Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara
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{{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Operation Juniper Shield , partof = the Global War on Terrorism (
Islamist insurgency in the Sahel A war in the Sahel region of West Africa has been ongoing since the 2011 Arab Spring. In particular, the intensive conflict in the three countries of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso has been referred to as the Sahel War. The conflict is generally s ...
) , image = , caption = A United States special forces NCO watches weapons marksmanship training for a member of a Malian counter-terrorism unit in December 2010. , date = 6 February 2007 – ''ongoing''
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=02, day1=06, year1= 2007) , place =
Sahara Desert The Sahara (, ) is a desert spanning across North Africa. With an area of , it is the largest hot desert in the world and the list of deserts by area, third-largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Ar ...
and
North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...
,
West Africa West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Gha ...
, territory = , result = Ongoing , combatant1 = {{ALG
{{MAR
{{flagicon , Mauritania
Mauritania Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a sovereign country in Maghreb, Northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to Mauritania–Western Sahara border, the north and northwest, ...

{{Flagicon, Tunisia
Tunisia Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia also shares m ...

{{flagicon, Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest. It covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,87 ...

{{CHA
{{MLI
{{NIG
{{Flagicon, Nigeria
Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...

{{SEN
{{Flagicon, Cameroon
Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...

{{Flagicon, Togo
Togo Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to Ghana–Togo border, the west, Benin to Benin–Togo border, the east and Burkina Faso to Burkina Faso–Togo border, the north. It is one of the le ...

{{Flagicon, Ghana
Ghana Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to t ...

{{Flagicon, Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital city of Yamoussoukro is located in the centre of the country, while its largest List of ci ...

{{Flagicon, Benin
Benin Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It was formerly known as Dahomey. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its po ...

{{Flagicon, Cape Verde
Cape Verde Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country and archipelagic state of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about . These islands ...

{{Flagicon, The Gambia
Gambia The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. Geographically, The Gambia is the List of African countries by area, smallest country in continental Africa; it is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except for ...

{{Flagicon, Guinea
Guinea Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sier ...

{{Flagicon, Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers with an estimated population of 2,026,778. It borders Senegal to Guinea-Bissau–Senegal border, its north and Guinea to Guinea–Guinea-Bissau b ...

{{Flagicon, Liberia
Liberia Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to Guinea–Liberia border, its north, Ivory Coast to Ivory Coast–Lib ...

{{Flagicon, Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered to the southeast by Liberia and by Guinea to the north. Sierra Leone's land area is . It has a tropical climate and envi ...

{{Collapsible list , title = Supported and trained By: , {{Flagu, United States , {{Flag, Canada{{cite web , url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/canada-in-afghanistan/Canada+sends+special+forces+African+Qaida+fight/5804679/story.html , title = Canada Sends Special Forces to Aid African Al-Qaida Fight , work =
Montreal Gazette ''The Gazette'', also known as the ''Montreal Gazette'', is a Canadian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper which is owned by Postmedia Network. It is published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is the only English-language daily newspape ...
, date = 2 December 2011 , url-status = dead , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120106084750/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/canada-in-afghanistan/Canada+sends+special+forces+African+Qaida+fight/5804679/story.html , archive-date = 6 January 2012 , df=dmy-all
, {{flagicon, France
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
{{cite web , url=http://www.france24.com/en/20100725-french-hostage-executed-aqim-qaeda-north-africa-michel-germaneau-killing , title = French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base , publisher = France 24 news , date = 26 July 2011 , access-date = 13 September 2011 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111210063638/http://www.france24.com/en/20100725-french-hostage-executed-aqim-qaeda-north-africa-michel-germaneau-killing , archive-date = 10 December 2011 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all , {{Flagicon, Germany
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
, {{Flagicon, Netherlands
Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
{{cite web , url = http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=5937 , title = Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal , publisher = AFRICOM , date = 3 February 2011 , url-status = dead , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121224145854/http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=5937 , archive-date = 24 December 2012 , df = dmy-all , {{flagicon , Spain
Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...
, {{flag, United Kingdom , {{Flagicon, Denmark
Denmark Denmark is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,, . also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the Autonomous a ...
, {{Flagicon, Czech Republic
Czech Republic The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the south ...
, {{Flagicon, Sweden
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...
, combatant2 = {{Tree list *{{flagicon image, Flag of Jihad.svg Islamic militants **
al-Qaeda , image = Flag of Jihad.svg , caption = Jihadist flag, Flag used by various al-Qaeda factions , founder = Osama bin Laden{{Assassinated, Killing of Osama bin Laden , leaders = {{Plainlist, * Osama bin Lad ...
**
Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin Jama'at Nusrat ul-Islam wa al-Muslimin (, JNIM; , GSIM; ) is a Salafi jihadism, Salafi Jihadist organisation in the Maghreb and West Africa formed by the merger of Ansar Dine, Al-Mourabitoun (militant group), al-Mourabitoun and the Saharan branc ...
**
MOJWA The Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (abbreviated MOJWA) or the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (abbreviated MUJWA; ''Jamāʿat at-tawḥīd wal-jihād fī gharb ʾafrīqqīyā''; , abbreviated MUJAO), was a militant Is ...
(until 2013) **
AQIM Al-Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb (, ), or AQIM, is an Islamist militant organization (of al-Qaeda) that aims to overthrow the Algerian government and institute an Islamic state. To that end, it was then engaged in an insurgency c ...
**
Al-Mourabitoun The Independent Nasserite Movement – INM () or simply Al-Murabitoun ( lit. ''The Steadfast''), also termed variously Independent Nasserite Organization (INO) or Movement of Independent Nasserists (MIN), is a Nasserist political party in Leban ...
(until 2017) **
Ansar al-Sharia Ansar al-Sharia or Ansar al-Shariah is a name used by a collection of radical or militant Islamist groups or militias, in at least eight countries. While they share names and ideology, they lack a unified command structure. *Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen ...
**
Macina Liberation Front The Katibat Macina, also known as the Macina Liberation Movement or Macina Liberation Front (MLF, ), is a militant Islamist group that operates in Mali. It is an affiliate of Ansar Dine. Origins and membership In March 2012, the President of ...
**
Ansar Dine Ansar Dine ( ''ʾAnṣār ad-Dīn'', also transliterated ''Ançar Deen''), meaning " helpers of the religion" (Islam) (Defenders of the Faith) and also known as Ansar al-Din (abbreviated as AAD), was a Salafi jihadist group led by Iyad Ag Gha ...
(until 2017) **
Boko Haram Boko Haram, officially known as Jama'at Ahl al-Sunna li al-Da'wa wa al-Jihad (), is a self-proclaimed jihadist militant group based in northeastern Nigeria and also active in Chad, Niger, northern Cameroon, and Mali. In 2016, the group spli ...
{{sfnp, Comolli, 2015, pp=28, 103, 171 (partially aligned with
ISIL The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist organization and unrecognized quasi-state. IS occupied signif ...
since 2015) **
Ansaru The Vanguard for the Protection of Muslims in Black Africa ( '), better known as Ansaru and less commonly called al-Qaeda in the Lands Beyond the Sahel, is an Islamic fundamentalist Jihadist militant organisation originally based in the northe ...
{{sfnp, Comolli, 2015, pp=28, 103, 171 {{Tree list/end ---- {{Tree list *{{flagicon, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
ISIL The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist organization and unrecognized quasi-state. IS occupied signif ...
**
Islamic State in the Greater Sahara Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

