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Mehmed Nâzım Ran (17 January 1902 – 3 June 1963), Note: 403 Forbidden error received 10 October 2022. commonly known as Nâzım Hikmet (), was a Turkish poet, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, director, and memoirist. He was acclaimed for the "lyrical flow of his statements".Selected poems, Nazim Hikmet translated by Ruth Christie, Richard McKane, Talat Sait Halman, Anvil press Poetry, 2002, p.9 Described as a "romantic communist"Saime Goksu, Edward Timms, ''Romantic Communist: The Life and Work of Nazim Hikmet'', St. Martin's Press, New York and a "romantic revolutionary", he was repeatedly arrested for his political beliefs and spent much of his adult life in prison or in exile. His poetry has been translated into more than 50 languages.


Family

According to Nâzım Hikmet, he was of paternal Turkish and maternal German, Polish, French and Georgian descent. His mother came from a distinguished cosmopolitan family with predominantly- Circassian ( Adyghe) roots, along with high social position and relations to the
Polish nobility The ''szlachta'' (; ; ) were the nobility, noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Depending on the definition, they were either a warrior "caste" or a social ...
. From his father's side, he had Turkish heritage. His father, Hikmet Bey, was the son of Mehmet Nâzım Pasha, after whom Nâzım Hikmet was named. Nazım's maternal grandfather, Hasan Enver Pasha, was the son of the Polish-born
Mustafa Celalettin Pasha Mustafa Celalettin Pasha, born as Konstanty Borzęcki (April 10, 1826 in Modrzewiec, Piotrków County – 1876 in Novoselë, Kolonjë), was a participant in Polish people, Polish uprisings and later an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman pasha, a strategist, ...
and Saffet Hanım, the daughter, Omar Pasha, a Serbian, and Adviye Hanım, a Circassian who was the daughter of Çerkes Hafız Pasha. Mustafa Celalettin Pasha (born Konstanty Borzęcki herbu Półkozic) wrote ("The Ancient and Modern Turks") in Istanbul in 1869. That is considered one of the first works of
Turkish nationalist Turkish nationalism () is nationalism among the people of Turkey and individuals whose national identity is Turkish people, Turkish. Turkish nationalism consists of political and social movements and sentiments prompted by a love for Turkish cu ...
political thought. Nâzım Hikmet's maternal grandmother, Leyla Hanım, was the daughter of Mehmet Ali Pasha, of French
Huguenot The Huguenots ( , ; ) are a Religious denomination, religious group of French people, French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, ...
and German origin, and Ayşe Sıdıka Hanım, a daughter of Çerkes Hafız Paşa. Nâzım Hikmet and Celile Hanım's cousins included Oktay Rifat Horozcu, a leading Turkish poet, and the statesman Ali Fuat Cebesoy.


Early life

Nâzım was born on 15 January 1902, in Selânik (
Salonica Thessaloniki (; ), also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece (with slightly over one million inhabitants in its Thessaloniki metropolitan area, metropolitan area) and the capital cit ...
), where his father was serving as an Ottoman government official. He attended the Taşmektep Primary School in the Göztepe district of
Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
and later enrolled in the junior high school section of the prestigious
Galatasaray High School Galatasaray High School (, ), established in Istanbul in 1481, is the oldest and Selective school, highly selective high school in Turkey. It is also the second-oldest Turkish educational institution after Istanbul University, which was establi ...
in the
Beyoğlu Beyoğlu (; ) is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Istanbul Province, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 9 km2, and its population is 225,920 (2022). It is on the European side of Istanbul, Turkey, separated from the o ...
district, where he began to learn French. However, in 1913, he was transferred to the Numune Mektebi, in the Nişantaşı district. In 1918, he graduated from the Ottoman Naval School on Heybeliada, one of the
Princes' Islands The Princes' Islands (; the word "princes" is plural, because the name means "Islands of the Princes", , ''Pringiponisia''), officially just Adalar (); alternatively the Princes' Archipelago; is an archipelago off the coast of Istanbul, Turkey, ...
, in the
Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, is a small inland sea entirely within the borders of Turkey. It links the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea via the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, separating Turkey's E ...
. His school days coincided with a period of political upheaval, during which the Ottoman government entered the
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
and was allied with Germany. For a brief period, he was assigned as a naval officer to the
Ottoman Navy The Ottoman Navy () or the Imperial Navy (), also known as the Ottoman Fleet, was the naval warfare arm of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after the Ottomans first reached the sea in 1323 by capturing Praenetos (later called Karamürsel ...
cruiser A cruiser is a type of warship. Modern cruisers are generally the largest ships in a fleet after aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships, and can usually perform several operational roles from search-and-destroy to ocean escort to sea ...
'' Hamidiye'', but in 1919 he became seriously ill and was not able to fully recover. That got him exempted from naval service in 1920. In 1921, together with his friends Vâlâ Nureddin (Vâ-Nû), Yusuf Ziya Ortaç and
Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel (18 May 1898 – 8 November 1973) was a leading Turkish people, Turkish poet, author and later politician. He is one of the Five Syllabists. Together with Behçet Kemal Çağlar, he wrote the lyrics of the Tenth Anniver ...
, he went to İnebolu in
Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...
to join the
Turkish War of Independence , strength1 = May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225August 1922: 271,000Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarih ...
. From there he, together with Vâlâ Nûreddin, walked to
Ankara Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and List of national capitals by area, the largest capital by area in the world. Located in the Central Anatolia Region, central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5,290,822 in its urban center ( ...
, where the Turkish liberation movement was headquartered. In Ankara, they were introduced to
Mustafa Kemal Pasha Mustafa () is one of the names of the Prophets and messengers in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic language, Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is a common name in t ...
, later called Atatürk, who wanted the two friends to write a poem that would invite and inspire Turkish volunteers in Istanbul and elsewhere to join their struggle. The poem was much appreciated, and Muhittin Bey (Birgen) decided to appoint them as teachers to the Sultani (high college) in
Bolu Bolu is a city in northern Turkey, and administrative center of the Bolu Province and of Bolu District,communist Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
views were not appreciated by the conservative officials in Bolu and so both of them decided to go to
Batumi Batumi (; ka, ბათუმი ), historically Batum or Batoum, is the List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), second-largest city of Georgia (country), Georgia and the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, located on the coast ...
in the
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Georgia, the Georgian SSR, or simply Georgia, was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its second occupation (by the Red Army) in 1921 to its independence in 1991. Cotermin ...
to witness the results of the
Russian Revolution of 1917 The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its mona ...
and arrived there on 30 September 1921. In July 1922, both friends went to
Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...
, where Ran studied Economics and Sociology at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in the early 1920s. There, he was influenced by the artistic experiments of
Vladimir Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky ( – 14 April 1930) was a Russian poet, playwright, artist, and actor. During his early, Russian Revolution, pre-Revolution period leading into 1917, Mayakovsky became renowned as a prominent figure of the Ru ...
and
Vsevolod Meyerhold Vsevolod Emilyevich Meyerhold (; born ; 2 February 1940) was a Russian and Soviet theatre director, actor and theatrical producer. His provocative experiments dealing with physical being and symbolism in an unconventional theatre setting m ...
, as well as the ideological vision of
Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 187021 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until Death and state funeral of ...
.


