in ontogeny is a criterion used to classify bilaterian animals into protostomes and deuterostomes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonin Releasing Agent
A serotonin releasing agent (SRA) is a type of drug that induces the release of serotonin into the neuronal synaptic cleft. A selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) is an SRA with less significant or no efficacy in producing neurotransmitter efflux at other types of monoamine neurons, including dopamine and norepinephrine neurons. SRAs, for instance fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, and chlorphentermine, have been used clinically as appetite suppressants. However, these SRAs were withdrawn from the market due to toxicity in the 1990s and no SRAs were available or employable for clinical study for many years. In any case, a low-dose formulation was reintroduced for treatment of Dravet syndrome in 2020 and this allowed clinical and research use of SRAs in humans once again. Aside from use as appetite suppressants, SSRAs have been proposed as novel antidepressants and anxiolytics, with the potential for a faster onset of action and superior effectiveness relative to the selectiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methamphetamines
Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational or performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has also been researched as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury. Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. ''Methamphetamine'' properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the hydrochloride salt, commonly called crystal meth, is widely used. Methamphetamine is rarely prescribed over concerns involving its potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant, among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer substitute drugs with comparable treatment efficacy such as Adderall an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Designer Drugs
A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these designer drugs were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone
3,4-Ethylenedioxymethcathinone (EDMC), or 3,4-ethylenedioxy-''N''-methylcathinone, is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) of the cathinone family related to methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone; MDMC). It is the β- keto or cathinone analogue of 3,4-ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (EDMA). EDMC acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). Its values for induction of monoamine release are 347nM for serotonin, 327nM for norepinephrine, and 496nM for dopamine in rat brain synaptosomes. These potencies were about 1.4-fold, 2.2-fold, and 3.7-fold lower than those of methylone, respectively. The drug was first described in 2015, whereas EDMA has been described much earlier. See also * 3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Ethylenedioxyamphetamine (EDA), also known as EDA-6, is a drug of the substituted amphetamine, amphetamine family related to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). It is closely related to structural analog, analogues including 3,4-eth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enantiomer
In chemistry, an enantiomer (Help:IPA/English, /ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ Help:Pronunciation respelling key, ''ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər''), also known as an optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode, is one of a pair of molecular entities which are mirror images of each other and non-superposable. Enantiomer molecules are like right and left hands: one cannot be superposed onto the other without first being converted to its mirror image. It is solely a relationship of chirality (chemistry), chirality and the permanent three-dimensional relationships among molecules or other chemical structures: no amount of re-orientation of a molecule as a whole or conformational isomerism, conformational change converts one chemical into its enantiomer. Chemical structures with chirality rotate plane-polarized light. A mixture of equal amounts of each enantiomer, a ''racemic mixture'' or a ''racemate'', does not rotate light. Stereoisomers include both enantiomers and diastereomers. Diaste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synaptosome
A synaptosome is an isolated synaptic terminal from a neuron. Synaptosomes are obtained by mild homogenization of nervous tissue under isotonic conditions and subsequent fractionation using differential and density gradient centrifugation. Liquid shear detaches the nerve terminals from the axon and the plasma membrane surrounding the nerve terminal particle reseals. Synaptosomes are osmotically sensitive, contain numerous small clear synaptic vesicles, sometimes larger dense-core vesicles and frequently one or more small mitochondria. They carry the morphological features and most of the chemical properties of the original nerve terminal. Synaptosomes isolated from mammalian brain often retain a piece of the attached postsynaptic membrane, facing the active zone. Synaptosomes were first isolated in an attempt to identify the subcellular compartment corresponding to the fraction of so-called bound acetylcholine that remains when brain tissue is homogenized in iso-osmotic sucrose. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
