José María Teclo Morelos Pérez y Pavón () (30 September 1765 – 22 December 1815) was a Mexican
Catholic priest
The priesthood is the office of the ministers of religion, who have been commissioned ("ordained") with the holy orders of the Catholic Church. Technically, bishops are a priestly order as well; however, in common English usage ''priest'' refe ...
, statesman and military leader who led the
Mexican War of Independence
The Mexican War of Independence (, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire. It was not a single, coherent event, but local and regional ...
movement, assuming its leadership after the execution of
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y Villaseñor (8 May 1753 – 30 July 1811), commonly known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo (), was a Catholic priest, leader of the Mexican War ...
in 1811.
Born in
Valladolid
Valladolid ( ; ) is a Municipalities of Spain, municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and ''de facto'' capital of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the pr ...
,
Michoacán
Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo, is one of the 31 states which, together with Mexico City, compose the Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. The stat ...
, Morelos studied at
Colegio de San Nicolás and was appointed priest of
Carácuaro in 1799. He joined Miguel Hidalgo's
Cry of Dolores
The Cry of Dolores () occurred in Dolores Hidalgo, Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the pronunciamiento, call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Indep ...
, soon becoming an insurgency leader. Aided by local peoples, along with revolutionary leaders
Mariano Matamoros
Mariano Matamoros y Guridi (August 14, 1770 – February 3, 1814) was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary rebel soldier of the Mexican War of Independence, who fought for independence against Spain in the early 19th century.
...
and
Ignacio López Rayón, Morelos occupied territories in southern and central
New Spain
New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( ; Nahuatl: ''Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl''), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. It was one of several ...
, leading the
Siege of Cuautla
The siege of Cuautla was a battle of the War of Mexican Independence that occurred from 19 February through 2 May 1812 at Cuautla de Morelos, Cuautla, Morelos. The Spanish Royalist (Spanish American Revolution), royalist forces loyal to the ...
and
capturing Acapulco, New Spain's main port in the Pacific Ocean. His campaigns galvanized regional insurgencies against Spanish rule, which made him the royalist army's main rival.
In 1813, Morelos wrote ''
Sentimientos de la Nación'', a document influenced by the
Constitution of Cádiz where he outlined his program for the Mexican nation. Under his leadership, the
Congress of Anáhuac was installed in
Chilpancingo
Chilpancingo de los Bravo (commonly shortened to Chilpancingo; ; Nahuatl: Chilpantzinco ()) is the capital and second-largest city of the Mexican state of Guerrero. In 2010 it had a population of 187,251 people. The municipality has an area of ...
, and on 6 November 1813
declared the independence of Mexico. On 22 October 1814, the
Constitution of Apatzingán drafted by Congress declared that Mexico would be a Republic.
After a series of defeats, Morelos was captured by the royalist army in Temalaca,
Puebla
Puebla, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Puebla, is one of the 31 states that, along with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 217 municipalities and its capital is Puebla City. Part of east-centr ...
. He was tried by the
Inquisition
The Inquisition was a Catholic Inquisitorial system#History, judicial procedure where the Ecclesiastical court, ecclesiastical judges could initiate, investigate and try cases in their jurisdiction. Popularly it became the name for various med ...
,
defrocked as a cleric, and executed by civil authorities in
San Cristóbal Ecatepec on 22 December 1815. Morelos is considered a national hero in Mexico, who despite not having a military background became a successful insurgency leader, credited with organizing and bolstering the War of Independence. The Mexican state of
Morelos
Morelos, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Morelos, is a landlocked state located in south-central Mexico. It is one of the 32 states which comprise the Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into Mun ...
and city of
Morelia
Morelia (; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid; Otomi language, Otomi: ) is a city and municipal seat of the municipalities of Mexico, municipality of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. It is both th ...
are named after him.
Early life

Morelos was born in Valladolid, since renamed
Morelia
Morelia (; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid; Otomi language, Otomi: ) is a city and municipal seat of the municipalities of Mexico, municipality of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. It is both th ...
. Although often portrayed as being of "mixed" or "indigenous" descent, Morelos was classified as a Spaniard (''español'') in his baptismal register, a system in which the
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
kept separate registers for ethnic affiliation. Although ethnic affiliation was fluid in colonial Spanish America, his family was considered as Spaniard according to the social categories of the time. His paternal family had both Spaniards and Mestizos (Indigenous and African) whereas his maternal family was fully Spanish.
