Assam conflict

{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Assam separatist conflict
, partof = the Insurgency in Northeast India
, image = IN-AS.svg
, image_size = 300px
, caption = State of Assam
, date = 27 November 1990 – present ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, year1=1990, month1=11, day1=27)
, place = Assam, India
, territory =
, status = Ongoing, most rebel groups disbanded or signed peace agreement
, combatant1 = {{flag, India
Border conflicts:
{{flag, Bangladesh
{{flag, Bhutan
, combatant2 = {{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px ULFA
(1979–present)
{{flagicon image, Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.svg KLO
(1995–present)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg KLNLF
(1990–2018)
{{flagicon image, Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg, 22px NDFB
(1990–2020)
DHD
(1990–2013)
UPDS
(1990–2014)
, combatant3 = ACF
(1996–2012)''
{{small, Minor factions'':Adivasi Cobra Militants of Assam (ACMA)
Adivasi National Liberation Army (ANLA)
, combatant4 = MULTA
(1996–2016)
, commander1 = {{plainlist ,
* {{flagicon, India Droupadi Murmu
(President)
* {{flagicon, India Jagdeep Dhankhar
(Vice President)
* {{flagicon, India Narendra Modi
(Prime Minister)
* {{flagicon, India, 22px Amit Shah
(Minister of Home Affairs)
* {{flagicon, India, 22px Subrahmanyam Jaishankar
( Ministry of External Affairs)
* {{flagicon image} Anish Dayal Singh
(Director General)
* {{flagicon image, Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg Anil Chauhan
( Chief of Defence Staff)
* {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Manoj Pande
( Chief of the Army Staff)
* {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg M. V. Suchindra Kumar
( Vice Chief of the Army Staff)
* {{flagicon image, Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg R. Hari Kumar
( Chief of the Naval Staff)
* {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Dinesh K Tripathi
( Vice Chief of the Naval Staff)
* {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Vivek Ram Chaudhari
( Chief of the Air Staff)
* {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Amar Preet Singh
( Vice Chief of the Air Staff)
* {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Nitin Agarwal
( Director general of police)
* {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Rajnath Singh
(Minister of Defence)
* {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Giridhar Aramane
( Defence Secretary)
----
* {{flagicon, Bangladesh Shahabuddin Chuppu
(President)
* {{flagicon, Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina
(Prime Minister)
* {{flagicon, Bhutan Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (King)
* {{flagicon, Bhutan Tshering Tobgay (Prime Minister)

