The 0s began on January 1, AD 1 and ended on December 31, AD 9, covering the first nine years of the

Common Era Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the ...

. In Europe, the 0s saw the continuation of conflict between the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...

and

Germanic tribes The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who lived in Northern Europe in Classical antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. In modern scholarship, they typically include not only the Roman-era ''Germani'' who lived in both ''Germania'' and parts ...

in the Early Imperial campaigns in Germania. Vinicius,

Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus ( ; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was Roman emperor from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC to Roman politician Tiberius Cl ...

and Varus led Roman forces in multiple punitive campaigns, before sustaining a major defeat at the hands of Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Concurrently, the Roman Empire fought the against a rebelling alliance of native peoples led by Bato the Daesitiate in Illyricum, which was suppressed in AD 9. A conflict also took place in Korea, where

Daeso Hae Daeso (; 60 BCE – 22 AD, r. 7 BCE – 22 AD) was the third and last ruler of the ancient Korean kingdom Dongbuyeo. Early life Daeso was the first son of King Geumwa, and the grandson of Dongbuyeo's founder and first ruler, Hae Buru. As th ...

, King of

Dongbuyeo Eastern Buyeo, also rendered as Dongbuyeo or Eastern Fuyu, was an ancient kingdom that developed from Buyeo, Northern Buyeo (Northern Fuyu), until it was conquered by Goguryeo. According to the ''Samguk Sagi'', it was established when the Buyeo ...

invaded

Goguryeo Goguryeo (37 BC – 668 AD) (; ; Old Korean: Guryeo) also later known as Goryeo (; ; Middle Korean: 고ᇢ롕〮, ''kwòwlyéy''), was a Korean kingdom which was located on the northern and central parts of the Korea, Korean Peninsula an ...

with a 50,000-man army in AD 6. He was forced to retreat when heavy snow began to fall, stopping the conflict until the next decade. In China, the last ruler of the Chinese

Western Han dynasty The Han dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and a warring in ...

( Ruzi Ying) was deposed, allowing Wang Mang to establish the

Xin dynasty The Xin dynasty (; ), also known as Xin Mang () in Chinese historiography, was a short-lived Dynasties in Chinese history, Chinese imperial dynasty which lasted from 9 to 23 AD, established by the Han dynasty consort kin Wang Mang, who usurped th ...

. Literary works from the 0s include works from the ancient Roman poet

Ovid Publius Ovidius Naso (; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Augustan literature (ancient Rome), Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a younger contemporary of Virgil and Horace, with whom he i ...

; the , an instructional elegy series in three books, '' Metamorphoses,'' a poem which chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of

Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in Caesar's civil wa ...

within a loose mythico-historical framework, and '' Ibis,'' a curse poem written during his years in

exile Exile or banishment is primarily penal expulsion from one's native country, and secondarily expatriation or prolonged absence from one's homeland under either the compulsion of circumstance or the rigors of some high purpose. Usually persons ...

across the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...

for an offense against

Augustus Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (), was the founder of the Roman Empire, who reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in A ...

. Nicolaus of Damascus wrote the 15-volume ''History of the World''. Estimates for the world population by AD 1 range from 170 to 300 million. A

census A census (from Latin ''censere'', 'to assess') is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording, and calculating population information about the members of a given Statistical population, population, usually displayed in the form of stati ...

was concluded in

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

in AD 2: final numbers showed a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history.

Calendar details

Because there is no year zero in the

Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It went into effect in October 1582 following the papal bull issued by Pope Gregory XIII, which introduced it as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian cale ...

, this period is one of two "1-to-9" decade-like timespans that contain only nine years, along with the 0s BC. The ''

Anno Domini The terms (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Gregorian calendar, Gregorian and Julian calendar, Julian calendars. The term is Medieval Latin and means "in the year of the Lord" but is often presented using "o ...