His father was José Manuel Morelos y Robles, a carpenter originally from Zindurio, a village west of Valladolid. His mother was Juana María Guadalupe Pérez Pavón, originally from San Juan Bautista de Apaseo, also near Valladolid. Valladolid was the seat of a bishop and of the government of the colonial Intendency of Valladolid. It was known as the "Garden of the
Viceroyalty of New Spain
New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( ; Nahuatl: ''Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl''), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. It was one of several ...
" because of its prosperity.
Through his paternal line, Morelos was related to
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y Villaseñor (8 May 1753 – 30 July 1811), commonly known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo (), was a Catholic priest, leader of the Mexican War ...
.
Both insurgents shared a common ancestor, Diego Ruiz de Cortés, who was a descendant of the
conquistador
Conquistadors (, ) or conquistadores (; ; ) were Spanish Empire, Spanish and Portuguese Empire, Portuguese colonizers who explored, traded with and colonized parts of the Americas, Africa, Oceania and Asia during the Age of Discovery. Sailing ...
Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (December 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish ''conquistador'' who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions o ...
.
Hidalgo was the descendant of Ruiz de Cortés through his mother, Ana María Gallaga.

Morelos worked as a muleteer (''
arriero'') in the area where he fought in the insurgency, on the ground experience of the terrain that would be valuable.
[Guedea, "José María Morelos", p. 948] He is also said to have worked on a ranch rented by his uncle for nearly ten years.
Morelos had ambitions for something more than working with his hands, and assiduously studied; his maternal grandfather was a school teacher.
[Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', p. 105.] In 1789, he enrolled in the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid, where Father
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y Villaseñor (8 May 1753 – 30 July 1811), commonly known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo (), was a Catholic priest, leader of the Mexican War ...
was rector.
When he was ordained a priest, he, as with many others without connections, had no benefice to guarantee any income as a priest.
However, as a secular cleric, he took no vow of poverty and could freely pursue business activities to make a living.
As a priest, he could not marry, but he did form a relationship with at least one woman, Brígida Almonte. He is known to have fathered three children: two sons and a daughter. His first born was
Juan Nepomuceno Almonte, who played a significant role in Mexican military history.
Lucas Alamán
Lucas Ygnacio José Joaquín Pedro de Alcántar Juan Bautista Francisco de Paula de Alamán y Escalada (Guanajuato, New Spain, 18 October 1792 – Mexico City, Mexico, 2 June 1853) was a Mexican scientist, conservative statesman, historian, and ...
, a fierce nineteenth-century opponent of the insurgency and after independence a conservative politician and historian, asserted that Morelos "fathered various children with anonymous women of the people." This charge of promiscuity might simply be a slur without foundation on the insurgent-priest. At Morelos's trial, the Inquisition accused him of sending his son to the United States. He testified at his trial that "while he had not been completely pristine for a priest, he had not acted in a scandalous manner" and that he had sent his son away for education and for his safety, acknowledging his paternity.
Insurrection against the Spanish monarchy

The former rector of the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo (where Morelos attended seminary),
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mandarte y Villaseñor (8 May 1753 – 30 July 1811), commonly known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo (), was a Catholic priest, leader of the Mexican War ...
was planning with others for the independence of
New Spain
New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( ; Nahuatl: ''Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl''), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. It was one of several ...
from the Spanish empire. About 6:00 a.m. on 16 September 1810, Hidalgo, then the parish priest of
Dolores,
Guanajuato
Guanajuato, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato, is one of the 32 states that make up the Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into Municipalities of Guanajuato, 46 municipalities and its cap ...
(since renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor), ordered the church bells to be rung, and gathered his congregation. Flanked by
Ignacio Allende
Ignacio José de Allende y Unzaga (, , ; January 21, 1769 – June 26, 1811), commonly known as Ignacio Allende, was a captain of the Spanish Army in New Spain who came to sympathize with the Mexican independence movement. He attended the secre ...
and
Juan Aldama, Hidalgo addressed the people in front of his church, urging them to take up arms, with the
Cry of Dolores
The Cry of Dolores () occurred in Dolores Hidalgo, Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the pronunciamiento, call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Indep ...
(''El Grito de Dolores'', now celebrated every year on 15 September at 11:00 p.m.) that called for armed revolt after the Spanish colonial authorities had discovered the
Conspiracy of Querétaro, a clandestine movement seeking Mexican independence. Like Allende and Aldama,
Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, popularly known as ''La Corregidora'', was one of the famous initial supporters of the revolt. Miguel Hidalgo and his followers rose in open rebellion against the Spanish colonial authorities launching what became the
Mexican War of Independence
The Mexican War of Independence (, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire. It was not a single, coherent event, but local and regional ...