{{Collapsible list
, titlestyle=background-color:transparent; text-align:left;
, title= Former
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Ramaswamy Venkataraman
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Shankar Dayal Sharma
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Kocheril Raman Narayanan
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Pratibha Patil
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Pranab Mukherjee †
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Ram Nath Kovind
, {{flagicon, India, size=23px Krishan Kant
, {{flagicon, India, size=23px Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
, {{flagicon, India, size=23px Mohammad Hamid Ansari
, {{flagicon, India, size=23px Venkaiah Naidu
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Chandra Shekhar
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Atal Bihari Vajpayee
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Inder Kumar Gujral
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Manmohan Singh
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Shankarrao Chavan
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Murli Manohar Joshi
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Indrajit Gupta
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px L. K. Advani
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Shivraj Patil
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px P. Chidambaram
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Sushilkumar Shinde
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px M. C. Chagla
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Dinesh Singh
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Swaran Singh
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Bali Ram Bhagat
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px P. Shiv Shankar
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px N. D. Tiwari
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Vidya Charan Shukla
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Madhav Singh Solanki
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Dinesh Singh
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Sikander Bakht
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Jaswant Singh
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Yashwant Sinha
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Natwar Singh
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px S. M. Krishna
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Salman Khurshid
, {{flagdeco, India, size=23px Sushma Swaraj
----
, {{flagicon image} Kanwar Pal Singh Gill
, {{flagicon image} S Subramanian
, {{flagicon image} D P N Singh
, {{flagicon image} S V M Tripathi
, {{flagicon image} M B Kaushal
, {{flagicon image} M N Sabharwal
, {{flagicon image} Trinath Mishra
, {{flagicon image} S C Chaube
, {{flagicon image} Jyoti Kumar Sinha
, {{flagicon image} S I S Ahmed
, {{flagicon image} V K Joshi
, {{flagicon image} A S Gill
, {{flagicon image} Vikram Srivastava
, {{flagicon image} K. Vijay Kumar
, {{flagicon image} Pranay Sahay
, {{flagicon image} Dilip Trivedi
, {{flagicon image} Prakash Mishra
, {{flagicon image} K. Durga Prasad
, {{flagicon image} R. R. Bhatnagar
, {{flagicon image} Anand Prakash Maheshwari
, {{flagicon image} Kuldiep Singh
----
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg Bipin Rawat{{KIA
----
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Sunith Francis Rodrigues
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Bipin Chandra Joshi
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Shankar Roychowdhury
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Ved Prakash Malik
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Sundararajan Padmanabhan
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Nirmal Chander Vij
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg J. J. Singh
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Deepak Kapoor
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg V. K. Singh
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Bikram Singh
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Dalbir Singh Suhag
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Bipin Rawat{{KIA
, {{flagicon image, Flag COAS.svg Manoj Mukund Naravane
----
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg V. K. Sood
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Vijai Singh
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Surinder Nath
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg M. L. Dar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Ved Prakash Malik
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Chandra Shekhar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Vijay Oberoi
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Nirmal Chander Vij
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Shantonu Choudhry
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Bhupinder Singh Thakur
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg S. Pattabhiraman
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Deepak Kapoor
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Milan Lalitkumar Naidu
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Noble Thamburaj
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Arvinder Singh Lamba
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg S. K. Singh
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Dalbir Singh Suhag
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Philip Campose
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Man Mohan Singh Rai
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Bipin Rawat
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Sarath Chand
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Devraj Anbu
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Manoj Mukund Naravane
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Satinder Kumar Saini
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Chandi Prasad Mohanty
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg Manoj Pande
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Indian Vice Chief of Army Staff.svg B. S. Raju
----
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Laxminarayan Ramdas
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Vijai Singh Shekhawat
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Vishnu Bhagwat
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Sushil Kumar
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Madhvendra Singh
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Arun Prakash
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Sureesh Mehta
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Nirmal Kumar Verma
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Devendra Kumar Joshi
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Robin K. Dhowan
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Sunil Lanba
, {{flagicon image, Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg Karambir Singh
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg H. Johnson
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Suren P. Govil
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Vijai Singh Shekhawat
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg S. K. Chand
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Kailash K. Kohli
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Sushil Kumar
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg P. J. Jacob
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Madhvendra Singh
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg John Colin De Silva
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Arun Prakash
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Yashwant Prasad
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Venkat Bharathan
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Nirmal Kumar Verma
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg R. P. Suthan
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg D. K. Dewan
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Robin K. Dhowan
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Sunil Lanba
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Parasurama Naidu Murugesan
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Karambir Singh
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Ajit Kumar P
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg G. Ashok Kumar
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Satishkumar Namdeo Ghormade
, {{flagicon image, Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg Sanjay Jasjit Singh
----
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Surinder Mehra
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Nirmal Chandra Suri
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg S. K. Kaul
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Satish Sareen
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Anil Yashwant Tipnis
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Shashindra Pal Tyagi
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Fali Homi Major
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Pradeep Vasant Naik
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Norman Anil Kumar Browne
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Arup Raha
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg Birender Singh Dhanoa
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg R. K. S. Bhadauria
----
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Nirmal Chandra Suri
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Palamadai Muthuswamy Ramachandran
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Pondicherry Jayarao Jayakumar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Pratap Rao
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Satish Sareen
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Satish Sareen
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Trevor Raymond Joseph Osman
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Anil Yashwant Tipnis
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Prithvi Singh Brar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Vinod Patney
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Satish Govind Inamdar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Michael McMahon
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Sunil Kumar Malik
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Ajit Bhavnani
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg B. N. Gokhale
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Pradeep Vasant Naik
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Pranab Kumar Barbora
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Norman Anil Kumar Browne
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Krishan Kumar Nohwar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Dinesh Chandra Kumaria
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Arup Raha
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Ravi Kant Sharma
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Birender Singh Dhanoa
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Shirish Baban Deo
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Anil Khosla
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg R. K. S. Bhadauria
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Harjit Singh Arora
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Vivek Ram Chaudhari
, {{flagicon image, Flag of Air marshal (India).svg Sandeep Singh
----
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg T. Ananthachary
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Prakash Singh
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg D.K. Arya
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Arun Bhagat
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg A.K. Tandon
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg E. N. Rammohan
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Gurbachan Singh Jagat
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Ajay Raj Sharma
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg A.K. Mitra
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg M.L. Kumawat
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Raman Srivastava
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg U.K. Bansal
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Subhash Joshi
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg D.K. Pathak
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg K.K. Sharma
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Rajni Kant Mishra
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg V.K. Johri
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Surjeet Singh Deswal
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Rakesh Asthana
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Pankaj Kumar Singh
, {{flagicon image, BSF Flag.svg Sujoy Lal Thaosen
----
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Swaran Singh
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Jagjivan Ram
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Bansi Lal
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Chidambaram Subramaniam
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Shankarrao Chavan
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg K. C. Pant
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Sharad Pawar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Pramod Mahajan
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Mulayam Singh Yadav
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg George Fernandes
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Jaswant Singh
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg A. K. Antony
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Arun Jaitley
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Manohar Parrikar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Nirmala Sitharaman
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Narinder Nath Vohra
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg K. A. Nambiar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg T. K. Banerjee
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Ajit Kumar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg T. R. Prasad
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Yogendra Narain
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Subir Dutta
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Ajay Prasad
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Ajai Vikram Singh
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Shekhar Dutt
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Vijay Singh
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Pradeep Kumar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Shashi Kant Sharma
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg R. K. Mathur
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg G. Mohan Kumar
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Sanjay Mitra
, {{flagicon image, Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg Ajay Kumar
----
, {{Flagicon, Bangladesh Hussain Muhammad Ershad
, {{Flagicon, Bangladesh Shahabuddin Ahmed
, {{Flagicon, Bangladesh Abdur Rahman Biswas
, {{Flagicon, Bangladesh Badruddoza Chowdhury
, {{Flagicon, Bangladesh Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar
, {{Flagicon, Bangladesh Iajuddin Ahmed
, {{Flagicon, Bangladesh Zillur Rahman
, {{flagicon, Bangladesh Muhammed Abdul Hamid
, {{flagicon, Bangladesh Kazi Zafar Ahmed
, {{flagicon, Bangladesh Muhammad Habibur Rahman
, {{flagicon, Bangladesh Khaleda Zia
, {{flagicon, Bangladesh Latifur Rahman
, {{flagicon, Bangladesh Fazlul Haque
, {{flagicon, Bangladesh Fakhruddin Ahmed
----
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuck
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Jigme Palden Dorji
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Lhendup Dorji
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Jigme Thinley
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Sangay Ngedup
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Yeshey Zimba
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Khandu Wangchuk
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Kinzang Dorji
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Sonam Tobgye
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Tshering Wangchuk
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Lotay Tshering
, {{flagicon, Bhutan Chogyal Dago Rigdzin