'' (AD)

calendar era A calendar era is the period of time elapsed since one '' epoch'' of a calendar and, if it exists, before the next one. For example, the current year is numbered in the Gregorian calendar, which numbers its years in the Western Christian era ...

which numbers these years 1-9 was devised by

Dionysius Exiguus Dionysius Exiguus (Latin for "Dionysius the Humble"; Greek: Διονύσιος; – ) was a 6th-century Eastern Roman monk born in Scythia Minor. He was a member of a community of Scythian monks concentrated in Tomis (present-day Constanț ...

in 525, and became widely used in Christian Europe in the 9th century. Dionysius assigned BC 1 to be the year he believed

Jesus Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament, other names and titles, was a 1st-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the Jesus in Chris ...

was born (or according to at least one scholar, AD 1). Modern scholars disagree with Dionysius' calculations, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus). Errors applying leap years in the Julian Calendar affect parts of this 1-to-9 timespan. As a result, sources differ as to whether, for example, AD 1 was a

common year starting on Saturday A common year starting on Saturday is any non-leap year (i.e. a year with 365 days) that begins on Saturday, 1 January, and ends on Saturday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is B. The most recent year of such kind was 2022, and the next ...

Sunday Sunday (Latin: ''dies solis'' meaning "day of the sun") is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. Sunday is a Christian sabbath, day of rest in most Western countries and a part of the Workweek and weekend, weekend. In some Middle Ea ...

. It was a

by the proleptic Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Monday by the proleptic Gregorian calendar. It is the

epoch In chronology and periodization, an epoch or reference epoch is an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular calendar era. The "epoch" serves as a reference point from which time is measured. The moment of epoch is usually decided b ...

year for the Anno Domini (AD) Christian

, and the 1st year of the 1st century and 1st millennium of the Christian or

(CE).

Politics and wars

Heads of state

For brevity, only the most powerful and hegemonic states of the period are included. See list of state leaders in the 1st century for a broader list. Furthermore, the last year of a reign is excluded from this table if it lasted multiple years.

Wars

Events

Africa

* AD 2 – Juba II of

Mauretania Mauretania (; ) is the Latin name for a region in the ancient Maghreb. It extended from central present-day Algeria to the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, encompassing northern present-day Morocco, and from the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean in the ...

joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor. It is during this period that he meets Glaphyra, a Cappadocian princess and the former wife of Alexandros of

Judea Judea or Judaea (; ; , ; ) is a mountainous region of the Levant. Traditionally dominated by the city of Jerusalem, it is now part of Palestine and Israel. The name's usage is historic, having been used in antiquity and still into the pres ...

, a brother of

Herod Archelaus Herod Archelaus (, ''Hērōidēs Archelaos''; 23 BC – ) was the ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, including the cities Caesarea Maritima, Caesarea and Jaffa, for nine years (). He was the son of Herod the Great and Malthace the ...

, ethnarch of Judea, and becomes enamoured with her. * AD 7 – The epoch of the Ethiopian calendar begins.

China

* AD 1 –

Confucius Confucius (; pinyin: ; ; ), born Kong Qiu (), was a Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the Sinosphere originates in the phil ...

is given his first royal title ( posthumous name) of Baocheng Xuan Ni Gong. * AD 2 – Wang Mang begins a program of personal aggrandizement, restoring marquess titles to past imperial princes and introducing a pension system for retired officials. Restrictions are placed on the Emperor's mother, Consort Wei and members of the Wei Clan. * AD 2 – The first

is concluded in

after having begun the year before: final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history. * AD 3 – Wang Mang foils a plot by his son, Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to oust him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows. * AD 4 – Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping), daughter of Wang Mang, cementing his influence. * AD 4 – Wang Mang is given the title "superior duke". * AD 6,

January January is the first month of the year in the Julian calendar, Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the No ...

– Some Chinese fear for the life of the young, ailing Emperor Ping Di as the planet Mars disappears behind the moon this month. * AD 6,

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1047 – Drogo of Hauteville is elected as count of the Apulian Normans during the Norman conquest of Southern Italy. * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, u ...

– The boy emperor, Ping Di, dies of unexpected causes at age 14; Wang Mang alone selects the new emperor, Ruzi Ying, age 2, starting the ''Jushe'' era of the

Han dynasty The Han dynasty was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC ...

. * AD 6 – Candidates for government office must take civil-service examinations. * AD 6 – The imperial Liu clan suspects the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong (a/k/a Marquis of An-chung), with a small force starting in May or June. * AD 7 – Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang,

Henan Henan; alternatively Honan is a province in Central China. Henan is home to many heritage sites, including Yinxu, the ruins of the final capital of the Shang dynasty () and the Shaolin Temple. Four of the historical capitals of China, Lu ...

) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an,

Shandong Shandong is a coastal Provinces of China, province in East China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has served as a pivotal cultural ...