Convictions and prison sentences in Turkey

Nazım Hikmet Ran, being a communist and publishing works that promote socialism, attracted the attention of the Turkish government. In 1931, a lawsuit was filed against him accusing him of "spreading communist propaganda" because of his poems and writings (''Jokond ile Si-ya-u, Varan 3, Sesini Kaybeden Şehir).'' He was found not guilty on 7 May 1931. He was arrested and sent to prison on 18 March 1933, for allegedly "promoting communism" with his book ''Gece Gelen Telgraf.'' On 29 July 1933, He was found guilty and sentenced to 6 months and 3 days in prison, and in August of that same year he was found guilty of insulting Süreyya İlmen and sentenced to 1 year in prison. He was also ordered to pay a fine of 200 lira and another 500 lira in compensation. On 31 January 1934, Nazım Hikmet was found guilty on other charges related to promoting communism and sentenced to 5 years of prison, but this decision was not enforced because of the general amnesty of 1935, which set him free. He received his longest prison sentences in 1938, when he was found guilty of "inciting military
mutiny Mutiny is a revolt among a group of people (typically of a military or a crew) to oppose, change, or remove superiors or their orders. The term is commonly used for insubordination by members of the military against an officer or superior, ...
" and sentenced to 13 years and 4 months in prison. Later on that year he received another prison sentence of 15 years for "giving directives on how to spread communism in the army in order to spread the principles of socialism within the armed forces and transform the country into a communist state through a revolutionary movement". His total sentence was announced as 28 years and 4 months by the court, with no reduction in the sentence. He served his prison sentence at different prisons in
Ankara Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and List of national capitals by area, the largest capital by area in the world. Located in the Central Anatolia Region, central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5,290,822 in its urban center ( ...
,
Çankırı Çankırı, historically known as Gangra (Greek language, Greek: Γάγγρα), is a city in Turkey, about northeast of Ankara. It is situated about 800 m (2500 ft) above sea level. It is the seat of Çankırı Province and of Çankır ...
,
Bursa Bursa () is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the Marmara Region, Bursa is one of the industrial centers of the country. Most of ...
and
Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
. However, he was released in 1950 with an amnesty, which he received due to protests against the Turkish government at that time, demanding Nazım Hikmet to be released. Many intellectuals around the world such as
Albert Camus Albert Camus ( ; ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, world federalist, and political activist. He was the recipient of the 1957 Nobel Prize in Literature at the age of 44, the s ...
and
Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary criticism, literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th ...
joined the protests, and famous Turkish authors Orhan Veli Kanık, Oktay Rıfat and
Melih Cevdet Anday Melih Cevdet Anday (13 March 1915 – 28 November 2002) was a Turkish people, Turkish writer whose poetry stands outside the traditional literary movements. He also wrote in many other genres which, over six and a half decades, included eleven ...
went on a 3-day hunger strike. Nazım was released after these protests and he escaped from Turkey to
USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
on 17 June 1951. On 25 July 1951, the government stripped him of his Turkish citizenship.