(2015–present) **
Islamic State – West Africa Province The Islamic State's West Africa Province (ISWAP), officially Wilāyat Garb Ifrīqīyā (), meaning 'Province of West Africa', is a militant group and ISIL territorial claims, administrative division of the Islamic State (IS), a Salafi jihadism, ...
{{Tree list/end , commander1 ={{Tree list * {{flagicon, Algeria
Abdelmadjid Tebboune Abdelmadjid Tebboune (; born 17 November 1945) is an Algerian politician currently serving as the president of Algeria since December 2019 and as minister of defence. Tebboune took over the power from former president Abdelaziz Bouteflika and f ...

(2019–present) * {{flagicon, Algeria
Nadir Larbaoui Nadir Larbaoui (; born 26 September 1949) is an Algerian politician, lawyer and diplomat, serving as the Prime Minister of Algeria since November 2023. Early life In his youth, Larbaoui was an athlete on Algeria men's national handball team. ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Morocco Mohammed VI
(2007–present) * {{flagicon, Morocco
Aziz Akhannouch Aziz Akhannouch (, ; born 16 August 1961) is a Moroccan politician, businessman, and billionaire who is serving as the 17th Prime Minister of Morocco since 7 October 2021. He is the CEO of Akwa Group and also served as Minister of Agriculture fro ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Mauritania
Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mohamed Ould Cheikh Mohamed Ahmed Ould Ghazouani (; born 4 December 1956), also known as Ghazouani and Ould Ghazouani, is a Mauritanian politician and retired army general who has been the 9th President of Mauritania since 2019, and the 22ndch ...

(2019–present) * {{flagicon, Mauritania
Mokhtar Ould Djay Mokhtar Ould Djay (; born 28 December 1973), also spelled Moctar Ould Diay or Mokhtar Ould Diaye, is a Mauritanian politician serving as the Prime Minister of Mauritania since 2 August 2024. He previously served as Minister of Finance and Min ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Tunisia
Kais Saied Kais Saied ( ; born 22 February 1958) is a Tunisian politician, jurist and retired assistant professor of law currently serving as the fifth president of Tunisia since October 2019. He was president of the Tunisian Association of Constitutional ...

(2019–present) * {{flagicon, Tunisia Ahmed Hachani
(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Burkina Faso
Ibrahim Traoré Ibrahim Traoré (; born 14 March 1988) is a Burkinabé military officer and politician who has served as the interim President of Burkina Faso since 2022. Traoré took control of Burkina Faso in September 2022, ousting interim president Pa ...

(2022–present) * {{flagicon, Burkina Faso
Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla Guillaume Apollinaire (; ; born Kostrowicki; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist and art critic of Poland, Polish descent. Apollinaire is considered one of the foremost poets of the ...

(2022–present) * {{flagicon, Chad
Mahamat Déby Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno (; born 4 April 1984) is a Chadian politician and military officer who has been the leader of Chad since 2021, first as President of the Transitional Military Council (Chad), Transitional Military Council from 2021 to 20 ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Chad Saleh Kebzabo
(2022–present) * {{flagicon, Mali
Assimi Goïta Général d’Armée Assimi Goïta (born 9 November 1983) is a Malian Officer (armed forces), military officer who has served as interim President of Mali since 2021 and the president of the Alliance of Sahel States since 2024. Goïta was the le ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Mali Choguel Kokalla Maïga
(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Niger
Abdourahamane Tchiani Abdourahamane Tchiani (; born early 1960s) is a Nigerien military officer who has served as the 11th president of Niger since 2025 and the president of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, the military junta of Niger, since 2 ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Niger
Ali Lamine Zeine Ali Mahamane Lamine Zeine (born 1965) is a Nigerien politician and economist who has served as the prime minister of Niger since 2023. He previously served as minister of the Economy and Finance from 2003 to 2010. Biography Ali Lamine Zeine ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Nigeria
Bola Tinubu Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu (born 29 March 1952) is a Nigerian politician serving as the 16th and current president of Nigeria since 2023. He previously served as the governor of Lagos State from 1999 to 2007, and senator for Lagos ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Senegal
Bassirou Diomaye Faye Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye (; born 25 March 1980), commonly known mononymously as Diomaye, is a Senegalese politician and former tax official who is serving as the fifth and current president of Senegal since 2024. He is the general secretary ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Senegal
Ousmane Sonko Ousmane Sonko (; born 15 July 1974) is a Senegalese politician and former tax official who is serving as the 16th prime minister of Senegal since 2024, and as the leader of PASTEF since the party's foundation in January 2014. Sonko was the PAS ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Cameroon
Paul Biya Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo, 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who has been serving as the second president of Cameroon since 1982. He was previously the fifth Prime Minister of Cameroon, prime minister under Pre ...

(2007–present) * {{flagicon, Cameroon
Joseph Ngute Joseph Dion Ngute (born 12 March 1954) is a Cameroonian jurist and politician serving as the List of Prime Ministers of Cameroon, 9th Prime Minister of Cameroon, prime minister of Cameroon, following his appointment in January 2019. He succeede ...

(2019–present) * {{flagicon, Togo
Faure Gnassingbé Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé (; born 6 June 1966)"Biographie de nouveau pré ...

(2007–present) * {{flagicon, Togo
Victoire Tomegah Dogbé Victoire Sidémého Dzidudu Dogbé Tomegah (born 23 January 1959) is a Togolese politician who served as the 13th and final prime minister of Togo from 2020 to 2025, the first woman to hold the office. Previously, Tomegah Dogbé was the minister ...

(2020–present) * {{flagicon, Ghana
Nana Akufo-Addo William Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ( ; born 29 March 1944) is a Ghanaian politician who served as the 13th president of Ghana from January 2017 to January 2025. He previously served as Attorney General of Ghana, Attorney General from 2001 to 20 ...