), emperor. This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han. * AD 7 – Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes. * AD 8 – Start of Chushi era of the Chinese

. * AD 8 – Wang Mang crushes a rebellion by Chai I, and on the winter solstice (which has been dated January 10 of the following year) officially assumes the title emperor, establishing the short-lived

. * AD 9,

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...

– Wang Mang founds the short-lived

(until AD 25). Wang Mang names his wife,

Wang Wang may refer to: Names * Wang (surname) Wang () is the pinyin romanization of Chinese, romanization of the common Chinese surname (''Wáng''). It has a mixture of various origin with uncertain lineage of family history, however it is c ...

, empress and his son, Wang Lin

Crown Prince A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The female form of the title, crown princess, is held by a woman who is heir apparent or is married to the heir apparent. ''Crown prince ...

, heir to the throne. * AD 9 – Empress

is given the title of Duchess Dowager of Ding'an, while Ruzi Ying, the former Emperor of Han, becomes the Duke of Ding'an. Ruzi Ying is placed under house arrest.

Europe

* AD 8 – Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome; Eppillus becomes king.

Korea

* AD 4 – Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the

Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...

n kingdom of

Silla Silla (; Old Korean: wikt:徐羅伐#Old Korean, 徐羅伐, Yale romanization of Korean, Yale: Syerapel, Revised Romanization of Korean, RR: ''Seorabeol''; International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA: ) was a Korean kingdom that existed between ...

(traditional date).

Persia

* AD 4 – King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia—the beginning of the

interregnum An interregnum (plural interregna or interregnums) is a period of revolutionary breach of legal continuity, discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order. Archetypally, it was the period of time between the reign of one m ...

. * AD 7 – Vonones I becomes ruler of the Parthian Empire (approximate date). * AD 8 – Vonones I becomes king (''

shah Shāh (; ) is a royal title meaning "king" in the Persian language.Yarshater, Ehsa, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII, no. 1 (1989) Though chiefly associated with the monarchs of Iran, it was also used to refer to the leaders of numerous Per ...

'') of the Parthian Empire.

Roman Empire

* AD 1 –

, under order of Emperor

, quells revolts in

Germania Germania ( ; ), also more specifically called Magna Germania (English: ''Great Germania''), Germania Libera (English: ''Free Germania''), or Germanic Barbaricum to distinguish it from the Roman provinces of Germania Inferior and Germania Superio ...

(AD 1–5). * AD 1 – Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of

Parthia Parthia ( ''Parθava''; ''Parθaw''; ''Pahlaw'') is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran. It was conquered and subjugated by the empire of the Medes during the 7th century BC, was incorporated into the subsequent Achaemeni ...

, on the

Euphrates The Euphrates ( ; see #Etymology, below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of West Asia. Tigris–Euphrates river system, Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia (). Originati ...

. Rather than invade the Parthians, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with them; Parthia recognizes Roman claims to

Armenia Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to ...

. * AD 1 – Birth of

, as assigned by

in his

anno Domini The terms (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Gregorian calendar, Gregorian and Julian calendar, Julian calendars. The term is Medieval Latin and means "in the year of the Lord" but is often presented using "o ...

era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think that Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus). * AD 2 – Following the death of Lucius Caesar,

allows his stepson

back into

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

as a private citizen, after six years of enforced retirement on

Rhodes Rhodes (; ) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and is their historical capital; it is the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, ninth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Administratively, the island forms a separ ...

. * AD 3 – The rule of Emperor

is renewed for a ten-year period. * AD 4 – Emperor

summons

to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir. * AD 4 – Tiberius also adopts

Germanicus Germanicus Julius Caesar (24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19) was a Roman people, Roman general and politician most famously known for his campaigns against Arminius in Germania. The son of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia the Younger, Germanicu ...

as his own heir. * AD 4 – The '' Lex Aelia Sentia'' regulates the

manumission Manumission, or enfranchisement, is the act of freeing slaves by their owners. Different approaches to manumission were developed, each specific to the time and place of a particular society. Historian Verene Shepherd states that the most wi ...

slaves Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...

