Saudis

Saudis (; local dialects: , suʿūdiyyīn) or Saudi Arabians are the citizen population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, who speak the Arabic language, a Central Semitic language, and share a common ancestry, history, and culture. They are mainly composed of Arabs and live in the five historical Regions: Najd, Hejaz, Asir, Tihamah and Al-Ahsa; the regions which the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded on or what was formerly known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd in the Arabian Peninsula. Saudis speak one of the dialects of Peninsular Arabic, including the Hejazi, Najdi, Gulf and Southern Arabic dialects (which includes Bareqi), as a mother tongue.

Culture

The cultural setting of Saudi Arabia is Arab and Islam, and is often religious, conservative, traditional, and family oriented. Alcoholic beverages are prohibited, for example, however things are slowly changing now.

Daily life is dominated by Islamic observance and ruling. Regardless of whether the inhabitants of that city are non-Muslim, this is still observed. Although they are not required to fulfil religious rituals or obligations, clothing must meet a certain standard. Five times each day, Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques scattered throughout the country. Because Friday is the holiest day for Muslims, the weekend is Friday-Saturday. In accordance with Salafi doctrine, only two religious holidays, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, were publicly recognized, until 2006 when a non-religious holiday, the 23 September national holiday (which commemorates the unification of the kingdom) was reintroduced.

Social life and customs

Urban

The original inhabitants of cities and villages are known as () sedentary people; they settled in villages, towns and cities across Saudi Arabia. Some of the famous cities of the past and some still remain were Al-Ahsa, Qaryat al-Faw, Dumat al-Jandal, Al-Ukhdud, Al-Ula, Diriyah, Ha'il, Jeddah, Manfouha, Mecca, Medina, Qatif, Madain Saleh, Tabuk, Taif, Tarout island, Tayma, and Thaj.

Most Saudis (whether they were historically sedentary or nomadic) trace their lineage to the different tribes of Arabia, and there are also many prominent Saudis of various origins including Caucasian, Bosniak (e.g. Deputy Minister at Ministry of Tourism; Mohammed Bushnag), Southeast Asian ( Jawi) (e.g. former minister of Hajj and Umrah; Muhammad Benten), Turkish (e.g. Dr. Muhammad Khashoggi), Central Asian (Bukhari) (e.g. footballer; Amin Bukhari) and South Asian (e.g. footballer; Abdulbasit Hindi). They are mostly from the cities of Mecca, Medina and Jeddah in the Hejaz region.

Afro-Saudi

Many Afro-Saudis belong to tribes that trace their heritage to the Hausa people and also to historical Tekrur and Ghana empire, this is evident in family names such as Hawsawi (e.g. footballer; Osama Hawsawi) , Fallatah, and Bernawi. A number of members of the Afro-Saudi minority are descendants of former slaves, in particular descendants of the slaves who had been freed in 1962. Afro-Saudi activists complain that they are not given media representation and are unable to find opportunities to improve their social condition. Many suffer from racial discrimination in employment and education. Many Saudis view them as inferior.

Bedouins

A portion of the original inhabitants of the area that is now Saudi were known as Bedouin (nomads) (). They remain a significant and very influential component of the indigenous Saudi population, though many who call themselves "badu" (nomad) no longer engage in "traditional tribal activities and settled." Long, ''Culture and Customs'', 2009: p.79-80 According to authors Harvey Tripp and Peter North, Bedouin make up most of the judiciary, religious leaders and National Guard (which protects the throne) of the country. Bedouin (nomad) culture is "actively" preserved by the government. Nowadays most the bedouins have been urbanized are living in towns or cities but they still designate themselves as bedouins (nomads) and still speak bedouin dialects as opposed to the dialects of the sedentary tribes or urban centers.

Greetings

Greetings in Saudi Arabia have been called "formal and proscribed" and lengthy. Saudis (specifically men) tend "to take their time and converse for a bit when meeting". Inquiries "about health and family" are customary, but never about a man's wife, as this "is considered disrespectful." Tripp, ''Culture Shock'', 2009: p.89

Dress

The religion and customs of Saudi Arabia dictate not only conservative dress for men and women, but a uniformity of dress unique to most of West Asia. Traditionally, the different regions of Saudi have had different dress, but since the re-establishment of Saudi rule these have been reserved for festive occasions, and "altered if not entirely displaced" by the dress of the homeland of their rulers (i.e. Najd).
Long, ''Culture and Customs'', 2005: pp.57-9

In Saudi Arabia, women were required to cover in public. However, in March 2018, the Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman claimed that women could choose what to wear in public, provided it met certain standards, when he stated, "The decision is entirely left for women to decide what type of decent and respectful attire she chooses to wear".
Until late 2019, all women were required to wear an '' abaya,'' a long cloak that covers all but the hands, hair, and face in public. Modest dress is compulsory for women in Islam, but the color black for women and white for men is apparently based on tradition not religious scripture. Tripp, ''Culture Shock'', 2009: pp.92-4
Foreign women were required to wear an abaya, but did not need to cover their hair. Many Saudi women also normally wear a full face veil, such as a niqāb. Women's clothes are often decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliqués.