.
With the imperial government taken by surprise, operatives took important cities of the
Bajío
The Bajío (the ''lowland'') is a cultural and geographical region within the Mexican Plateau, central Mexican plateau which roughly spans from northwest of Greater Mexico City, Mexico City to the main silver mines in the northern-central part ...
region without an organized response. The insurgency proclaimed Hidalgo
captain general of Mexico in
Celaya
Celaya (; Otomi: ) is a city and its surrounding municipality in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, located in the southeast quadrant of the state. It is the third most populous city in the state, with a 2005 census population of 310,413. The muni ...
on 21 September. Hidalgo y Costilla advanced to
Guanajuato
Guanajuato, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato, is one of the 32 states that make up the Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into Municipalities of Guanajuato, 46 municipalities and its cap ...
; and on 28 September, the rebels captured the
Alhóndiga de Granaditas
Alhóndiga is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castilla–La Mancha, Spain. As of 1 January 2022 it had a registered population of 158. The municipality spans across a total area of 19.26 km2.
The locality was an early in ...
in battle, killing at least 400 Spaniards who had taken shelter.
Among the dead was the crown's highest official in Guanajuato, Intendant
Juan Antonio Riaño, an old friend of Hidalgo y Costilla.
The
bishop of Michoacán,
Manuel Abad y Queipo, excommunicated the insurgents. Hidalgo y Costilla and his army marched on to Valladolid, where the locals feared that the slaughter of Guanajuato would be repeated, prompting many people to abandon the region, particularly elites. Valladolid was taken peacefully on 17 October 1810.
In Tacámbaro, Hidalgo y Costilla was proclaimed general, and Allende captain general. Hidalgo ordered a rest for his troops in
Indaparapeo, where a few minutes before their departure, Morelos, who had read about his excommunication and his triumphs, found him. Morelos had heard of the revolt in October 1810 and determined to join it. Hidalgo asked his former student to recruit troops in the south of the colony and capture the port of
Acapulco
Acapulco de Juárez (), commonly called Acapulco ( , ; ), is a city and Port of Acapulco, major seaport in the Political divisions of Mexico, state of Guerrero on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, south of Mexico City. Located on a deep, semicirc ...
, the west coast port for the Pacific trade to the
Philippines
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
, also a Spanish colony.
[Guedea, ''José María Morelos'', p. 948.] Unlike Hidalgo, who was a poor tactician leading a huge and undisciplined following, Morelos quickly demonstrated military skills, gathering and training a small core of fighters. He sought allies in the region, and obtained cannons and other war materiel.
Morelos's objectives for the rebellion called for the creation of a republican government that "all Mexican people would participate, the
abolition of slavery
Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the political movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world.
The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but it was later used in its colonies. T ...
, and the elimination of divisions between races and ethnicities."
Campaigns
Morelos soon showed himself to be a talented strategist, and became one of the greatest revolutionary military commanders of the war. In his first nine months, he won 22 victories, defeating the armies of three Spanish royalist leaders and capturing almost all of what is now the state of
Guerrero
Guerrero, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guerrero, is one of the 32 states that compose the administrative divisions of Mexico, 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into Municipalities of Guerrero, 85 municipalities. The stat ...
. In December, he captured Acapulco for the first time, except for the
Fort of San Diego. Spanish reinforcements forced him to raise the siege in January. By quick marches, he was able to capture most of the Spanish possessions on the Pacific coast of what are now Michoacán and Guerrero. On 24 May 1811, he occupied
Chilpancingo
Chilpancingo de los Bravo (commonly shortened to Chilpancingo; ; Nahuatl: Chilpantzinco ()) is the capital and second-largest city of the Mexican state of Guerrero. In 2010 it had a population of 187,251 people. The municipality has an area of ...
and on 26 May he took
Tixtla
Tixtla (formally, Tixtla de Guerrero) (, ) is a town and seat of the municipality of Tixtla de Guerrero in the Mexican state of Guerrero.
The name is Nahuatl, and means either "maize dough" ''(masa) ''from ''textli;'' "our valley" from ''to ix ...
.
In his second campaign, Morelos divided his army into three groups. The most important engagement of this campaign was at
Cuautla. On Christmas Eve 1811 the townspeople welcomed Morelos to the town. The next year his forces were
besieged by the Spanish army under general
Félix María Calleja del Rey. On 2 May 1812, after 58 days, Morelos broke through the siege, and started his third campaign.