. * AD 4 – A pact of non-aggression and friendship is signed between the

, represented by

, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops. * AD 4 – Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace. * AD 4 –

Livilla Claudia Livia (Classical Latin: CLAVDIA•LIVIA; – AD 31) was the only daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor and sister to Roman Emperor Claudius and general Germanicus, and thus paternal aunt of emperor Caligula and mate ...

marries Drusus Julius Caesar, son of

. * AD 4 – Nicolaus of Damascus writes the 15-volume ''History of the World''. * AD 5 –

acknowledges Cunobelinus, king of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain. * AD 5 – The

of Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome. * AD 5 –

conquers

Germania Inferior ''Germania Inferior'' ("Lower Germania") was a Roman province from AD 85 until the province was renamed ''Germania Secunda'' in the 4th century AD, on the west bank of the Rhine bordering the North Sea. The capital of the province was Colonia Cl ...

. * AD 5 –

Agrippina the Elder (Vipsania) Agrippina the Elder (also, in Latin, , "Germanicus's Agrippina"; – AD 33) was a prominent member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (a close supporter of the first Roman emperor, Aug ...

marries

, her second cousin. * AD 6 – Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system - the vigiles, initially manned only by freedmen - is created by the

Princeps ''Princeps'' (plural: ''Principes'') is a Latin word meaning "first in time or order; the first, foremost, chief, the most eminent, distinguished, or noble; the first person". As a title, ''Princeps'' originated in the Roman Republic wherein the ...

to allow quicker response to outbreaks of fire in the city. * AD 6 – Due to a food shortage in

, Augustus doubles the grain rations distributed to the people, sends away his slave retinue, and places the senate in recess indefinitely. * AD 6 – The

sets up a treasury, the '' aerarium militare'' (170 million '' sestertii)'', with the specific purpose of paying bonuses to retiring legion veterans. This is financed by a 5% tax on inheritances, a system said to have been suggested in

's memoirs. * AD 6 – The Temple of Castor and Pollux is rededicated in Rome by Tiberius after being destroyed by fire in 14 BC. * AD 6 – A pamphletting campaign in Rome is quashed by the

. Publius Plautius Rufus is accused but found innocent of the crime.Cassius Dio, The Roman Histories, Book 55, ch 27. * AD 6 –

banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia. * AD 6 –

makes

Carnuntum Carnuntum ( according to Ptolemy) was a Roman legionary fortress () and headquarters of the Roman navy, Pannonian fleet from 50 AD. After the 1st century, it was capital of the Pannonia Superior province. It also became a large city of app ...

his base of operations against Maroboduus; The

Roman legion The Roman legion (, ) was the largest military List of military legions, unit of the Roman army, composed of Roman citizenship, Roman citizens serving as legionary, legionaries. During the Roman Republic the manipular legion comprised 4,200 i ...

XX ''Valeria Victrix'' fight with Tiberius against the

Marcomanni The Marcomanni were a Germanic people who lived close to the border of the Roman Empire, north of the River Danube, and are mentioned in Roman records from approximately 60 BC until about 400 AD. They were one of the most important members of th ...

.Cassius Dio, The Roman Histories, Book 55, ch 29. * AD 6 – The building of a Roman fort signifies the origin of the city of

Wiesbaden Wiesbaden (; ) is the capital of the German state of Hesse, and the second-largest Hessian city after Frankfurt am Main. With around 283,000 inhabitants, it is List of cities in Germany by population, Germany's 24th-largest city. Wiesbaden form ...

. * AD 6 – The Illyrian tribes in

Dalmatia Dalmatia (; ; ) is a historical region located in modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. Through time it formed part of several historical states, most notably the Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Croatia (925 ...

and

Pannonia Pannonia (, ) was a Roman province, province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, on the west by Noricum and upper Roman Italy, Italy, and on the southward by Dalmatia (Roman province), Dalmatia and upper Moesia. It ...

revolt and begin the or Great Illyrian Revolt.Velleius Paterculus, Book 2, Ch 110. * AD 6 – Troops are levied in Rome to send to Illyricum from freedmen and slaves freed specifically for the purpose. * AD 6 –

marches back from the northern border to Illyricum to commence operations against the Illyrians. * AD 6 – Gaius Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia, and is heavily involved in the first battles of the or Great Illyrian Revolt. * AD 6 – Marcus Plautius Silvanus is made governor of Galatia and Pamphylia and suppresses an uprising of the

Isauria Isauria ( or ; ), in ancient geography, is a rugged, isolated district in the interior of Asia Minor, of very different extent at different periods, but generally covering what is now the district of Bozkır and its surroundings in the Konya P ...

ns in Pamphylia. * AD 6 –

ethnarch Ethnarch (pronounced , also ethnarches, ) is a term that refers generally to political leadership over a common ethnic group or homogeneous kingdom. The word is derived from the Greek language, Greek words (''Ethnic group, ethnos'', "tribe/nation ...