(2017–present) * {{flagicon, Ivory Coast
Alassane Ouattara Alassane Dramane Ouattara (; ; born 1 January 1942) is an Ivorian politician and economist who has been List of heads of state of Ivory Coast, President of Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) since 2010. An economist by profession, he worked for the I ...

(2010–present) * {{flagicon, Ivory Coast Robert Beugré Mambé
(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Benin
Patrice Talon Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon (born 1 May 1958) is a Beninese politician and businessman who has been president of Benin since 6 April 2016. Early life and career Talon is of Fon origin and was born in Ouidah. He descends from slave tra ...

(2016–present) * {{flagicon, Cape Verde José Maria Neves
(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Cape Verde
Ulisses Correia e Silva José Ulisses de Pina Correia e Silva (; born 4 June 1962) is a Cape Verdean businessman and politician who has been Prime Minister of Cape Verde since 22 April 2016. He took office after his party, the Movement for Democracy, won the 20 March ...

(2016–present) * {{flagicon, The Gambia
Adama Barrow Adama Barrow (, born 15 February 1965) is a The Gambia, Gambian politician and real estate developer who has served as President of The Gambia since 2017. Born in Mankamang Kunda, a village in Jimara district, he attended Crab Island Secondary ...

(2017–present) * {{flagicon, Guinea
Mamady Doumbouya Mamady Doumbouya (N'Ko: , born 5 December 1980) is a Guinean military officer serving as the current president of Guinea since 5 September 2021. Doumbouya led a coup d'état on 5 September 2021 that overthrew the previous president, Alpha Cond ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Guinea
Bah Oury Bah Oury (born 1958) is a Guinean politician who serves as the prime minister of Guinea, having been appointed after interim prime minister Bernard Goumou became "unavailable for health reasons". Oury was appointed to serve as Prime Minister ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Guinea-Bissau
Umaro Sissoco Embaló Umaro Mokhtar Sissoco Embaló (born 23 September 1972) is a Bissau-Guinean politician serving as the president of Guinea-Bissau since February 2020. A political scientist and military officer, he previously served as prime minister between No ...

(2020–present) * {{flagicon, Guinea-Bissau
Rui Duarte de Barros Rui Duarte de Barros (born 1959 or 1960) is a Bissau-Guinean economist and politician who has served as the prime minister of Guinea-Bissau since 17 January 2024. His previous positions include being the Minister of Economy and Finance, as well ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Liberia
Joseph Boakai Joseph Nyumah Boakai (born 30 November 1944) is a Liberian politician who has served as the 26th president of Liberia since 2024. He previously served as the 29th vice president of Liberia from 2006 to 2018, under President Ellen Johnson Sirlea ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Sierra Leone
Julius Maada Bio Julius Maada Wonie Bio (born 12 May 1964) is a Sierra Leonean politician and former army officer who has served as the 5th president of Sierra Leone since 4 April 2018. He is a retired brigadier in the Sierra Leone Army and was the military ...

(2018–present) * {{flagicon, United States
Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...

(2025–present) * {{flagicon, United States
Pete Hegseth Peter Brian Hegseth (born June 6, 1980) is an American author, former television presenter, and former Army National Guard officer who has served as the 29th United States secretary of defense since 2025. Hegseth studied politics at Princeton ...

(2025–present) * {{flagicon, United Kingdom
Charles III Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms. Charles was born at Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, and ...

(2022–present) * {{flagicon, United Kingdom
Keir Starmer Sir Keir Rodney Starmer (born 2 September 1962) is a British politician and lawyer who has served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 2024 and as Leader of the Labour Party (UK), Leader of the Labour Party since 2020. He previously ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Canada
Mary Simon Mary Jeannie May Simon (born August 21, 1947) is a Canadian civil servant, diplomat, and former broadcaster who has been serving as the 30th governor general of Canada since July 26, 2021. She is Inuit, Inuk on her mother's side, making her th ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Canada
Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau (born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician who served as the 23rd prime minister of Canada from 2015 to 2025. He led the Liberal Party from 2013 until his resignation in 2025 and was the member of Parliament ...

(2015–present) * {{flagicon, France
Emmanuel Macron Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has served as President of France and Co-Prince of Andorra since 2017. He was Ministry of Economy and Finance (France), Minister of Economics, Industr ...

(2017–present) * {{flagicon, France
Gabriel Attal Gabriel Nissim Attal de Couriss (; born 16 March 1989) is a French politician who was the prime minister of France from January to September 2024. He was the youngest and the first openly Gay man, gay prime minister in French history. A member ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Germany
Frank-Walter Steinmeier Frank-Walter Steinmeier (; born 5 January 1956) is a German politician who has served as President of Germany since 2017. He was previously Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany), federal minister for foreign affairs from 2005 to 2009 and again f ...

(2017–present) * {{flagicon, Germany
Friedrich Merz Joachim-Friedrich Martin Josef Merz (; ; born 11November 1955) is a German politician serving as Chancellor of Germany since 6 May 2025. He has also served as Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since January 2022, leading the CDU/CSU ...

(2025–present) * {{flagicon, Netherlands
Willem-Alexander Willem-Alexander (; Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand; born 27 April 1967) is King of the Netherlands since 30 April 2013. Willem-Alexander was born in Utrecht during the reign of his maternal grandmother, Queen Juliana, as the eldest ch ...

(2013–present) * {{flagicon, Netherlands
Dick Schoof Hendrikus Wilhelmus Maria "Dick" Schoof (born 8 March 1957) is a Dutch politician and civil servant serving as the prime minister of the Netherlands of the Schoof cabinet since 2 July 2024. Schoof previously worked as secretary-general of the M ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Spain
Felipe VI Felipe VI (; Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Grecia; born 30 January 1968) is King of Spain. In accordance with the Spanish Constitution, as monarch, he is head of state and commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armed For ...

(2014–present) * {{flagicon, Spain
Pedro Sánchez Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón (; born 29 February 1972) is a Spanish politician who has served as Prime Minister of Spain since 2018. He has also been Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) since July 2017, having p ...

(2018–present) * {{flagicon, Denmark
Frederik X Frederik X (Frederik André Henrik Christian, ; born 26 May 1968) is King of Denmark. He acceded to the throne following Abdication of Margrethe II, his mother's abdication in 2024. Frederik is the eldest son of Margrethe II and Prince Henri ...