Style and achievements

Despite writing his first poems in syllabic meter, Nazım Hikmet distinguished himself from the "syllabic poets" in concept. With the development of his poetic conception, the narrow forms of
syllabic verse Syllabic verse is a poetic form having a fixed or constrained number of syllables per line, while stress, quantity, or tone play a distinctly secondary role—or no role at all—in the verse structure. It is common in languages that are syllable ...
became too limiting for his style, and he set out to seek new forms for his poems. He was influenced by the young Soviet poets who advocated
Futurism Futurism ( ) was an Art movement, artistic and social movement that originated in Italy, and to a lesser extent in other countries, in the early 20th century. It emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as the ...
. On his return to Turkey, he became the charismatic leader of the Turkish
avant-garde In the arts and literature, the term ''avant-garde'' ( meaning or ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art, and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable ...
by producing streams of innovative poems, plays and film scripts. In Moscow in 1922, he broke the boundaries of syllabic meter, changed his form and began writing in
free verse Free verse is an open form of poetry which does not use a prescribed or regular meter or rhyme and tends to follow the rhythm of natural or irregular speech. Free verse encompasses a large range of poetic form, and the distinction between free ...
. He has been compared by Turkish and non-Turkish men of letters to such figures as
Federico García Lorca Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27, a g ...
,
Louis Aragon Louis Aragon (; 3 October 1897 – 24 December 1982) was a French poet who was one of the leading voices of the Surrealism, surrealist movement in France. He co-founded with André Breton and Philippe Soupault the surrealist review ''Littératur ...
,
Vladimir Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky ( – 14 April 1930) was a Russian poet, playwright, artist, and actor. During his early, Russian Revolution, pre-Revolution period leading into 1917, Mayakovsky became renowned as a prominent figure of the Ru ...
, Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Yiannis Ritsos, and
Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda ( ; ; born Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto; 12 July 190423 September 1973) was a Chilean poet-diplomat and politician who won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature. Neruda became known as a poet when he was 13 years old an ...
. Although Ran's work bears a resemblance to these poets and owes them occasional debts of form and stylistic device, his literary personality is unique in terms of the synthesis he made of iconoclasm and lyricism, of ideology and poetic diction. Many of his poems have been set to music by the Turkish composer Zülfü Livaneli and by Cem Karaca. Part of his work has been translated into Greek by Yiannis Ritsos, and some of the translations have been arranged by the Greek composers Manos Loizos and
Thanos Mikroutsikos Athanasios "Thanos" Mikroutsikos (; 13 April 1947 – 28 December 2019) was a Greece, Greek composer and politician. He is considered one of the most important composers of the recent Greek musical scene. Biography Personal life He was born on ...
. Because of his political views, his works were banned in Turkey from 1938 to 1965.