Samaria Samaria (), the Hellenized form of the Hebrew name Shomron (), is used as a historical and Hebrew Bible, biblical name for the central region of the Land of Israel. It is bordered by Judea to the south and Galilee to the north. The region is ...

, and Idumea, is deposed and banished to Vienne in

Gaul Gaul () was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Roman people, Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy. It covered an area of . Ac ...

. * AD 6 – Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces. * AD 6 – Quirinius conducts a

in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas of Galilee, and supported by the

Pharisee The Pharisees (; ) were a Jews, Jewish social movement and school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism. Following the Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70), destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, Pharisaic beliefs became ...

Zadok. The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard the God of Judaism as their only master. * AD 7 – Illyrian tribes in

and

continue the Great Illyrian Revolt against Roman rule. * AD 7 –

Publius Quinctilius Varus Publius Quinctilius Varus (46 BC or before – September AD 9) was a Roman general and politician. Serving under Augustus, who founded the Roman Empire, he is generally remembered for having lost three Roman legions in the Battle of the Teutob ...

is appointed governor of

, charged with organizing Germania between the

Rhine The Rhine ( ) is one of the List of rivers of Europe, major rivers in Europe. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. It forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein border, then part of the Austria–Swit ...

and

Elbe The Elbe ( ; ; or ''Elv''; Upper Sorbian, Upper and , ) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It rises in the Giant Mountains of the northern Czech Republic before traversing much of Bohemia (western half of the Czech Republic), then Ge ...

rivers. He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which creates dissension among the Germanic tribes. * AD 7 – Abgarus of Edessa is deposed as king of Osroene. * AD 7 – Construction of the Temple of Concord begins. * AD 8, August 3 – Roman general

defeats the

Illyrians The Illyrians (, ; ) were a group of Indo-European languages, Indo-European-speaking people who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times. They constituted one of the three main Paleo-Balkan languages, Paleo-Balkan populations, alon ...

on the River Bathinus, but the Great Illyrian Revolt continues. * AD 8 – Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced.

breaks off the engagement of

Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; ; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54), or Claudius, was a Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusus and Ant ...

to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida. An effort is made to betroth Claudius to Livia Medullina Camilla. * AD 8 – After completing '' Metamorphoses'',

begins the '' Fasti'' (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year and provide valuable insights into the

Roman calendar The Roman calendar was the calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic. Although the term is primarily used for Rome's pre-Julian calendars, it is often used inclusively of the Julian calendar established by Julius Caesar in 46&nbs ...

. * AD 8 – Roman

poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator (thought, thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems (oral t ...

is banished from

and exiled to the

near Tomis (modern-day

Constanța Constanța (, , ) is a city in the Dobruja Historical regions of Romania, historical region of Romania. A port city, it is the capital of Constanța County and the country's Cities in Romania, fourth largest city and principal port on the Black ...

). * AD 9, c. September 9 – Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: Legio XVII, XVIII and XIX are lured by Arminius into an ambush and defeated by his tribe, the Cherusci, and their Germanic allies. The Roman '' aquilae'' are lost and the Roman general and governor

dies by suicide. Legio II Augusta, XX Valeria Victrix, and XIII Gemina move to Germany to replace the lost legions. * AD 9 – The '' Bellum Batonianum'' (Great Illyrian Revolt) in Dalmatia is suppressed. * AD 9 – First record of the subdivision of the province of Illyricum into lower (

) and upper (

) regions. * AD 9 – In order to increase the number of marriages, and ultimately the population, the '' Lex Papia Poppaea'' is adopted in Italy. This law prohibits celibacy and childless relationships. * AD 9 – Roman finances become strained following the Danubian insurrection and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, resulting in the levying of two new taxes: five percent on inheritances, and one percent on sales. * AD 9 – Cunobeline is first recorded to be king of the Catuvellauni at

Camulodunum Camulodunum ( ; ), the Roman Empire, Ancient Roman name for what is now Colchester in Essex, was an important Castra, castrum and city in Roman Britain, and the first capital of the province. A temporary "wikt:strapline, strapline" in the 1960s ...