(2007–present) * {{flagicon, Denmark
Mette Frederiksen Mette Frederiksen (; born 19 November 1977) is a Danish politician who has been the Prime Minister of Denmark, prime minister of Denmark since June 2019, and Social Democrats (Denmark)#Leaders of the Social Democrats, leader of the Social Democr ...

(2019–present) * {{flagicon, Czech Republic
Petr Pavel Petr Pavel (; born 1 November 1961) is a Czech politician and retired army general, currently serving as the president of the Czech Republic since March 2023. Prior to this, he held the position of Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 2 ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Czech Republic
Petr Fiala Petr Fiala (; born 1 September 1964) is a Czech politician and political scientist who has been the prime minister of the Czech Republic since December 2021 and leader of the Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic), Civic Democratic Party (ODS) ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Sweden
Carl XVI Gustaf Carl XVI Gustaf (Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus; born 30 April 1946) is King of Sweden. Having reigned since 1973, he is the longest-reigning monarch in Swedish history. Carl Gustaf was born during the reign of his paternal great-grandfather, K ...

(2007–present) * {{flagicon, Sweden
Ulf Kristersson Ulf Hjalmar Kristersson (; born 29 December 1963) is a Swedish politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Sweden, prime minister of Sweden since 2022. He has been the leader of the Moderate Party (M) since 2017 and a Member of Parliamen ...