Later life and legacy

Nâzım's imprisonment in the 1940s became a ''
cause célèbre A ( , ; pl. ''causes célèbres'', pronounced like the singular) is an issue or incident arousing widespread controversy, outside campaigning, and heated public debate. The term is sometimes used positively for celebrated legal cases for th ...
'' among intellectuals worldwide. A 1949 committee that included
Pablo Picasso Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, Ceramic art, ceramicist, and Scenic ...
,
Paul Robeson Paul Leroy Robeson ( ; April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an American bass-baritone concert artist, actor, professional American football, football player, and activist who became famous both for his cultural accomplishments and for h ...
, and
Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary criticism, literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th ...
campaigned for his release. On 8 April 1950, Nâzım began a hunger strike to protest the Turkish Parliament's failure to include an amnesty law in its agenda before it closed for the upcoming general election. He was then transferred from the prison in
Bursa Bursa () is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the Marmara Region, Bursa is one of the industrial centers of the country. Most of ...
, first to the infirmary of Sultanahmet Jail, in
Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...
, and later to Paşakapısı Prison. Seriously ill, Ran suspended his strike on 23 April, National Sovereignty and Children's Day. His doctor's request to treat him in hospital for three months was refused by officials. As his imprisonment status had not changed, he resumed his hunger strike on the morning of 2 May. Nâzım's hunger strike caused a stir throughout the country. Petitions were signed and a magazine named after him was published. His mother, Celile, began a hunger strike on 9 May, followed by the renowned Turkish poets Orhan Veli, Melih Cevdet and Oktay Rıfat the next day. In light of the new political situation after the
1950 Turkish general election General elections were held in Turkey on 14 May 1950, using the multiple non-transferable vote electoral system.Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p238 The result was a land ...
, held on 14 May, the strike ended five days later, on 19 May, Turkey's Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day, when he was finally released by a general amnesty law enacted by the new government. On 22 November 1950, the World Council of Peace announced that Nâzım was among the recipients of the International Peace Prize, along with Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson,
Wanda Jakubowska Wanda Jakubowska (10 November 1907 – 25 February 1998) was a Polish film director. Although she directed as many as 15 films over 50 years, Jakubowska is best known for her work on the Holocaust. Her 1948 film '' The Last Stage'' was an early a ...
and
Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda ( ; ; born Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto; 12 July 190423 September 1973) was a Chilean poet-diplomat and politician who won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature. Neruda became known as a poet when he was 13 years old an ...
. Later on, Nâzım escaped from Turkey to Romania on a ship via the
Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...
and from there moved to the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
. Because the Soviet bloc recognized the Turkish minority only in communist Bulgaria, the poet's books were immediately brought out in this country, both in Turkish originals and in Bulgarian translations. The communist authorities in Bulgaria celebrated him in Turkish and Bulgarian publications as 'a poet of liberty and peace.' The goal was to discredit Turkey presented as a "lackey of the imperialist" United States in the eyes of Bulgaria's Turkish minority, many of whom desired to leave for or were expelled to Turkey in 1950–1953. When the
EOKA The Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (EOKA ; ) was a Greek Cypriot nationalist guerrilla organization that fought a campaign for the end of Cyprus#Cyprus under the British Empire, British rule in Cyprus, and for enosis, eventual union with K ...
struggle broke out in Cyprus, Ran believed that its population could live together peacefully, and he called on the Cypriot Turks to support the
Greek Cypriots Greek Cypriots (, ) are the ethnic Greeks, Greek population of Cyprus, forming the island's largest Ethnolinguistic group, ethnolinguistic community. According to the 2023 census, 719,252 respondents recorded their ethnicity as Greek, forming al ...
' demand for an end to British rule and union with Greece (
enosis ''Enosis'' (, , "union") is an irredentist ideology held by various Greek communities living outside Greece that calls for them and the regions that they inhabit to be incorporated into the Greek state. The idea is related to the Megali Idea ...
). Hikmet drew negative reaction from Turkish Cypriots for his opinions. Persecuted for decades by Turkey during the
Cold War The Cold War was a period of global Geopolitics, geopolitical rivalry between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies, the capitalist Western Bloc and communist Eastern Bloc, which lasted from 1947 unt ...
for his communist views, Nâzım died of a heart attack in
Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...
on 3 June 1963 at 6.30 a.m. while he was picking up a morning newspaper at the door of his summer house in Peredelkino, far away from his beloved homeland. He is buried in Moscow's
Novodevichy Cemetery Novodevichy Cemetery () is a cemetery in Moscow. It lies next to the southern wall of the 16th-century Novodevichy Convent, which is the city's third most popular tourist site. History The cemetery was designed by Ivan Mashkov and inaugurated ...
, where his tomb is still a place of pilgrimage for Turks and others from around the world. His final wish, which was never carried out, was to be buried under a plane tree (
platanus ''Platanus'' ( ) is a genus consisting of a small number of tree species native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are the sole living members of the family Platanaceae. All mature members of ''Platanus'' are tall, reaching in height. The type ...
) in any village cemetery in
Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...
. His poems depicting the people of the countryside, villages, towns and cities of his homeland (''Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları'', "Human Landscapes from my Country"), as well as the
Turkish War of Independence , strength1 = May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225August 1922: 271,000Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarih ...
(''Kurtuluş Savaşı Destanı'', i.e. ''The Epic of the War of Independence"), and the
Turkish revolutionaries The Turkish National Movement (), also known as the Anatolian Movement (), the Nationalist Movement (), and the Kemalists (, ''Kemalciler'' or ''Kemalistler''), included political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resu ...
(''Kuvâyi Milliye'', "Force of the Nation'') are considered among the greatest literary works of Turkey. After his death, the Kremlin ordered the publication of the poet's first-ever Turkish-language collected works in communist Bulgaria, where a large and recognized Turkish national minority still existed. The eight volumes of these collected works, ''Bütün eserleri'', appeared at
Sofia Sofia is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Bulgaria, largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain, in the western part of the country. The city is built west of the Is ...
between 1967 and 1972, in the very last years of the existence of the Turkish minority educational and publishing system in Bulgaria. Nâzım had Polish and Turkish citizenship. The latter was revoked in 1959 and restored in 2009. His family has been asked if it wanted his remains repatriated from Russia.


Patronage

During the 1940s, as he was serving his sentence at Bursa Prison, painted. There, he met a young inmate,
İbrahim Balaban İbrahim Balaban (1 January 1921 – 9 June 2019) was a Turkish painter. Early years and private life He was born at Seçköy village of Osmangazi district in Bursa Province in 1921. His parents did not allow him to pursue further education after ...
. Ran discovered Balaban's talent in drawing, gave all his paint and brushes to him, and encouraged him to continue with painting. Ran influenced the peasant and educated him, who had finished only a three-grade village school, in forming his own ideas in the fields of philosophy, sociology, economics, and politics. Ran greatly admired Balaban and referred to him in a letter to the novelist Kemal Tahir as the “peasant painter" (). Their contact remained after they were released from the prison.


Selected works


Human Landscapes

Hikmet started working on Human Landscapes ("") in 1939 and it finally got published in 1960. Its 16'000 lines of verse cover major historical events in Turkey in the first half of the 20th Century. Its perspective wanders stream of consciousness style from person to person in then Anatolia. The work is considered to be one of the foundational works of Turkish literature and Hikmet's magnum opus. The book consists of five parts. The fifth part is unfinished.