(modern-day Colchester) in Britain. * AD 9 –

completes the curse poem '' Ibis''.

Demographics

Estimates for the world population in 1 AD range from 150 to 300 million. The below table summarizes estimates by various authors.

Significant people

Erato In Greek mythology, Erato (; ) is one of the Greek Muses, the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. The name would mean "desired" or "lovely", if derived from the same root as Eros, as Apollonius of Rhodes playfully sugge ...

, Artaxiad dynasty Queen of Armenia, 8–5 BC, 2 BC – 2 AD, 6–11 * Ariobarzan of Atropatene, Client King of Armenia, r. 1 BC – 2 AD * Artavazd V, Client King of Armenia, r. 2–11 * Tigranes V, Artaxiad dynasty King of Armenia, r. 2–6 * Ping Di, Emperor of

China, r. 1 BC – 5 AD * Ruzi Ying, Emperor of

China, r. 6–9 * Wang Mang, Usurper Emperor of the short-lived

in China r. 9–23 * Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC – 17 AD * Arminius, German war chief * Arshak II, King of Caucasian Iberia, r. 20 BC-1 AD * Pharasmanes I, King of Caucasian Iberia, r. 1-58 * Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC – 10 AD * Crimthann Nia Náir, Legendary

High King of Ireland High King of Ireland ( ) was a royal title in Gaelic Ireland held by those who had, or who are claimed to have had, lordship over all of Ireland. The title was held by historical kings and was later sometimes assigned anachronously or to leg ...

, r.

8 BC __NOTOC__ Year 8 BC was either a common year starting on Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Wednesday ...

– AD 9 * Cairbre Cinnchait, Legendary

, r. 9–14 * Suinin, Legendary Emperor of Japan, r. 29 BC – 70 AD * Natakamani, King of Kush, r. ( 1 BC – AD 20) * Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene, 4 BC–AD 7, 13–50 * Ma'nu IV, King of Osroene, 7–13 * Phraates V, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC – 4 AD * Musa of Parthia, mother and co-ruler with Phraates V, r. 2 BC – 4 AD * Orodes III, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 4–6 * Vonones I, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 8–12 * Artabanus of Parthia, pretender to the Parthian throne and future King of Parthia * Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor ( 27 BC – AD 14) * Gaius Caesar, Roman general *

Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding i ...

, Roman historian *

, Roman poet * Quirinius, Roman nobleman and politician *

Hillel the Elder Hillel ( ''Hīllēl''; variously called Hillel the Elder or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, Sage (philosophy), sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of ...

, Jewish scholar and Nasi of the Sanhedrin, in office – 9 AD * Shammai, Jewish scholar and Av Beit Din of the Sanhedrin, in office 20 BC – 20 AD *

, Roman general, statesman, and future emperor * Hyeokgeose, King of

, r. 57 BC – 4 AD * Namhae, King of

, r. 4–24

Births

* AD 1 – Sextus Afranius Burrus, Roman praetorian prefect (d. AD 62) * AD 1 – Izates II, King of Adiabene (d. AD 54) * AD 1 –

Seneca the Younger Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger ( ; AD 65), usually known mononymously as Seneca, was a Stoicism, Stoic philosopher of Ancient Rome, a statesman, a dramatist, and in one work, a satirist, from the post-Augustan age of Latin literature. Seneca ...

, Roman stoic philosopher was born in Cordoba (d. AD 65) * AD 2 – Deng Yu, Chinese general and statesman (d. AD 58) * AD 3 – Ban Biao, Chinese historian and official (d. AD 54) * AD 3 – Geng Yan, Chinese general of the

(d. AD 58) * AD 3 – Tiberius Claudius Balbilus, Roman politician and astrologer (d.

AD 79 __NOTOC__ AD 79 ( LXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Titus and Vespasianus (or, less frequently, year 832 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination AD 79 ...

) * AD 4 – Columella, Roman

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

writer (d. AD 70) * AD 4 – Daemusin, Korean king of

(d. AD 44) * AD 4 – Publius Quinctilius Varus the Younger, Roman nobleman (d. AD 27) * AD 4 – Possible date –

, Jewish preacher and religious leader (executed c. AD 30/33) * AD 5 – Habib the Carpenter, Syrian disciple,

martyr A martyr (, ''mártys'', 'witness' Word stem, stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In ...