, commander2 = {{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Paresh Baruah
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Arabinda Rajkhowa (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Pradip Gogoi (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Anup Chetia (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Raju Baruah (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Chitrabon Hazarika (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Ashanta Bagh Phukan ( MIA)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Ramu Mech (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Sashadhar Choudhury (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Bhimkanta Buragohain (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Mithinga Daimary (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Pranati Deka (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px Drishti Rajkhowa (POW)
{{flagicon image, Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg, 22px Sabin Boro, (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg Men Sing Takbi (POW)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg Pradip Terang (POW)
, commander3 = '' Unknown ''
, commander4 = '' Unknown ''
, units1 =
, units2 =
, strength1 = 1,325,000
, strength2 = {{flagicon image, Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg, 22px 700 (2005)
{{Flagicon image, Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg, 22px 3,500 (2005)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg 225 (2008)
, strength3 = 100
, strength4 = ''Unknown''
, casualties1 = From 1992 to 2014:
1679
, casualties2 = From 1992 to 2019:
3169
, casualties5 = Civilian casualties: 4305
, notes =
, campaignbox =

Assam separatist movements refers to a series of multiple insurgent and separatist movements that had been operated in the Northeast Indian state of Assam.{{cite web, url=http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/peopleandpower/2007/05/2008525184748958544.html, title=Bloody Tea, access-date=28 November 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071849/http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/peopleandpower/2007/05/2008525184748958544.html, archive-date=5 June 2011, url-status=live, df=dmy-all
The conflict started in the 1970s following tension between the native indigenous Assamese people and the Indian government over alleged neglect, political, social, cultural, economic issues and increased levels of illegal immigration from Bangladesh. The conflict has resulted in the deaths of 12,000 United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) militants and 18,000 others.{{cite web, url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=34300&dtP=2010-04-25&ppr=1#34300, title=The Sentinel, publisher=sentinelassam.com, access-date=12 April 2014, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719035856/http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=34300&dtP=2010-04-25&ppr=1#34300, archive-date=19 July 2011, url-status=dead, df=dmy-all{{cite web, url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/assam.htm, title=Assam, first=John, last=Pike, access-date=28 November 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626110935/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/assam.htm, archive-date=26 June 2018, url-status=live, df=dmy-all