"I Come and Stand at Every Door"

Nâzım's poem "" ("The Girl Child") conveys a plea for peace from a seven-year-old girl, ten years after she perished in the US
atomic bomb A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission or atomic bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear weapon), producing a nuclear expl ...
attacks at
Hiroshima is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 1,199,391. The gross domestic product (GDP) in Greater Hiroshima, Hiroshima Urban Employment Area, was US$61.3 billion as of 2010. Kazumi Matsui has b ...
and Nagasaki. It has achieved worldwide popularity as a powerful anti-war message and has been performed and translated in many languages as a song by a number of singers and musicians both in Turkey and many countries. It is also known in English by various other titles, including "I Come and Stand at Every Door", "I Unseen" and "Hiroshima Girl".


Turkish

* Zülfü Livaneli has performed a version of the original Turkish poem on his album ''Nazım Türküsü'', which was later sung in Turkish by
Joan Baez Joan Chandos Baez (, ; born January 9, 1941) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and activist. Her contemporary folk music often includes songs of protest and social justice. Baez has performed publicly for over 60 years, releasing mo ...
. *
Fazıl Say Fazıl Say (; born 14 January 1970) is a Turkish pianist and composer who has worked internationally. Life and career Say was born in Ankara in 1970. His father, Ahmet Say, was an author and musicologist. His mother, Gürgün Say, was a pharm ...
included the poem in his ''Nazım''
oratorio An oratorio () is a musical composition with dramatic or narrative text for choir, soloists and orchestra or other ensemble. Similar to opera, an oratorio includes the use of a choir, soloists, an instrumental ensemble, various distinguisha ...
in Turkish.


Bengali

* Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet) translated Hikmet's poems into Bengali. The poems are collected in two anthologies, ''Nirbachita Nazim Hikmet'' (1952)(Selected Poems of Nazem Hikmet) and ''Nazem Hikmet er Aro Kobita'' (1974) (''More Poems of Nazem Himet''). Some of the translations are available in open source.


Greek

*
Thanos Mikroutsikos Athanasios "Thanos" Mikroutsikos (; 13 April 1947 – 28 December 2019) was a Greece, Greek composer and politician. He is considered one of the most important composers of the recent Greek musical scene. Biography Personal life He was born on ...
, in the album ''Politika tragoudia'' (''Political Songs'', 1975) composed a series of Hikmet's poems, adapted in Greek by the poet Yiannis Ritsos. * Manos Loizos composed settings of some of Ran's poems, adapted in Greek by Yiannis Ritsos. They are included in the 1983 disc ''Grammata stin agapimeni'' (''Letters to the Beloved One'').