Major victories on this third campaign were at
Citlalli on 8 June 1812,
Tehuacán on 10 August 1812,
Orizaba,
Oaxaca
Oaxaca, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca, is one of the 32 states that compose the political divisions of Mexico, Federative Entities of the Mexico, United Mexican States. It is divided into municipalities of Oaxaca, 570 munici ...
and Acapulco. Morelos arrived at Orizaba with 10,000 soldiers on 28 October 1812. The city was defended by 600 Spanish soldiers. Negotiation led to a surrender without bloodshed. He entered Oaxaca in triumph on 25 November 1812. Acapulco fell on 12 April 1813, forcing the Spanish army to take refuge in the
Fort of San Diego.
Congress of Chilpancingo
In 1813, Morelos called the
National Constituent Congress of Chilpancingo, composed of representatives of the provinces under his control, to consider a political and social program which he outlined in a document entitled ''
Sentimientos de la Nación'' (Sentiments of the Nation). The Congress called itself the Congress of Anáhuac, in reference to the
Aztecs
The Aztecs ( ) were a Mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec people included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the ...
.
On 31 September 1813, the Congress, with Morelos present, endorsed Sentiments of the Nation. This document declared Mexican independence from Spain, established Catholicism as official religion and created the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. It declared respect for property and confiscated the productions of the Spanish colonial government. It abolished slavery and racial categories in favor of the title "American" for all native-born individuals. Torture, colonial monopolies and the system of tributes were also abolished. Morelos was offered the title "Generalissimo" with the style of address "Your Highness", but he refused these and asked to be called "Siervo de la Nación" (Servant of the Nation). On 6 November 1813, the Congress declared independence in the
.
After several military defeats, the Congress organized a meeting in
Apatzingán, and on 22 October promulgated the "Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana" (
Constitution of Apatzingán). This established a limited executive and a powerful legislature, the opposite of what Morelos had called for. He nevertheless conceded that it was the best he could hope for under the circumstances.
Capture and execution
Shortly thereafter, Morelos began his fourth military campaign, a series of defeats beginning at Valladolid in late 1813. While escorting the new insurgent Congress in November 1815, he was
defeated in Temalaca by royalist forces. Morelos and his guard were surrounded; rather than have all taken prisoner, Morelos told his men to each save himself. This left Morelos to be captured alone. As a Catholic priest, the church had jurisdiction for his imprisonment and trial; he was jailed in the Inquisition building in Mexico City.
[Archer, "Death's Patriots", p. 76.] Although Morelos was a huge prize for the royal government, the viceroy decided not to make a public spectacle of his journey of incarceration, but rather slipped him into the capital before dawn.
The royal government had experience with the trial and execution of Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, which was done far from the capital and in rushed fashion; but Morelos's trial was conducted in the capital with the highest officials presiding, with the outcome of a guilty verdict and execution by civil officials. Inquisition officials drew up 23 charges against Morelos, and following proper procedure, Morelos had a defense attorney, José Quiles. He was charged with treason, disloyalty to the crown, and transgressions in his personal life, namely, sending his natural sons to the United States for education.
He was tried and sentenced to death for treason. Morelos was executed by firing squad on 22 December 1815, in
San Cristóbal Ecatepec, north of Mexico City in order that his execution not provoke a dangerous public reaction. He was later judged to be reconciled to the church, lifting his excommunication, as he was seen praying on his way to his execution.
[Gustavo Watson Marron, director of the historical archive of the archdiocese, cited in ''El Universal'', 31 August 2009.] After his death, his lieutenant,
Vicente Guerrero
Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña (; baptized 10 August 1782 – 14 February 1831) was a Mexican military officer from 1810–1821 and a statesman who became the nation's second president in 1829. He was one of the leading generals who fought ag ...
, continued the war for independence.
Legacy
Morelos is considered a national
hero
A hero (feminine: heroine) is a real person or fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or Physical strength, strength. The original hero type of classical epics did such thin ...
of Mexico; the state of
Morelos
Morelos, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Morelos, is a landlocked state located in south-central Mexico. It is one of the 32 states which comprise the Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into Mun ...
and city of
Morelia
Morelia (; from 1545 to 1828 known as Valladolid; Otomi language, Otomi: ) is a city and municipal seat of the municipalities of Mexico, municipality of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. It is both th ...
are named after him. Morelos has been portrayed on the
50-peso note since 1997, and on 1-peso coins during the 1940s, 1970s and 1980s. The
Estadio Morelos in Morelia,
Puerto Morelos in the state of
Quintana Roo
Quintana Roo, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, constitute the 32 administrative divisions of Mexico, federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into municipalities of ...