Several organisations contribute to the insurgency including the ULFA, the Adivasi National Liberation Army, Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front (KLNLF) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) with ULFA perhaps the largest of these groups, and one of the oldest, having been founded in 1979.{{cite web, url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/ulfa.htm, title=United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) – Terrorist Group of Assam, access-date=28 November 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117092038/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/ulfa.htm, archive-date=17 November 2009, url-status=live, df=dmy-all The ULFA has attacked Hindi-speaking migrant workers{{Cite web , url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers23%5Cpaper2257.html , title=Assam: ULFA's Rerun of Violence against Migrant Workers , access-date=27 September 2013 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128074934/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers23/paper2257.html , archive-date=28 November 2010 , url-status=usurped , df=dmy-all and a movement exists favouring secession from the Republic of India. The alleged neglect and economic, social, cultural and political exploitation by the Indian state are the main reasons behind the growth of this secessionist movement.

The ULFA seeks to establish a sovereign Assam via armed struggle. MULTA (Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam), on the other hand, seeks to establish an Islamic state in India via the jihadist struggle of Muslims of both indigenous and migrant origin. The Government of India banned the ULFA in 1990 and classifies it as a terrorist group, while the US State Department lists it under "other groups of concern".

Founded at Rang Ghar, a historic structure dating to the Ahom kingdom on April{{nbsp7, 1979, the ULFA has been the subject of military operations by the Indian Army since 1990, which have continued into the present. In the past two decades some 30,000 people have died in the clash between the rebels and the government.
Though separatist sentiment is considered strong, it is disputed if the secessionist movement continues to enjoy popular support. Conversely, assertions of Assamese nationalism are found in Assamese literature and culture. The neglect and exploitation by the Indian state are common refrains in the Assamese-language media with some reports casting the ULFA leaders as saviors.

Internationally acclaimed Assamese novelist Indira Goswami has tried to broker peace for several years between the rebels and the government. In a recent development Hiren Gohain, a public intellectual, has stepped in to expedite the process.

Notable incidents

In June 7 in 2007, Dilip Agarwal, an Indian businessman (grocer) and his son, Rajat Agarwal were kidnapped by four suspected Adivasi National Liberation Army (ANLA). In December of the same year, an improvised explosive device planted in a train compartment on its way from Dibrugarh to Delhi, India, blast killing 5 civilians and wounded five more. The ANLA claimed the attack to the media asking for more rights and recognition for the community in the state.

On December 23, 2008, armed militants of the ANLA shot dead the Deputy Manager Gautom Kotoky a senior tea executive in Carramore tea estate (owned by McLeod & Russell Group) along the India-Bhutan border under Harisinga Police Station in Odalguri, Assam. In the next day, a bomb blasts on railway tracks between Khatkhati and Bokajan. The attack left only material damage, and were attributed to the ANLA.

In July 10 of 2011, an explosion was registered in the Guwahati-Puri Express train. Four of the train's coaches were derailed and over 100 people were wounded, and the attack caused an unknown amount of property damage to the tracks and train. Authorities said the bomb was placed on the track with wires and other trigger materials, which were found after the bombing. The Adivasi People's Army (APA) claimed responsibility for the attack through an email, and the police suspected that National Democratic Front of Bodoland for the bombing. Suspected APA militants attacked and wound Zakir Hussain, leader in the Assam Minorities Students' Union (AMSU); he held the position of Kamandanga unit assistant secretary. The attack took place in Kokrajhar district, Assam. The APA carried out other similar attacks in train tracks.

In December 21, the businessman Ratan Saha was kidnapped by members of the Adivasi Cobra Militants of Assam (ACMA) in Kokrajhar, Assam. In response, locals violently protested the kidnapping and demanded that Saha be released in one day. There were no reports of the outcome of the kidnapping.

During 2012, all Adivasi militants including those of Adivasi Cobra Force surrendered. In December of the same year, armed militants of the ANLA kidnapped Gobin Goswami, the headmaster of Kuwoni Lower Primary School in Golaghat, the motive of the abduction and the outcome of the kidnapping is unknown.