English

*The usual tune is a nontraditional melody composed by Jim Waters in 1954 to fit the lyrics of Child 113 ballad " The Great Silkie of Sule Skerry", which was recorded by American folksinger
Joan Baez Joan Chandos Baez (, ; born January 9, 1941) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and activist. Her contemporary folk music often includes songs of protest and social justice. Baez has performed publicly for over 60 years, releasing mo ...
as "Silkie" on her second album Joan Baez, Vol. 2 in 1961. *According to American activist folk musician
Pete Seeger Peter Seeger (May 3, 1919 – January 27, 2014) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and social activist. He was a fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s and had a string of hit records in the early 1950s as a member of The Weav ...
, Jeanette Turner did a loose English "singable translation" of the poem under a different title, "I Come And Stand At Every Door", and sent a note to Seeger asking "Do you think you could make a tune for it?" in the late 1950s. After a week of trial and failure, the English translation was used by Seeger in 1962 with an adaptation of "an extraordinary melody put together by a
Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a Private university, private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of moder ...
student, James Waters, who had put a new tune to a mystical ballad 'The Great Silkie' which he could not get out of his head, without permission." Seeger wrote in ''
Where Have All the Flowers Gone? "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" is a folk song written by American singer-songwriter Pete Seeger in 1955. Inspired lyrically by the traditional Cossack folk song "Koloda-Duda", Seeger borrowed an Irish melody for the music, and published the ...
'': "It was wrong of me. I should have gotten his permission. But it worked. The Byrds made a good recording of it, electric guitars and all."Seeger describes the story behind his version of the song in hi
''Where Have All the Flowers Gone: A Singer's Stories, Songs, Seeds, Robberies (A Musical Autobiography)''
(1993): "In the late '50s I got a letter: 'Dear Pete Seeger: I've made what I think is a singable translation of a poem by the Turkish poet, Nazim Hikmet. Do you think you could make a tune for it? (Signed), Jeanette Turner.' I tried for a week. Failed. Meanwhile, I couldn't get out of my head an extraordinary melody put together by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology student who had put a new tune to a mystical ballad The Great Silkie from the Shetland Islands north of Scotland. Without his permission I used his melody for Hikmet's words. It was wrong of me. I should have gotten his permission. But it worked. The Byrds made a good recording of it, electric guitars and all."
Seeger also used the track in his 1999 compilation album '' Headlines & Footnotes: A Collection Of Topical Songs''. Seeger sang the song on 9 August 2013, the 68th anniversary of the Nagasaki atomic bombing, on a
Democracy Now! ''Democracy Now!'' is an hour-long TV, radio, and Internet news program based in Manhattan and hosted by journalists Amy Goodman (who also acts as the show's executive producer), Juan González, and Nermeen Shaikh. The show, which airs live ...
interview. *British folk singer
Harvey Andrews Harvey John Andrews (born 7 May 1943 in Stechford, Birmingham) is an English singer-songwriter and poet. Andrews has produced 16 albums singing his own songs, many of which have also been recorded by other artists. Andrews began his career i ...
recorded a version under the title "Child of Hiroshima" (sometimes re-released as "Children of Hiroshima"), released on his eponymous debut EP in 1965. *
The Byrds The Byrds () were an American Rock music, rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1964. The band underwent multiple lineup changes throughout its existence, with frontman Roger McGuinn (known as Jim McGuinn until mid-1967) being the so ...
; the American rock band used the translation on their third album '' Fifth Dimension'' in 1966. *
Roger McGuinn James Roger McGuinn (; born James Joseph McGuinn III; July 13, 1942) is an American musician, best known for being the frontman and leader of the Byrds. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 as a member of the band. As a so ...
of the Byrds later recorded the song with its original lyrics as part of his Folk Den project. * The Misunderstood used the translation, changing the title to "I Unseen", on a 1969 UK Fontana single, later included in the 1997 anthology album '' Before The Dream Faded'' with their own tune. *
Paul Robeson Paul Leroy Robeson ( ; April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an American bass-baritone concert artist, actor, professional American football, football player, and activist who became famous both for his cultural accomplishments and for h ...
recorded the song as "The Little Dead Girl" with another translation. The song was later covered by *
Ivo Watts-Russell Ivo Watts-Russell (born 1954) is a British music producer and record label executive. He was joint-founder with Peter Kent of the independent record label 4AD. He has produced several records, although he prefers to use the term "musical director" ...
's supergroup,
This Mortal Coil This Mortal Coil were a British music collective led by Ivo Watts-Russell, founder of the British record label 4AD. Although Watts-Russell and John Fryer were the only two official members, the band's recorded output featured a large rotat ...
on their 1991 album ''
Blood Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood is com ...
'' with vocals of Louise Rutkowski, Deirdre Rutkowski with Tim Freeman and ''1983–1991''. * The Fall on their 1997 album '' Levitate'', albeit omitting the last verse and wrongly attributing writing credits to anon/J Nagle. "I Come and Stand at Your Door" listed as "Anon/Nagle", which is an interpretation of the song "I Come and Stand at Every Door". "Jap Kid" is an instrumental version of this track. * Silent Stream Of Godless Elegy, a
Moravia Moravia ( ; ) is a historical region in the eastern Czech Republic, roughly encompassing its territory within the Danube River's drainage basin. It is one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia. The medieval and early ...
n
folk metal Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the widespread use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent, traditional singing styles (for example ...
band, on their album '' Behind the Shadows'' in 1998. * Faith & Disease on their 1998 album ''Insularia''. * Anne Hills on 1998 album ''Where Have All the Flowers Gone: The Songs of Peter Seeger''. * Ibon Errazkin has an instrumental song with the same title on . *
Styrofoam Styrofoam is a brand of closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), manufactured to provide continuous building insulation board used in walls, roofs, and foundations as thermal insulation and as a water barrier. This material is light blue in ...
aka Arne Van Petegem's EP and first US release, '' RR20'', included an
instrumental An instrumental or instrumental song is music without any vocals, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a big band setting. Through Semantic change, semantic widening, a broader sense of the word s ...
version of the traditional tune of "Great Silkie" with the same title. Nâzım Hikmet's children's tale, "Sevdalı Bulut" (A Cloud in Love), has been translated into English by Evrim Emir-Sayers for ''dePICTions'', the annual critical review of the Paris Institute for Critical Thinking (PICT). The translation is open-access.


Japanese

In 2005, famous
Amami Ōshima , also known as Amami, is the largest island in the Amami Islands, Amami archipelago between Kyūshū and Okinawa Prefecture, Okinawa. It is one of the Satsunan Islands, all of which belong to Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. The island, 712.35  ...
singer Chitose Hajime collaborated with
Ryuichi Sakamoto was a Music of Japan, Japanese musician, composer, keyboardist, record producer, singer and actor. He pursued a diverse range of styles as a solo artist and as a member of the Synthesizer, synth-based band Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO). With his ...
by translating "Kız Çocuğu" into Japanese, retitling it [] "A dead girl"). It was performed live at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial, Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima on the eve of the 60th Anniversary (5 August 2005) of Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The song later appeared as a bonus track on Chitose's album '' Hanadairo'' in 2006.


Nepali

Some of Nâzım's poems are translated into Nepali by
Suman Pokhrel Suman Pokhrel (; born 21 September 1967) is a Nepali people, Nepali poet, lyricist, playwright, translator and artist. Universities in Nepal and India have included his poetry in their syllabi. Pokhrel is the only writer to have received the SAA ...
and are published in print and online literary journals.


