|
Timeline Of The Ère Des Attentats
This page presents all events related to the Ère des attentats (English: Era of Attacks) from 1892 to 1894. General overview This timeline is largely based on the list provided by Hélène Millot, with additional references from the more comprehensive works of John M. Merriman and Vivien Bouhey. The start and end dates of the period follow Millot's framework, beginning with the Saint-Germain bombing The Saint-Germain bombing was a bomb attack carried out on 11 March 1892 in Boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris, by anarchist militants Ravachol, Rosalie Soubère, Joseph Jas-Béala, and Charles Simon. The attack was seen as an act of retribution a ... (11 March 1892) and ending with the massacre of anarchist convicts (22 October 1894). However, Bouhey offers a broader perspective, considering the period from 1890 to 1894, which is not adopted here. The Fourmies massacre and the Clichy affair are included in the timeline, as most sources regard these two events as immediate precur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ère Des Attentats
The (), or the French anarchist campaign of attacks from 1892 to 1894, was a period in the history of France and the broader Propaganda of the deed, history of propaganda of the deed (1880–1914), marked by a significant wave of political violence—both from the French authorities and Anarchism, anarchist terrorists. Its chronological boundaries extend from the Saint-Germain bombing (11 March 1892) to the Revolt of Saint-Joseph, massacre of the anarchist convicts (22 October 1894). During this period, the French press largely shaped political discourse and public opinion, presenting these acts as interconnected events forming a progressive logic rather than isolated incidents. In response to the significant repression anarchists had suffered in France since the Paris Commune (1871), a number of them came to consider terrorism as a legitimate means of avenging this repression, targeting symbols of power, state institutions, and emblematic places of bourgeois life. During the fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Véry Bombing
The Véry bombing was a bomb attack carried out on 25 April 1892 in Paris by the Individualist anarchism, anarchist militants Théodule Meunier, Jean-Pierre François (anarchist), Jean‑Pierre François and Fernand Bricout against the restaurant ''Le Véry''. The three attacked the establishment in response to the arrest of Ravachol, whom the owner of the establishment, Jean‑Marie Véry, had denounced to the police and whose arrest he had enabled. For them, it was a means to target a police informer they considered a legitimate target because of his collaboration with the authorities against the anarchists. The attack pursued the series of acts committed by Ravachol and escalated the tension of the Ère des attentats (1892–1894). Despite increased security around the establishment, Meunier and François managed to plant a bomb near the counter, killing two people, including their target, Véry. They injured at least one person. The three militants were arrested after the attac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Repression Of January And February 1894
The repression of January and February 1894 was an episode of the Ère des attentats (1892–1894), during which France engaged in significant Political repression, state repression against Anarchism, anarchists. The passage of the lois scélérates ('villainous laws') in December 1893, following the National Assembly bombing, granted French political and police authorities extensive powers to combat anarchists. Using these laws, they launched a large-scale crackdown, employing both legal and extra-legal means to achieve their goals. Thousands of raids and arrests were carried out across France, including its French Algeria, colonies, anarchist newspapers were banned, and a nationwide 'manhunt for anarchists' was declared. The execution of Auguste Vaillant on 5 February 1894—after president Sadi Carnot (statesman), Sadi Carnot refused to grant him his pardon—was a defining moment of this repression. It was the most severe repression in France since the Paris Commune (1871).  ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Presumption Of Innocence
The presumption of innocence is a legal principle that every person Accused (law), accused of any crime is considered innocent until proven guilt (law), guilty. Under the presumption of innocence, the legal burden of proof is thus on the Prosecutor, prosecution, which must present compelling evidence to the trier of fact (a judge or a jury). If the prosecution does not prove the charges true, then the person is Acquittal, acquitted of the charges. The prosecution must in most cases prove that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. If reasonable doubt remains, the accused must be acquitted. The opposite system is a presumption of guilt. In many countries and under many legal systems, including common law and Civil law (legal system), civil law systems (not to be confused with Civil law (common law), the other kind of civil law, which deals with non-criminal legal issues), the presumption of innocence is a legal right of the accused in a criminal trial. It is also an in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incitement To Terrorism
Incitement to terrorism is a category in some national legal systems which may criminalize direct encouragement of acts of violence or praise for proscribed terrorist organizations. It was also prohibited by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1624 in 2005. Overview Legal scholars Daphne Barak-Erez and David Scharia have identified a difference in approach between European and United States laws criminalizing incitement to terrorism; the former tend to focus on the content of the speech and whether it supports terrorist violence, while the latter focuses on whether the speaker is linked to proscribed organizations. The European approach involves explicit limits on freedom of speech, while the United States approach is more indirect. Incitement is an inchoate offense and is punishable even if no causal connection with a terror attack is proven. Merely establishing terrorism as a potential result of the speech is sufficient. One major motivation for criminalizing incit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lois Scélérates