(2022–present) {{Tree list/end {{Collapsible list , titlestyle=background-color:transparent; text-align:left; , title= Former , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Abdelaziz Bouteflika Abdelaziz Bouteflika (; ; 2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as the seventh president of Algeria from 1999 to his resignation in 2019. Before his stint as an Algerian politician, Bouteflika s ...
† , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Abdelkader Bensalah Abdelkader Bensalah (, 24 November 1941 – 22 September 2021) was an Algerian politician. He served as the President of the Council of the Nation, the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Algeria, between 2002 and 2019. After President ...
† , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Abdelaziz Belkhadem , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Ahmed Ouyahia Ahmed Ouyahia (; 2 July 1952) is an Algerian politician who was Prime Minister of Algeria, prime minister of Algeria four times (1995–98, 2004–2006, 2008–2012, 2017–2019). A career diplomat, he also served as Minister of Justice, and he w ...
, {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Abdelmalek Sellal Abdelmalek Sellal (; born 1 August 1948) is an Algerian politician who was Prime Minister of Algeria from 3 September 2012 to 13 March 2014 when he took a leave of office to support President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's re-election campaign and again ...
, {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Youcef Yousfi , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Noureddine Bedoui Noureddine Bedoui (; born 22 December 1959) is an Algerian politician. He was Prime Minister of Algeria The First minister of Algeria is the head of government of Algeria. Nadir Larbaoui has been the prime minister since 11 November 20 ...
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Sabri Boukadoum Sabri Boukadoum (; born 1 September 1958) is an Algerian diplomat who has served as Minister of Foreign Affairs since 31 March 2019. He briefly served as acting Prime Minister of Algeria from 19 to 28 December 2019. He was a member of the Algeri ...
, {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Abdelaziz Djerad , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Aymen Benabderrahmane , {{flagdeco, Morocco, size=23px Driss Jettou , {{flagdeco, Morocco, size=23px
Abbas El Fassi Abbas El Fassi (; ; born 18 September 1940) is a Moroccan politician and businessman who served as the 14th Prime Minister of Morocco from 19 September 2007 to 29 November 2011. El Fassi, a member of the Istiqlal Party, replaced independent Dr ...
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Abdelilah Benkirane Abdelilah Benkirane (, born 1954) is a Moroccan politician who was the Prime Minister of Morocco from November 2011 to March 2017. After having won a plurality of seats in the 2011 parliamentary election, his party, the moderate Islamist Justi ...
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Saadeddine Othmani Saadeddine Othmani (; ; born 16 January 1956), sometimes translated as Saad Eddine el-Othmani, is a Moroccan politician. He served as the 16th prime minister of Morocco from 17 March 2017 to 7 October 2021. Previously he served as foreign minist ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Ely Ould Mohamed Vall Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall ( ''I‘lī Wald Muḥammad Fāl''; 1953 – 5 May 2017) was a Mauritanian political and military figure. Following a coup d'état in August 2005, he served as the transitional military leader of Mauritania unti ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi (‎; 193822 November 2020) was a Mauritania, Mauritanian politician who was List of heads of state of Mauritania, President of Mauritania from 2007 to 2008. He served in the government during the 1970s, and ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Ba Mamadou Mbaré , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (; born 20 December 1956) is a retired Mauritanian military officer and politician who served as the 8th President of Mauritania from 2009 to 2019. A career soldier and high-ranking officer, he was a leading figure in ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Zeine Ould Zeidane Zeine Ould Zeidane (; born 1966)
Agence Mauritanienne d'Information, April 21, 2007 .
is a Mauritania, Mauritanian ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef (; born 1960
as Prime Minister, Agence Mauritanienne d'Information. Retrieved 6 July 2008 .
) is ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf (; born 12 December 1957) served as the Prime Minister of Mauritania from August 2008 until August 2014.Yahya Ould Hademine , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, size=23px
Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir (; born December 17, 1962) is a Mauritanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Mauritania from 2018 to 2019, following the resignation of his predecessor, Yahya Ould Hademine, and his government, in late Oc ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, size=23px
Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya (, born 17 March 1961) is a Mauritanian politician who served as the 15th Prime Minister of Mauritania from 5 August 2019 to 6 August 2020. He headed the Ministry of Housing, Town Planning and Regional Develop ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, size=23px Mohamed Ould Bilal , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (Tunisian Arabic: , ; 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019), commonly known as Ben Ali or Ezzine, was a Tunisian politician who served as the second President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011. In that year, during the Tun ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Mohamed Ghannouchi Mohamed Ghannouchi (; born 18 August 1941) is a Tunisian politician who was Prime Minister of Tunisia from 1999 to 2011. Regarded as a technocrat, Ghannouchi was a long-standing figure in the Tunisian government under President Zine El Abidine B ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Fouad Mebazaa Fouad Mebazaa (; 15 June 1933 – 23 April 2025) was a Tunisian politician who was the acting president of Tunisia from 15 January 2011 to 13 December 2011. He was active in Neo Destour prior to Tunisian independence, served as Minister of Youth ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Moncef Marzouki Mohamed Moncef Marzouki (; ''Muhammad al-Munṣif al-Marzūqī'', born 7 July 1945) is a Tunisian politician who served as the third president of Tunisia from 2011 to 2014. Through his career he has been a human rights activist, physician and pol ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Beji Caid Essebsi Beji Caid Essebsi (or es-Sebsi; , ; 29 November 1926 – 25 July 2019) was a Tunisian politician who served as the fourth president of Tunisia from 31 December 2014 until his death on 25 July 2019. Previously, he served as minister of foreign af ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Mohamed Ennaceur Mohamed Ennaceur (; born 21 March 1934) is a Tunisian politician who served as the acting president of Tunisia for 91 days, from President Beji Caid Essebsi's death on 25 July 2019 until he handed over the presidency to Kais Saied as the winner o ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Hamadi Jebali Hamadi Jebali (, '; born 12 January 1949) is a Tunisian engineer, politician, and journalist who was Prime Minister of Tunisia from December 2011 to March 2013. He was the Secretary-General of the Ennahda Movement, a moderate Islamic party in Tun ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Ali Laarayedh , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Mehdi Jomaa Mehdi Jomaa (; born 21 April 1962) is a Tunisian engineer and was the acting Prime Minister of Tunisia from 29 January 2014 to 6 February 2015. He was chosen on 14 December 2013. Jomaa was Minister of Industry in the Ali Laarayedh government. ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Habib Essid , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Youssef Chahed Youssef Chahed (; born 18 September 1975) is a Tunisian politician who served as the 14th prime minister of Tunisia from 27 August 2016 to 27 February 2020. He served as Secretary of State for Fisheries and Minister of Local Affairs in the past ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Elyes Fakhfakh , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Hichem Mechichi Hichem Mechichi (; born January 1974) is a Tunisian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Tunisia from September 2020 to July 2021, when he was unconstitutionally dismissed by President Kais Saied who dissolved the parliament, the highe ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Najla Bouden , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Blaise Compaoré Blaise Compaoré (born 3 February 1951)''Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders'' (2003), page 76–77.
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Honoré Traoré , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Yacouba Isaac Zida , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Michel Kafando , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Gilbert Diendéré Gilbert Diendéré (; born 1960) is a Burkinabé military officer and the Chairman of the National Council for Democracy, the military junta that briefly seized power in Burkina Faso in the September 2015 coup d'état. He was a long-time aide ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Chérif Sy Chérif Moumina Sy (born 17 May 1960) is a Mauritanian-born Burkinabé politician who served as the transitional Head of Parliament from 2014 to 2015. Biography Journalism career Sy is the son of army general Baba Sy, who participated in the 19 ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Roch Marc Christian Kaboré Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (; born 25 April 1957) is a Burkinabé banker and politician who served as the President of Burkina Faso from 2015 until he was deposed in 2022. He was the Prime Minister of Burkina Faso between 1994 and 1996 and Pre ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Paramanga Ernest Yonli Paramanga Ernest Yonli (born 31 December 1956) also known as Ernest Paramanga Yonli, is a Burkinabé politician. He was Prime Minister from 6 November 2000 to 3 June 2007 and then President of the Economic and Social Council of Burkina Faso unti ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Tertius Zongo Tertius Zongo (born 18 May 1957) was the Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from June 2007 to April 2011. Biography Zongo was born in Koudougou. He has an extensive background in economics and accounting. He became Minister Delegate for Budget and P ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Luc-Adolphe Tiao Luc-Adolphe Tiao (born 4 June 1954) is a Burkinabé politician and journalist who was Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from 2011 to 2014. Early life and career in journalism Born at Tenkodogo, Tiao attended a seminary from 1969 to 1974 and studi ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Paul Kaba Thieba Paul Kaba Thieba (born 28 July 1960) is a Burkinabé economist and politician who was appointed and served as Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from 6 January 2016 to 19 January 2019. Thieba was appointed by President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré on ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Lassina Zerbo , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Albert Ouédraogo , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px