On the soldier worth 23 cents

He also opposed the
Korean War The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was s ...
, in which Turkey participated. After the Senate address of
John Foster Dulles John Foster Dulles (February 25, 1888 – May 24, 1959) was an American politician, lawyer, and diplomat who served as United States secretary of state under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 until his resignation in 1959. A member of the ...
, who served as U.S. Secretary of State under President
Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionar ...
, where he valued Turkish soldiers at 23 cents a month compared with the lowest echelon U.S. soldiers at $70, Nazım Hikmet Ran wrote a protest poem criticising the policies of the United States. This poem is titled (On the soldier worth 23 cents).


In popular culture

*Nâzım's poem "We'll Give the Globe to the Children" was set to music in 1979 by Russian composer David Tukhmanov. *'' Tale of Tales'' is a Russian animated film (1979) partially inspired by Hikmet's poem of the same name. * Finnish band Ultra Bra recorded a song ("Send me books") based on a translated excerpt of Hikmet's poem "Rubai". *''
The Ignorant Fairies ''The Ignorant Fairies'' (; released on DVD in the US as ''His Secret Life'') is a 2001 Italian drama film directed by Turkish-Italian film director Ferzan Özpetek. The story follows a woman who discovers that her recently deceased husband ha ...
'' is a 2001 Italian film, in which a book by Hikmet plays a central plot role. This is reprised in the 2022 TV serialization of the film. * (Blue Eyed Giant) is a 2007 Turkish biographical film about Nazım Hikmet. The title is a reference to the poem . The film chronicles Nazim Hikmet's imprisonment at Bursa Prison and his relationships with his wife Piraye and his translator and lover Münevver Andaç. He is played by
Yetkin Dikinciler Yetkin Dikinciler (born 15 August 1969) is a Turkish people, Turkish actor. Biography Yetkin Dikinciler graduated in theatre from the State Conservatory of Mimar Sinan University. He was awarded "Best Actor" for his role as Nazım Hikmet in ''Ma ...
. *Hikmet's poem was quoted in the 2012 Korean drama '' Cheongdam-dong Alice''. *In the grand-strategy video game "
Hearts of Iron IV ''Hearts of Iron IV'' is a 2016 grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Paradox Interactive. It is the sequel to 2009's ''Hearts of Iron III'' and the fourth main installment in the ''Hearts of Iron'' s ...
", Nazim Hikmet is available to hire in a "Revolutionary Poet" ministerial position for
Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...
, boosting daily communism support. *The video game ''
Suzerain A suzerain (, from Old French "above" + "supreme, chief") is a person, state (polity)">state or polity who has supremacy and dominant influence over the foreign policy and economic relations of another subordinate party or polity, but allows i ...
'' opens with a quote from Hikmet, and the character Bernard Circas is based on him. The game has elements inspired by modern Turkish history. *Nâzım Hikmet's children's tale, "A Cloud in Love," was adapted into an animated short film in the Soviet Union in 1959 and into a children's opera by the Greek National Opera in 2022. The tale was translated into English by Evrim Emir-Sayers for ''dePICTions'', the open-access annual critical review of the Paris Institute for Critical Thinking (PICT), in 2023.


Bibliography


Plays

* (1932, ''The Skull'') * (1935, ''The Forgotten Man'') * 1965 ('' Ferhad and Şirin'') * (''Luxurious Living'') (as
ghostwriter A ghostwriter is a person hired to write literary or journalistic works, speeches, or other texts that are credited to another person as the author. Celebrities, executives, participants in timely news stories, and political leaders often h ...
)


Ballet libretto

*'' Legend of Love'' (by Arif Malikov) 1961


Novels

* (1967, ''Life's Good, Brother'') * (1965, ''Blood Doesn't Tell'')


Poems

* (1935, "Letters to Taranta-Babu") * (1936, "The Epic of Sheikh Bedreddin") * (1966–67, "Human Landscapes from My Country") * (1965, "The Epic of the War of Independence")


Poetry

* / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi, 2002. * / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002. * / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002. * / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002. * / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002. * : (insan manzaraları) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002. * : (1951–1959) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002. * : (1959–1963) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002.