Suspect members of the ANLA abducted a grocery store owner and his employee in Majuli area, Sonitpur. The attackers claimed the kidnapping because they had failed to make ransom payments.

On 15 May 2019, twelve people were injured after a grenade exploded in front of a shopping mall in Guwahati. Days later the United Liberation Front of Assam claimed responsibility for the attack, and the authorities arrested the main suspects.

In 2020 and 2021, all Bodo, Karbi, Kuki and Dimasa militants surrendered to the government of India.{{Citation needed, date=February 2022

In 2022, Gorkha and Tiwa Militants also surrendered.{{Citation needed, date=February 2022

Swadhin Axom

Swadhin Axom (Independent Assam) is a proposed independent state in Northeast India, primarily inhabited by the Assamese people. The concept of Swadhin Axom stems from the historical and cultural distinctiveness of Assam and the desire of its people for self-determination and sovereignty. The region is currently a part of the Indian state of Assam.

History

The history of Assam is characterized by a rich cultural heritage and a long-standing struggle for autonomy. The Ahom Kingdom, which ruled Assam for several centuries, is renowned for its administrative prowess and cultural contributions. Many assamese feel that assam became Indian, only because of the British. However, with the advent of British colonial rule in the 19th century, Assam's political landscape underwent significant changes.

The Assam Movement, which began in the late 1970s and culminated in the signing of the Assam Accord in 1985, was a pivotal moment in the region's quest for self-determination. Led by organizations like the All Assam Students' Union (AASU) and the All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP), the movement demanded the identification and deportation of illegal immigrants, primarily from Bangladesh, and sought to safeguard the socio-cultural identity of the Assamese people.

Leaders of the Swadhin Axom movement

Throughout its history, the Swadhin Axom movement has been shaped by visionary leaders who have tirelessly advocated for the rights and aspirations of the Assamese people. Figures like Bishnu Prasad Rabha, a multifaceted artist and social reformer, Tarun Ram Phukan, a prominent political leader, and Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, a key figure in the Assam Movement and a former Chief Minister of Assam, have played crucial roles in advancing the cause of Swadhin Axom.

Assam's engagement with India

Assam's relationship with India has been characterized by periods of cooperation and conflict. The region's strategic importance, owing to its abundant natural resources and geographical location, has made it a focal point of Indian government policies. However, issues such as resource exploitation, cultural preservation, and political representation have often led to tensions between Assam and the Indian government.

Exploitation of resources

Assam, known for its rich natural resources, has often faced challenges related to their exploitation and management by the Indian government. The state is endowed with abundant mineral resources, including oil, natural gas, coal, and limestone, making it a significant contributor to India's economy. However, the extraction and utilization of these resources have been a point of contention due to issues of ownership, environmental degradation, and equitable distribution of revenues.

The discovery of oil in Assam in the late 19th century marked the beginning of industrialization in the region. The Assam Oil Company, later known as Oil India Limited, was established in 1889, and the Digboi oilfield became one of the oldest operational oilfields in the world. The exploitation of oil resources in Assam has played a crucial role in India's energy security. However, it has also led to environmental degradation, including oil spills, pollution, and land subsidence.

Natural gas is another significant resource found in Assam, with major reserves located in areas like Sivasagar, Jorhat, and Dibrugarh. The discovery of natural gas fields has led to the establishment of several gas-based industries in the state. However, the extraction and processing of natural gas have raised concerns about its impact on the environment and local communities.

The coal mines in Assam, particularly in the Makum coalfield, have been a source of livelihood for many locals. However, the mining operations have been criticized for their environmental impact, including deforestation, air and water pollution, and land degradation.

The exploitation of resources in Assam has also been a source of political tension. The "Tez dim, tel nadim" (We will give you blood but no oil) slogan, popularized by the All Assam Students' Union (AASU) during the Assam Agitation (1979–1985), highlighted the demand for a fair share of the state's resources and revenue for its development. The slogan reflected the sentiment of many Assamese people who felt marginalized and exploited by the central government's policies.

Human rights violations

Assam has been plagued by several instances of human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, rape, and other forms of violence, often attributed to the presence of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in the region. The Act, in force in Assam and other parts of Northeast India, grants special powers to the armed forces in areas deemed disturbed. While intended to maintain public order, AFSPA has been criticized for enabling impunity and human rights abuses.