, the
Morelos Station
on the
Mexico City Metro
The Mexico City Metro () is a rapid transit system that serves Greater Mexico City, the metropolitan area of Mexico City, including some municipalities in the State of Mexico. Operated by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo (STC), it is the Lis ...
, the city of
Ecatepec de Morelos
Ecatepec (), officially Ecatepec de Morelos, is a municipality in the State of Mexico situated in the north of the Greater Mexico City urban area. The municipal seat is San Cristóbal Ecatepec.
The city of Ecatepec is co-extensive with the mun ...
in
Mexico State
The State of Mexico, officially just Mexico, is one of the administrative divisions of Mexico, 32 federal entities of the United Mexican States. Colloquially known as Edomex (from , the abbreviation of , and ), to distinguish it from the name o ...
where he was executed,
Insurgente José María Morelos y Pavón National Park in Michoacán, and the
Morelos Satellite from the Communications company
Satmex are also named after him. His remains were transferred to the Monument to Independence
El Ángel
The Angel of Independence, most commonly known by the shortened name ''El Ángel'' and officially known as ''Monumento a la Independencia'' ("Monument to Independence"), is a victory column on a roundabout on the major thoroughfare of Paseo de l ...
in Mexico City, along with those of other heroes of the insurgency. The Presidential aircraft Boeing 787 TP-01 was named José María Morelos y Pavón.
File:Esculturas del Monumento a la Independencia 05.jpg, Sculpture of Morelos at the Angel of Independence in Mexico City, where his remains are entombed in the mausoleum at its base.
File:StatueMorelosParkCV.JPG, Statue of Morelos in Parque Morelos, central Cuernavaca
Cuernavaca (; , "near the woods" , Otomi language, Otomi: ) is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state, state of Morelos in Mexico. Along with Chalcatzingo, it is likely one of the origins of the Mesoamerica, Mesoamerican civilizatio ...
, Morelos
File:Janitziobig.jpeg, Statue at Janitzio, Michoacán
Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo, is one of the 31 states which, together with Mexico City, compose the Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. The stat ...
File:Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon Statute, Lincoln Park, Los Angeles.JPG, Monument to José María Morelos y Pavón in Lincoln Park, Los Angeles, California, gift of Mexico President José López Portillo
File:Mexico_df_-_Plaza_de_la_Ciudadela.jpg, Citadel Square; José María Morelos
File:Don José María Morelos (cropped).jpg, Equestrian statue of José María Morelos, Guadalajara
See also
*
Equestrian statue of José María Morelos, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
*
List of people from Morelos, Mexico
The following are people who were born, raised, or who gained significant prominence for living in the Mexican state of Morelos:
''This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by exp ...
*
Reward offered for Morelos y Pavón's head
References
Further reading
* Archer, Christon I. "Death's Patriots – Celebration, Denunciation, and Memories of Mexico's Independence Heroes: Miguel de Hidalgo, José María Morelos, and Agustín de Iturbide" in Death, Dismemberment, and Memory in Latin America, Lyman L. Johnson, ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2004 pp. 63–104.
* Guedea, Virginia. "José María Morelos" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997, pp. 948–950.
* Hamnett, Brian R. ''Roots of Insurgency: Mexican Regions, 1750–1824''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.
* Lemoine Villacaña, Ernesto. ''Morelos, su vida revolucionaria a través de sus escritos y de otros testimonios de la época''. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1965.
* Timmons, Wilbert H. ''Morelos: Priest, Soldier, Statesman of Mexico'', revised edition. El Paso: Texas Western College Press 1970.
External links
Wallace L. McKeehan, "José María Morelos Man of God, Warrior & Patriot""Mexico Builds Her Own Statue Of Liberty"''
Popular Science Monthly'', February 1936
{{DEFAULTSORT:Morelos, Jose Maria
1765 births
1815 deaths
18th-century Mexican Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Mexican Roman Catholic priests
People from Morelia
People from Morelos
Mexican generals
Mexican rebels
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People of the Mexican War of Independence
Executed Roman Catholic priests
People executed for treason against Spain
Executed Mexican people
People executed by New Spain
People executed by Spain by firing squad
Mexican revolutionaries
Mexican people of Indigenous peoples descent
Mexican people of Spanish descent
Armed priests
1815 in New Spain
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo alumni