In recent years it is common to wear Western dress underneath the ''abaya''. Foreign women in Saudi Arabia are "encouraged" by the religious police to wear an ''abaya'', or at least cover their hair, according to the New York Times. Authors Harvey Tripp and Peter North encourage women to wear an abaya in "more conservative" areas of the kingdom, i.e. in the interior. Tripp, ''Culture Shock'', 2003: p.108

Saudi men and boys, whatever their job or social status, wear the traditional dress called a '' thobe'' or ''thawb'', which has been called the "Arabic dress". During warm and hot weather, Saudi men and boys wear white thobes. During the cool weather, wool thobes in dark colors are not uncommon. At special times, men often wear a ''bisht'' or ' over the thobe. These are long white, brown or black cloaks trimmed in gold. A man's headdress consists of three things: the ', a small white cap that keeps the ''gutra'' from slipping off the head; the ''gutra'' itself, which is a large square of cloth; and the ''igal'', a doubled black cord that holds the ''gutra'' in place. Not wearing an igal is considered a sign of piety. The gutra is usually made of cotton and traditionally is either all white or a red and white checked. The gutra is worn folded into a triangle and centred on the head.

* ''Ghutrah'' ( ) is a traditional ''keffiyeh'' headdress worn by men in the Arabian peninsula. It is made of a square of usually finer cotton cloth ("scarf"), folded and wrapped in various styles (usually a triangle) around the head. It is commonly worn in areas with an arid climate, to provide protection from direct sun exposure, and also protection of the mouth and eyes from blown dust and sand.
* '' Agal'' ( ) is an item of Arab headgear constructed of cord which is fastened around the keffiyeh to hold it in place. The ''agal'' is usually black in colour.
*'' Abaya'' ( ) is a women's hijab worn by women when leaving the house. It is a black cloak that covers the entire body except for the head, although some abayas also cover the top of the head.
*'' Imama'' ( ) is a type of the turban headdress native to the region of Hejaz in modern-day western Saudi Arabia; it is but one version of Arabian turbans that have been worn in the Arabian Peninsula from the pre-Islamic era to the present day, but in general nowadays most Hejazis wear Shumagh ( ) instead.
* '' Thawb'' ( ) is the standard Arabic word for garment. It is ankle length, woven from wool or cotton, usually with long sleeves similar to a robe.
*'' Bisht'' ( ) is a traditional long, white, brown or black Arabic cloak trimmed in gold worn by men. It is usually only worn for prestige on special occasions such as weddings, or in chilly weather.

More recently, Western dress, particularly T-shirts and jeans have become quite common leisurewear, particularly in Jeddah, Riyadh and the Eastern Province. Long, ''Culture and Customs'', 2005: pp.60-1
Traditional footwear is leather sandals but most footwear is now imported.

Religion

Islam is the state religion of Saudi Arabia and its law requires that all citizens be Muslims. The government does not legally protect the freedom of religion. Any overseas national attempting to acquire Saudi nationality must convert to Islam. Saudi Arabia has been criticized for its implementation of Islamic law and its poor human rights record.

Islam

The official form of Islam is the Wahhabi version of Sunni Islam. According to official statistics, 90% of Saudi citizens are Sunni Muslims, and 10% Shia. More than 30% of the population is made up of foreign workers who are predominantly but not entirely Muslim. It is unknown how many Ahmadi there are in the country. The two holiest cities of Islam, Mecca and Medina, are in Saudi Arabia. For many reasons, non-Muslims are not permitted to enter the holy cities although some Western non-Muslims have been able to enter, disguised as Muslims.

Non-Muslims

The large number of foreign workers living in Saudi Arabia (7.5 million expatriates in 2013) includes non-Muslims. For Saudis, you cannot be a Saudi citizen without being Muslim.

Policy of exclusion

According to scholar Bernard Lewis, the Saudi policy of excluding non-Muslims from permanent residence in the country is a continuation of an old and widely accepted Muslim policy. While Saudi Arabia does allow non-Muslims to live in Saudi Arabia to work or do business, they may not practice religion publicly. According to the government of the United Kingdom:

The public practice of any form of religion other than Islam is illegal; as is an intention to convert others. However, the Saudi authorities accept the private practice of religions other than Islam, and you can bring a Bible into the country as long as it is for your personal use. Importing larger quantities than this can carry severe penalties.

Saudi Arabia still gives citizenship to people from other countries.

Census

The first official population census of Saudi Arabia was in 1974. It had 6,218,361 Saudi nationals and 791,105 non-nationals for a total of 7,009,466. Of those, 5,147,056 people were settled and the number of nomads recorded were 1.86 million.

Until the 1960s, much of the population was nomadic or seminomadic; due to rapid economic and urban growth, more than 95% of the population now is settled. 80% of Saudis live in three major urban centers—Riyadh, Jeddah, or Dammam. Some cities and oases have densities of more than . Despite the rapid growth in Saudi Arabia over the past decades, it is experiencing a rapid decline not only in mortality, followed by fertility rates, which fell from about seven children on average per woman in the last century to 2.4 in 2016, based on the latest population survey conducted by the General Authority for Statistics.
Saudi Arabia has lagged far behind in increasing its population compared to its neighbors, such as Iraq and Syria.

According to the 2022 census, Saudi nationals represented approximately 18,800,000 making up 58.4% of the total population of Saudi Arabia.
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Genetics

DNA tests of Y chromosomes from representative sample of Saudis were analyzed for composition and frequencies of haplogroups, a plurality (71.02%) belong to Haplogroup J-M267, Haplogroup J1-M267. Other frequent haplogroups divided between Haplogroup J2-M172 (2.68%), A (0.83%), B (1.67%), E1b1a (1.50%), E1b1b (11.05%), G (1.34%), H (0.33%), L (1.00%), Q (1.34%), R1a (2.34%), R1b (0.83%), T (2.51%), P (1.50%).

See also

* Arabs
* Arab League
* Bidoon

References

Bibliography

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Arab people
Semitic-speaking peoples
Arabic-speaking people
Society of Saudi Arabia
Culture of Saudi Arabia