Extrajudicial killings and secret killings

One of the darkest chapters in Assam's recent history is the period of secret killings in the early 2000s. In the aftermath of the Assam Accord (1985), which aimed to resolve the issue of illegal immigration, a series of extrajudicial killings occurred, particularly in the town of Kakopathar. These killings, allegedly carried out by state police and security forces, targeted suspected militants and their families without any judicial process. The victims included women and children, and the killings were often disguised as encounters.

Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act has been a subject of controversy in Assam, with allegations of its misuse leading to widespread human rights abuses. Under AFSPA, security forces have broad powers, including the authority to shoot to kill, conduct searches without warrants, and arrest individuals without formal procedures. The Act has been criticized by human rights organizations for enabling impunity and creating a climate of fear and distrust among the civilian population.

Rape and sexual violence

Instances of rape and sexual violence, often involving security forces, have been reported in Assam. These cases highlight the vulnerability of women in conflict-affected areas and the challenges they face in seeking justice. One such case involved the rape of a 12-year-old girl by an army jawan in Assam's Baksa district in 2015. Despite the victim's family filing a complaint, no action was taken against the accused, raising concerns about impunity and lack of accountability.

Lack of accountability

One of the major issues in addressing human rights violations in Assam has been the lack of accountability and the failure to bring perpetrators to justice. Cases of extrajudicial killings, rape, and other forms of violence often go unpunished, leading to a sense of impunity among security forces and other perpetrators.

Birth of ULFA

The United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) was formed on April 7, 1979, with the aim of establishing an independent sovereign Assam through armed struggle. The group emerged in response to the socio-political and economic grievances of the Assamese people, particularly regarding illegal immigration from Bangladesh, perceived as a threat to the Assamese identity and culture.

Background

ULFA was founded by six Assamese youths, including Paresh Baruah, who became its military chief. The group gained traction by tapping into the growing resentment against the perceived neglect and exploitation of Assam by the Indian government. The Assam Accord of 1985, which sought to address these grievances, failed to satisfy ULFA's demand for independence, leading to further escalation of the conflict.

Armed struggle

ULFA began its armed struggle against the Indian state, targeting security forces, government officials, and infrastructure. The group employed guerrilla tactics and bombings to further its cause, leading to a cycle of violence and counter-violence in Assam.

Impact

The emergence of ULFA had a profound impact on Assam's socio-political landscape. The group's activities disrupted normal life in the state, leading to economic losses and a sense of insecurity among the populace. The Indian government's response, including the imposition of AFSPA, further exacerbated tensions and human rights abuses in the region.

International connections

ULFA sought support from various quarters, including countries like China, which were sympathetic to its cause. The group also forged links with other separatist movements in the region, aiming to garner support for its struggle for independence. ULFA is also quite close with Kachin Independence Army of Myanmar, maintaining close tie in the Federal Wesean Alliance.

Present day

The demand for Swadhin Axom remains a significant issue in Assam's political discourse. While some advocate for greater autonomy within the Indian federal structure, others continue to push for complete independence. The region's complex demographic dynamics, marked by ethnic diversity and historical grievances, contribute to the nuanced nature of the debate surrounding Swadhin Axom.

However, in recent years, there have been discussions about the formation of a federal Wesean state that would encompass Swadhin Axom as one of its constituent regions. This proposal envisions a political entity that would bring together various ethnic groups in the region, including the Assamese, in a federal arrangement that respects their distinct identities and aspirations.{{Cite web , title=terrorist-group-incident-text-india-insurgencynortheast-united-liberation-front-of-asom-independent-ulfa-i_Aug-2013 , url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-incident-text/india-insurgencynortheast/united-liberation-front-of-asom-independent-ulfa-i_Aug-2013 , access-date=2024-06-19 , website=www.satp.org

See also

* Operation All Clear
* 2008 Assam bombings
* Bhimajuli Massacre
* 2009 Guwahati bombings
* 2009 Assam serial blasts
* Insurgency in North-East India
* Separatist movements of India

References

{{Reflist

{{Stateless nationalism in Asia
{{Ethnic nationalism
{{History of Assam
{{India separatist movements
{{Ongoing military conflicts

1990s in Assam
2000s in Assam
2010s in Assam
2020s in Assam
*
Assamese nationalism
Assamese people
Ethnic conflicts
Insurgencies in Asia
National liberation movements
Politics of Assam
Proposed countries
Rebellions in India
Separatism in India