* AD 5 –

Paul the Apostle Paul, also named Saul of Tarsus, commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Apostles in the New Testament, Christian apostle ( AD) who spread the Ministry of Jesus, teachings of Jesus in the Christianity in the 1st century, first ...

, Jewish leader of the

Christians A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the world. The words '' Christ'' and ''C ...

* AD 5 – Ruzi Ying, great-grandson of Xuan of Han (d. AD 25) * AD 5 – Yin Lihua, empress of the

(d. AD 64) * AD 6 – Gaius Manlius Valens, Roman senator and consul (d. AD 96) * AD 6 –

John the Apostle John the Apostle (; ; ), also known as Saint John the Beloved and, in Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Saint John the Theologian, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Generally listed as the youngest apostle, he ...

, Jewish Christian mystic (d. AD 100) * AD 6 – Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman politician (d. AD 39) * AD 6 – Milonia Caesonia, Roman empress (d. AD 41) * AD 6 – Nero Julius Caesar, son of

and

(d. AD 30) * AD 7 – Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman general (d.

AD 67 AD 67 ( LXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still ...

) * AD 7 – Julia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and

(d.

AD 43 AD 43 ( XLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Vitellius (or, less frequently, year 796 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination AD 43 for this y ...

) * AD 8 – Drusus Caesar, member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (d. AD 33) * AD 8 – Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul and brother of

Vespasian Vespasian (; ; 17 November AD 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman emperor from 69 to 79. The last emperor to reign in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for 27 years. His fiscal reforms and consolida ...

(d.

AD 69 AD 69 (Roman numerals, LXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Roman consul, consulship of Galba and Titus Vinius, Vinius (or, less frequently, year 822 ''Ab urbe ...

) * AD 9, November 17 –

, Roman emperor (d.

)

Deaths

* AD 1 – Amanishakheto, queen of

Kush KUSH 1600 AM is a radio station licensed to Cushing, Oklahoma. The station broadcasts a Full service format, consisting of local and national talk, sports Sport is a physical activity or game, often competitive and organized, tha ...

(

Nubia Nubia (, Nobiin language, Nobiin: , ) is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between the confluence of the Blue Nile, Blue and White Nile, White Niles (in Khartoum in central Sudan), and the Cataracts of the Nile, first cataract ...

) * AD 2, August 20 – Lucius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (b. 17 BC) * AD 2 – Gaius Marcius Censorinus, Roman consul (approximate date) * AD 3 – Bao Xuan, Chinese politician of the Han dynasty * AD 4 –

February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The ...

– Gaius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (b. 20 BC) * AD 4 –

June 26 Events Pre-1600 *4 AD, 4 – Augustus adopts Tiberius. * 221 – Roman emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar (title), Caesar. * 363 – Roman emperor Julian (emperor), J ...

– Ariobarzanes II, Roman client king of

(b. 40 BC) * AD 4 – Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman orator, poet and historian (b. 65 BC) * AD 4 – Hyeokgeose, Korean king of

(b.

75 BC __NOTOC__ Year 75 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavius and Cotta (or, less frequently, year 679 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 75 BC for this year has been us ...

) * AD 4 – Lucius Cornelius Lentulus, Roman consul * AD 6,

– Ping, Chinese emperor of the

(b.

9 BC __NOTOC__ Year 9 BC was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Common year starting on Thursday, Thursday or Common year starting on Friday, Friday or a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see Julian ca ...

) * AD 6 – Cleopatra Selene II, Egyptian ruler of Cyrenaica and

Libya Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya border, the east, Sudan to Libya–Sudan border, the southeast, Chad to Chad–L ...

(b. 40 BC) * AD 6 – Orodes III, king (''

'') of the Parthian Empire * AD 6 – Terentia, wife of Marcus Tullius Cicero (b. 98 BC) * AD 7 – Athenodoros Cananites, Stoic philosopher (b. 74 BC) * AD 7 – Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus, Roman consul * AD 7 – Glaphyra, daughter of Archelaus of Cappadocia (approximate date) * AD 7 – Lucius Sempronius Atratinus, Roman politician * AD 8 – Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Roman general (b. 64 BC) * AD 9, September 15 –

, Roman general (b.

46 BC __NOTOC__ Year 46 BC was the last year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Lepidus (or, less frequently, year 708 '' Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 46 BC for this year has ...

) * AD 9 – Marcus Caelius, Roman centurion (b. c. 45 BC)

References

{{commons category