Partial list of translated works in English

*''Selected Poems'' / Nâzim Hikmet; done into English by Taner Baybars. London, Cape Editions, 1967. *''The Moscow Symphony and Other Poems'' / translated into English by Taner Baybars. Chicago: Swallow Press, 1971. *''The day before tomorrow : poems'' / translated into English by Taner Baybars.
South Hinksey South Hinksey is a village and Civil parishes in England, civil parish just over south of the centre of Oxford. The parish includes the residential area of Hinksey Hill about south of the village. Geography The Oxford ring road, Southern By- ...
, England : Carcanet Press, 1972. *''That Wall'' / Nâzım Hikmet; illustrations yMaureen Scott, London: League of Socialist Artists, 1973. *''Things I didn't know I loved: selected poems'' / Nâzim Hikmet; translated by Randy Blasing & Mutlu Konuk. New York : Persea Books, 1975. *''Human Landscapes'' / by Nazim Hikmet; translated by Randy Blasing and Mutlu Konuk ; foreword by Denise Levertov, New York : Persea Books, c1982. *''Selected poetry'' / Nazim Hikmet; translated by Randy Blasing and Mutlu Konuk, New York : Persea Books, c1986. *''Poems of Nazim Hikmet'', trans. Randy Blasing & Mutlu Konuk. New York: Persea Books, 1994 (revised 2nd ed., 2002). *''Beyond the walls: selected poems'' / Nâzim Hikmet; translated by Ruth Christie, Richard McKane, Talât Sait Halman; introduction by Talât Sait Halman, London: Anvil Press Poetry, 2002. *''Life's Good, Brother'' / Nâzım Hikmet; translated by Mutlu Konuk Blasing, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013. * "A Cloud in Love" / Nâzım Hikmet; translated by Evrim Emir-Sayers, ''dePICTions'' volume 3: Critical Ecologies (2023), Paris Institute for Critical Thinking (open-access).


Partial list of translated works in other languages

* / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans.), Newton Compton, 2010. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans.), Fahrenheit 451, 2005. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Giampiero Bellingeri (Trans.), F. Negrin (Illustrator), Mondadori, 2003. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Koen Stassijns & Ivo van Strijtem (ed.), Perihan Eydemir & Joris Iven (Trans.), Lannoo , Atlas, 2003. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans.), Mondadori, 2002. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans.), Güzin Dino (Trans.), Gallimard, 1999. *, Leonardo da Fonseca (Trans.), In. (n.t.) (set/2010), Fpolis/Brasil, * / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans.), Cattedrale, 2008. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans.), Fahrenheit 451, 1992. * / Nâzım Hikmet, F. Beltrami (Trans.), Mondadori, 2010. * / Nâzım Hikmet, G. Bellingeri (Editor), F. Beltrami (Trans.), F. Boraldo (Trans.), Mondadori, 2013. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans.), Temps Actuels, 1982. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Abidine Dino (Trans.), Parangon, 2004. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans.), Aden Editions, 2005. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans.), Gallimard Jeunesse Giboulées, 2013. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Fernando García Burillo (Trans.), Ediciones Del Oriente Y Del Mediterráneo S.L., 2000. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Fernando García Burillo (Trans.), Ediciones Del Oriente Y Del Mediterráneo S.L., 2005. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans.), Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza, 1981. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Aleksander Olecki (Trans.), Książka i Wiedza, 1965. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans.), Elżbieta Gaudasińska (Trans.), Nasza Księgarnia, 1985. * / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans.), Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987. * * / Nâzım Hikmet, Ewa Fiszer (Trans.), Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1954 *Many of Hikmet's poems are translated into Nepali by
Suman Pokhrel Suman Pokhrel (; born 21 September 1967) is a Nepali people, Nepali poet, lyricist, playwright, translator and artist. Universities in Nepal and India have included his poetry in their syllabi. Pokhrel is the only writer to have received the SAA ...
, and some are collected in an anthology tilled Manpareka Kehi Kavita.


See also

*
Abidin Dino Abidin Dino (23 March 1913 – 7 December 1993) was a Turkish artist and a well-known painter. Early years Dino was born on 23 March 1913 in Istanbul into an art-loving family. He was grandchild of Abidin Pasha Dino (he is named after him), an ...
* Orhan Kemal * Zülfü Livaneli *
Fazıl Say Fazıl Say (; born 14 January 1970) is a Turkish pianist and composer who has worked internationally. Life and career Say was born in Ankara in 1970. His father, Ahmet Say, was an author and musicologist. His mother, Gürgün Say, was a pharm ...
* Behçet Necatigil


References


External links

https://teis.yesevi.edu.tr/madde-detay/2023-TEIS2-5https://www.biyografya.com/biyografi/17439
Nâzım Hikmet Ran Russian Archive at nazimhikmet.com

Nazım Hikmet info
(Turkish page with bibliography)
English translation of Nazım Hikmet's poems at Poemist
* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Hikmet, Nazim 1902 births 1963 deaths 20th-century Turkish poets Akbaba (periodical) people Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery Communist poets Critics of religions Galatasaray High School alumni People from the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent People from the Ottoman Empire of French descent People from the Ottoman Empire of Georgian descent People from the Ottoman Empire of German descent People from the Ottoman Empire of Polish descent People from the Ottoman Empire of Serbian descent Ottoman Thessalonica People from Salonica vilayet Writers from Thessaloniki Prisoners and detainees of Turkey Turkish atheists Turkish former Sunni Muslims Turkish communists Turkish emigrants to the Soviet Union Turkish exiles Turkish Marxists Turkish people of Circassian descent Turkish people of French descent Georgians from the Ottoman Empire Turkish people of German descent Turkish people of Polish descent Turkish people of Serbian descent Turkish prisoners and detainees Turkish refugees Turkish revolutionaries People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union Communist University of the Toilers of the East alumni People who lost Turkish citizenship