Idriss Déby Idriss Déby Itno ( '; 18 June 1952 – 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer who was the sixth List of heads of state of Chad, president of Chad from 1991 until his death in 2021 during the 2021 Northern Chad offensive, No ...
{{KIA , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px
Pascal Yoadimnadji Pascal Yoadimnadji (April 8, 1950 – February 23, 2007) was a Chadian politician. He was Prime Minister of Chad from February 2005 to his death in February 2007.Valery Gottingar, , Chadian government web site, February 23, 2007 . Biography Y ...
, {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Adoum Younousmi , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px
Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye Nouradine Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye (; born December 31, 1949
, {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px
Youssouf Saleh Abbas Youssouf Saleh Abbas ( '; born ''c''. 1953
, {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Emmanuel Nadingar , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Djimrangar Dadnadji , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px
Albert Pahimi Padacké Albert Pahimi Padacké (, born 15 November 1966) is a Chadian politician who was Prime Minister of Chad from 26 April 2021 to 12 October 2022. He was also Prime Minister from 2016 to 2018, when he resigned and was not replaced. Life and career Pa ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Amadou Toumani Touré Amadou Toumani Touré (4 November 19489 November 2020), also popularly known in Mali by his initials ATT (), was a Malian politician. He supervised Mali's first multiparty elections as chairman of the transitional government (1991–1992), and la ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Amadou Sanogo , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Dioncounda Traoré Dioncounda Traoré (born 23 February 1942) is a Malian politician who was President of Mali in an interim capacity from April 2012 to September 2013. Previously he was President of the National Assembly of Mali from 2007 to 2012, and he served as ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (; 29 January 1945 – 16 January 2022), often known by his initials IBK, was a Malian politician who served as the president of Mali from September 2013 to August 2020, when he was forced to resign in the 2020 Malian cou ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Bah Ndaw Bah Ndaw (also spelled N'Daw, N'Dah, and N'Daou; born 23 August 1950) is a Malian retired military officer and politician who served as the president of Mali between 25 September 2020 and 24 May 2021 when he was overthrown during the 2021 Malia ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Ousmane Issoufi Maïga Ousmane Issoufi Maïga (born 1946) was the Prime Minister of Mali from 2004 to 2007. Issoufi had previously held several ministerial posts in previous governments. Issoufi was born near Gao, in the north of Mali. He studied economics at the Univer ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Modibo Sidibé Modibo Sidibé (born 7 November 1952) is a Malian politician who was Prime Minister of Mali from September 2007 to April 2011.Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé (4 January 1948 – 6 November 2021) was a Malian politician and the Prime Minister of Mali at the time of the 2012 Malian coup d'état. She was the first female prime minister in the country's history. She was ann ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Cheick Modibo Diarra Cheick Modibo Diarra (born 1952) is a Malian astrophysicist, businessman, and politician who was acting Prime Minister of Mali from April 2012 to December 2012. On 11 December 2012, Diarra presented his resignation on state television in a br ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Django Sissoko Django Sissoko (1948 – 4 April 2022) was a Malian civil servant who was Prime Minister of Mali from December 2012 to September 2013. He was Minister of Justice from 1984 to 1988 and subsequently served twice as Secretary-General of the Preside ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Oumar Tatam Ly , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Moussa Mara , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Modibo Keita , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga (born 11 March 1958) is a Malian politician who was the Prime Minister of Mali from 8 April 2017 to 29 December 2017. Previously he was Minister of Defence since 3 September 2016. As Defence Minister he succeeded Tiéman H ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Boubou Cissé , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Moctar Ouane , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Abdoulaye Maïga (officer), Abdoulaye Maïga , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Mamadou Tandja , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Salou Djibo , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Mahamadou Issoufou , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Mohamed Bazoum , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Hama Amadou , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Seyni Oumarou , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Albadé Abouba , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Ali Badjo Gamatié , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Mahamadou Danda , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Brigi Rafini , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou , {{flagdeco, Nigeria, size=23px Olusegun Obasanjo , {{flagdeco, Nigeria, size=23px Umaru Musa Yar'Adua , {{flagdeco, Nigeria, size=23px Goodluck Jonathan , {{flagdeco, Nigeria, size=23px Muhammadu Buhari , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Abdoulaye Wade , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Macky Sall , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Abdoul Mbaye , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Aminata Touré (Senegalese politician), Aminata Touré , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Mahammed Dionne , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Amadou Ba (politician, born 1961), Amadou Ba , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Sidiki Kaba , {{flagdeco, Cameroon, size=23px Ephraïm Inoni , {{flagdeco, Cameroon, size=23px Philémon Yang , {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px Yawovi Agboyibo , {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px Komlan Mally , {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px Gilbert Houngbo , {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu , {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px Komi Sélom Klassou , {{flagdeco, Ghana, size=23px John Kufuor , {{flagdeco, Ghana, size=23px John Atta Mills , {{flagdeco, Ghana, size=23px John Mahama , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Laurent Gbagbo , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Charles Konan Banny † , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Guillaume Soro , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Gilbert Aké , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Daniel Kablan Duncan , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Amadou Gon Coulibaly † , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Hamed Bakayoko † , {{flagicon, Ivory Coast, size=23px Patrick Achi , {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px Mathieu Kérékou , {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px Thomas Boni Yayi , {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px Pascal Koupaki , {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px Lionel Zinsou , {{flagdeco, Cape Verde, size=23px Pedro Pires , {{flagdeco, Cape Verde, size=23px Jorge Carlos Fonseca , {{flagdeco, The Gambia, size=23px Yahya Jammeh , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Lansana Conté , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Moussa Dadis Camara , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Sékouba Konaté , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Alpha Condé , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Eugène Camara , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Lansana Kouyaté , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Ahmed Tidiane Souaré , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Kabiné Komara , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Jean-Marie Doré , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Mohamed Said Fofana , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Mamady Youla , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Ibrahima Kassory Fofana , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Mohamed Béavogui , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Bernard Goumou , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px João Bernardo Vieira , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Raimundo Pereira , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Malam Bacai Sanhá , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Mamadu Ture Kuruma , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px José Mário Vaz , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Aristides Gomes , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Martinho Ndafa Kabi , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Carlos Correia , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Carlos Gomes Júnior , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Adiato Djaló Nandigna , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Rui Duarte de Barros Rui Duarte de Barros (born 1959 or 1960) is a Bissau-Guinean economist and politician who has served as the prime minister of Guinea-Bissau since 17 January 2024. His previous positions include being the Minister of Economy and Finance, as well ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Domingos Simões Pereira , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Baciro Djá , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Artur Silva , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Faustino Imbali , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Nuno Gomes Nabiam , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Geraldo Martins , {{flagdeco, Liberia, size=23px Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , {{flagdeco, Liberia, size=23px George Weah , {{flagdeco, Sierra Leone, size=23px Ahmad Tejan Kabbah , {{flagdeco, Sierra Leone, size=23px Ernest Bai Koroma , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px George W. Bush , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px Barack Obama , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px Joe Biden , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px Robert Gates , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px Leon Panetta , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px Chuck Hagel , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px Ash Carter , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px Jim Mattis , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px Mark Esper , {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px Lloyd Austin , {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px Elizabeth II , {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px Tony Blair , {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px Gordon Brown , {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px David Cameron , {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px Theresa May , {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px Boris Johnson , {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px Liz Truss , {{flagdeco, Canada, size=23px Michaëlle Jean , {{flagdeco, Canada, size=23px David Johnston (governor general), David Johnston , {{flagdeco, Canada, size=23px Julie Payette , {{flagdeco, Canada, size=23px Stephen Harper , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px Jacques Chirac , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px Nicolas Sarkozy , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px François Hollande , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px Dominique de Villepin , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px François Fillon , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px Jean-Marc Ayrault , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px Manuel Valls , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px Bernard Cazeneuve , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px Édouard Philippe , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px Jean Castex , {{flagicon, France, size=23px Élisabeth Borne , {{flagdeco, Germany, size=23px Horst Köhler , {{flagdeco, Germany, size=23px Christian Wulff , {{flagdeco, Germany, size=23px Joachim Gauck , {{flagdeco, Germany, size=23px Angela Merkel , {{flagdeco, Netherlands, size=23px Beatrix of the Netherlands, Beatrix , {{flagdeco, Netherlands, size=23px Jan Peter Balkenende , {{flagdeco, Netherlands, size=23px Mark Rutte , {{flagdeco, Spain, size=23px Juan Carlos I , {{flagdeco, Spain, size=23px José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero , {{flagdeco, Spain, size=23px Mariano Rajoy , {{flagicon, Denmark, size=23px Margrethe II of Denmark, Margrethe II , {{flagdeco, Denmark, size=23px Anders Fogh Rasmussen , {{flagdeco, Denmark, size=23px Lars Løkke Rasmussen , {{flagdeco, Denmark, size=23px Helle Thorning-Schmidt , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic, size=23px Václav Klaus , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic, size=23px Miloš Zeman , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic, size=23px Mirek Topolánek , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic, size=23px Jan Fischer (politician), Jan Fischer , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic, size=23px Petr Nečas , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic, size=23px Jiří Rusnok , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic, size=23px Bohuslav Sobotka , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic, size=23px Andrej Babiš , {{flagdeco, Sweden, size=23px Fredrik Reinfeldt , {{flagdeco, Sweden, size=23px Stefan Löfven , {{flagdeco, Sweden, size=23px Magdalena Andersson , commander2 = Abdelmalek Droukdel{{KIA
Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
Mokhtar Belmokhtar{{KIA{{cite web , title=Hosted news , url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iS1VcU-F-7fVHSvJI3XMzT52JTkg?docId=b2b53ce702554825b8684af2b5bb7652 , access-date = 11 November 2016 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111111005545/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iS1VcU-F-7fVHSvJI3XMzT52JTkg?docId=b2b53ce702554825b8684af2b5bb7652 , archive-date = 11 November 2011 , url-status = dead , df=dmy-all.
Tiyib Ould Sidi Ali{{KIA
Athmane Touati{{Surrender
Winan Bin Yousef{{POW{{cite web , title = Niger Militant with ties to killers of French engineer arrested , url = http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Niger-Militant-with-ties-to-killers-of-French-engineer-arrested_312622977872.html , publisher = ADN Kronos , access-date = 8 November 2011 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111113074319/http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Niger-Militant-with-ties-to-killers-of-French-engineer-arrested_312622977872.html , archive-date = 13 November 2011 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all , strength1 = 1,325+ American advisors & trainers;
900 Moroccans;{{cite web , url= http://www.worldnewstribune.com/2012/02/10/u-s-morocco-plans-fifth-african-lion-exercise/ , title= U.S., Morocco Plans Fifth "African Lion" Exercise , publisher= World Tribune , date= 12 February 2012 , access-date= 25 February 2012 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120214011230/http://www.worldnewstribune.com/2012/02/10/u-s-morocco-plans-fifth-african-lion-exercise/ , archive-date= 14 February 2012 , url-status= dead , df= dmy-all
400 Malians;
250 Algerians;
200 Chadians;
<1,000 Mauritanians;{{cite news , url=https://af.reuters.com/article/mauritaniaNews/idAFL6E7J51DI20110805 , title=Al Qaeda retreats from West Mali Camps-Military Sources , publisher=Reuters Africa , date=5 August 2011 , access-date=1 July 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518124331/http://af.reuters.com/article/mauritaniaNews/idAFL6E7J51DI20110805 , archive-date=18 May 2017 , url-status=dead , df=dmy-all
25 Senegalese medical doctors , strength2 = AQIM: 400-4,000
Tuaregs: ~1,000
Boko Haram: 300–2,000+ , casualties1 = Unknown , casualties2 = Unknown , notes = Causes: September 11 attacks and 2003 Casablanca bombings {{Campaignbox OEF{{Campaignbox Algeria 2002-present Operation Juniper Shield, formerly known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), is the military operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the Sahara , Saharan and Sahel regions of Africa, consisting of counterterrorism efforts and policing of arms trafficking, arms and drug trafficking across central Africa. It is part of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). The other OEF mission in Africa is Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA). US Congress, Congress approved $500 million for the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI) over six years to support countries involved in counterterrorism against alleged threats of
al-Qaeda , image = Flag of Jihad.svg , caption = Jihadist flag, Flag used by various al-Qaeda factions , founder = Osama bin Laden{{Assassinated, Killing of Osama bin Laden , leaders = {{Plainlist, * Osama bin Lad ...
operating in African countries, primarily Algeria, Chad, Mali,
Mauritania Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a sovereign country in Maghreb, Northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to Mauritania–Western Sahara border, the north and northwest, ...
, Niger, Senegal,
Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...
, and Morocco.{{cite news , url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6336063.stm , title= US to get Africa command centre , work= BBC News , date= 6 February 2007 , access-date= 19 May 2011 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120210064441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6336063.stm , archive-date= 10 February 2012 , url-status= live , df= dmy-all This program builds upon the former Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI), which concluded in December 2004{{cite web , title=EUCOM: Operations and Initiatives , url=http://www.eucom.mil/english/Operations/main.asp , publisher=EUCOM , access-date=6 February 2007 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070109185740/http://www.eucom.mil/english/Operations/main.asp , archive-date=9 January 2007 and focused on weapon trafficking, weapon and drug trafficking, as well as counterterrorism. {{cite web , title=Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI) , url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/pan-sahel.htm , publisher=Global Security , access-date=6 February 2007 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210054626/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/pan-sahel.htm , archive-date=10 February 2007 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all TSCTI has both military and non-military components to it. OEF-TS is the military component of the program. Civil affairs elements include USAID educational efforts, airport security, United States Department of the Treasury, Department of the Treasury, and U.S. State Department, State Department efforts.{{cite web , title=Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) , url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oef-ts.htm , publisher=Global Security , access-date=6 February 2007 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215041735/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oef-ts.htm , archive-date=15 February 2007 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all Canada deployed teams of less than 15 CSOR members to Mali throughout 2011 to help combat militants in the Sahara. Although the special forces will not engage in combat, they will train the Malian military in basic soldiering. Areas include communications, planning, first aid, and providing aid to the general populace.


Mission

Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara is primarily a training mission meant to equip 10 nations to combat insurgents in the region. Africa Command states: {{quote, OEF-TS is the USG's 3rd priority counter terror effort conducting activities that support TSCTP but are not exclusive to TSCTP. OEF-TS supports TSCTP by forming relationships of peace, security, and cooperation among all Trans Sahara Nations. OEF-TS fosters collaboration and communication among participating countries. Furthermore, OEF-TS strengthens counterterrorism and border security, promotes democratic governance, reinforces bilateral military ties, and enhances development and institution building. U.S. Africa Command, through OEF-TS, provides training, equipment, assistance and advice to partner nation armed forces. This increases their capacity and capability to deny safe haven to terrorists and ultimately defeat extremist and terrorist activities in the region.{{cite web , url = http://www.africom.mil/oef-ts.asp , title = Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara , publisher = AFRICOM , access-date = 15 March 2012 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313194707/http://www.africom.mil/oef-ts.asp , archive-date = 13 March 2012 , url-status = dead , df = dmy-all At some point in 2013, OEF-TS was redesignated as Operation Juniper Shield. Operation Juniper Shield encompasses American operations across Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tunisia.


Training programs


Flintlock

Twice a year, the Joint Combined Exchange Training (JCET) program holds a multinational training exercise.{{cite web , url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/flintlock.htm , title=Flintlock , publisher=Global Security , access-date=24 February 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018181218/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/flintlock.htm , archive-date=18 October 2012 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all Called Flintlocks, these exercises are meant to strengthen special forces from the United States as well as multiple other nations. Participants include troops from the Sahel and those from NATO members. Flintlock started in 1988 and continued through Operation Enduring Freedom, and is now held in Africa. The exercises teach medical operations, infantry and peacekeeping training, airborne operations, humanitarian relief, and leadership skills. The amount each category is stressed depends on the host nation's needs. In addition, participants are put through different scenarios involving skills instructed during the exercise. Mali was supposed to host the 2012 exercise, but the United States decided to postpone the exercise.{{cite news , url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/us-postpones-counter-terrorism-training-exercises-in-mali-as-army-there-battles-tuareg-rebels/2012/02/10/gIQA3lS13Q_story.html , title= US Postpones Counter-Terrorism Training Exercises in Mali as Army there Battles Tuareg Rebels , newspaper= The Washington Post , date= 10 February 2012 , access-date= 7 September 2017 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120211212852/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/us-postpones-counter-terrorism-training-exercises-in-mali-as-army-there-battles-tuareg-rebels/2012/02/10/gIQA3lS13Q_story.html , archive-date= 11 February 2012 , url-status= dead , df=dmy-all Officials say Flintlock was postponed because Mali is facing a renewed Tuareg insurgency.


The Atlas Accord

Although the Flintlock Exercise was postponed, another training program in Mali was not. The Atlas Accord was created in 2012 to train African military personnel in a number of skills while focusing on logistics.{{cite web , url = http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23446:us-mali-armies-kick-off-exercise-atlas-accord-postpone-exercise-flintlock&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105 , title = US, Mali Armies Kick off Exercise Atlas Accord; Postpone Exercise Flintlock , publisher = Defense Web , date = 13 February 2012 , access-date = 24 February 2012 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518193416/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23446:us-mali-armies-kick-off-exercise-atlas-accord-postpone-exercise-flintlock&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105 , archive-date = 18 May 2013 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all The exercise includes classroom instruction and field instruction. Atlas Accord 12 focused solely on logistics and aerial resupply, while the next exercise in 2013 will continue training in aerial logistics but will also include command, control, communications, and computer (C4) techniques.


African Lion exercise

The largest training exercise, African Lion, is an annual security cooperation exercise held by the US and Morocco.{{cite web , title = African Lion 12 ready to roar: marine forces in Africa conducts final planning conference , url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/83446/african-lion-12-ready-roar-marine-forces-africa-conducts-final-planning-conference , publisher = DVIDs hub , access-date=25 February 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305053546/http://www.dvidshub.net/news/83446/african-lion-12-ready-roar-marine-forces-africa-conducts-final-planning-conference , archive-date = 5 March 2014 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all Created in 2008, this program is designed to instruct a variety of skills, including aerial logistics, non-lethal weapons training, combined arms and maneuver exercises. More than 900 Moroccans and 1,200 Americans take part in the two-week exercise.


History

On 12 September 2007, a USAF C-130 was damaged from rifle fire by Tuareg forces while the aircraft was engaged in a supply drop to besieged Malian soldiers, no Americans were wounded in the incident. The Joint Special Operations Command, Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) established the Joint Special Operations Task Force–Trans Sahara (JSOTF-TS) to help combat terrorism in the region. In 2012, the name of Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara transitioned to Operation Juniper Shield, although the operation was still referred to in US Government sources as OEF-TS as late as 2014. ABC News (United States), ABC News reported that US forces arrived in Niger in early 2013 to support the Operation Serval, French military intervention in Mali; 150 US personnel set up a surveillance drone operation over Mali that was conducted out of Niamey. As of 2017, there were about 800 US troops in Niger, the majority of whom are construction crews working to build up a second drone base in northern Niger. The remainder conduct a surveillance drone mission out of Niamey that helps out the French in Mali and other regional countries in the fight against the terrorists, and less than a hundred Special Forces (United States Army), US Army Special Forces soldiers are also advising and assisting Niger's military to build up their fighting capability to counter the terrorists.{{cite web, url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-troops-niger/story?id=50559788, title=Why US troops are in Niger, publisher=ABC News, date=19 October 2017, access-date=25 October 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025105817/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-troops-niger/story?id=50559788, archive-date=25 October 2017, url-status=live, df=dmy-all CNN reported that following the Tongo Tongo ambush in October 2017, which left 4 US soldiers killed, the government of Niger granted the US military the authority to arm its drones in Niger; the US military had been seeking the authority to arm its drones in Niger for months prior to the ambush. ABC News also reported that there are 300 U.S. military personnel in
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest. It covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,87 ...
and
Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...
carrying out the same task as US forces in Niger, ''The Guardian'' reported that the US military deployed 300 personnel to Cameroon in early October 2015, with the approval of the Cameroonian government, their primary mission was to provide intelligence support to local forces as well as conducting reconnaissance flights, The personnel are also overseeing a program to transfer American military vehicles to the Cameroonian Army to aid in their fight against Islamist militants, ''Army Times'' later reported that US soldiers in Cameroon are also providing IED awareness training to the country's infantry forces. CNN reported that in May 2016 that US personnel conduct the drone operations from Garoua to help provide intelligence in the region to assist local forces.{{cite web, url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/11/politics/special-ops-small-wars-isis-al-qaeda/, title=U.S. special forces wage secretive 'small wars' against terrorists, publisher=CNN, date=12 May 2016, access-date=25 October 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024002705/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/11/politics/special-ops-small-wars-isis-al-qaeda/, archive-date=24 October 2017, url-status=live, df=dmy-all In 2023, 2023 Nigerien coup d'état, The 2023 Niger coup happens and leads to 2023 Nigerien crisis, The Nigerien crisis.


See also

* Tuareg Rebellion (2007–2009) * Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) *
Islamist insurgency in the Sahel A war in the Sahel region of West Africa has been ongoing since the 2011 Arab Spring. In particular, the intensive conflict in the three countries of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso has been referred to as the Sahel War. The conflict is generally s ...
* 2012 Northern Mali conflict * List of wars 2003-current


References

{{reflist


Sources

* {{cite book, last=Comolli , first=Virginia , title=Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency , date=2015 , publisher=Oxford University Press , location=London


External links


Official United States Africa Command site




Details of the operation by Global Security. {{War on Terrorism, state=collapsed {{coord missing, Africa {{DEFAULTSORT:Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara War on terror Counterterrorism in the United States Military operations involving the United States, Juniper Shield Operations involving American special forces, Juniper Shield Conflicts in 2022