The ''lois scélérates'' ("villainous laws") – a pejorative name – were a set of three French laws passed from 1893 to 1894 under the Third Republic (1870–1940) that restricted the 1881 freedom of the press laws, after several bombings and assassination attempts carried out by anarchist proponents of "propaganda of the deed". Overview The first law was passed on 11 December 1893, two days after Auguste Vaillant's bombing of the National Assembly on 9 December 1893 (causing slight injuries to himself and 20 deputies). It condemned advocacy of any crime as being a crime itself, which permitted the state to repress most of the anarchist press. The last law was passed on 28 July 1894, and condemned any person or newspaper using anarchist propaganda (and, by extension, libertarian socialists who were current or former members of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA)): Thus, free speech and encouraging ''propaganda of the deed'' or antimilitarism were severely res ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auguste Vaillant
Auguste Vaillant (; 27 December 1861 – 5 February 1894) was a French anarchist known for his bomb attack on the French Chamber of Deputies on 9 December 1893. The French government's reaction to this attack was the passing of the infamous repressive '' Lois scélérates'' ("villainous laws"), three French laws passed from 1893 to 1894 which restricted freedom of the press. Life Auguste Vaillant's father was a ''gendarme'' in Corsica who abandoned his mother, forcing her to put Auguste into foster care. At the age of 12, he was living alone in Paris, apprenticed to a pastry chef. He was arrested and jailed several times in various cities, for begging and for theft. In 1885, he was living on rue Ordener in Paris, and was secretary for the Revolutionary Socialist Union of the 18th arrondissement. Over time, he moved further towards anarchism. In 1890, he left for Argentina and participated in the newspaper ''Liberté.'' In 1893, he returned to Paris.'''' In Paris, he planne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Assembly Bombing
The National Assembly bombing was a bomb attack carried out on 9 December 1893 in Paris by the Anarchism, anarchist militant Auguste Vaillant. Acting in reaction to other events of the ''Ère des attentats'', literally, "Era of Attacks", (1892–1894), such as the execution of Ravachol, the militant carefully prepared a bomb and managed to enter the galleries of the National Assembly (France), French National Assembly. He then threw it towards the deputies but was hindered by the arm of another spectator, which caused his attempt to fail. The bomb exploded, killing no one but slightly injuring several people – including Vaillant himself. The session at the National Assembly continued without interruption after the attack, while Vaillant was arrested later that day. Although the attack was a failure, it illustrated the opposition of anarchists to the French Republic and triggered two kinds of developments. On the one hand, the political authorities used it to push for the rapid a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Léon Léauthier
Léon-Jules Léauthier (January 1874, in Manosque - assassinated on 22 October 1894 at the penal colony of the Salvation Islands), was shoemaker, activist, and Anarchism, anarchist terrorist in France. An anarchist from a young age, he is best known for 13 November 1893 stabbing, stabbing the Serbian diplomat Rista Georgevitch in the midst of the Ère des attentats (1892–1894), on 13 November 1893. This attack was not targeted; Léauthier chose him as a symbol of revenge against the entire bourgeoisie, which he identified in him. Taking place only six days after the Liceu bombing, Léauthier's action became one of the first acts of indiscriminate terrorism in history, making him one of the founders of modern terrorism. Léauthier then voluntarily surrendered to the police before being sentenced to life imprisonment in the penal colony. Deported to the Salvation Islands, he was killed by police forces as part of a plot orchestrated by the authorities, resulting in the Revolt of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
13 November 1893 Stabbing
The 13 November 1893 stabbing was an attack carried out in Paris by the anarchist militant Léon Léauthier against Rista Georgevitch, a Serbian diplomat targeted because 'he looked bourgeois'. The attack, which took place in the middle of the Ère des attentats (1892–1894), was carried out by the anarchist in response to his dismissal from his job as a shoemaker and the misery in which he found himself. It was one of the first acts of indiscriminate terrorism in history, occurring only six days after the Liceu bombing and a few months before the Café Terminus bombing, making it a foundational event for modern terrorism. The victim ultimately survived his injuries, while Léauthier was sentenced to life imprisonment in a penal colony, where he was assassinated by the police in 1894. History Context In the 19th century, anarchism emerged and took shape in Europe before spreading. Anarchists advocated a struggle against all forms of domination perceived as unjust includi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Émile Henry (anarchist)
Émile Henry (26 September 1872 – 21 May 1894), nicknamed 'the Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, Saint-Just of Anarchy', was an Individualist anarchism, individualist and Illegalism, illegalist Anarchism, anarchist militant and terrorist. He is best known for his terrorist actions and is considered one of the main founders of modern terrorism. Born into a family of exiled Communards, they moved to France in 1880, where he pursued studies that promised him a prestigious career. However, after witnessing the misery and social inequalities of his society, he abandoned his studies to join Parisian anarchist circles, particularly under the influence of his older brother, Jean-Charles Fortuné Henry. Associating with various anarchists of the time, especially Charles Malato, who became his friend, he closely followed the beginning of the Ère des attentats, literally "Era of Attacks" (1892–1894) and the first attacks of Ravachol. As he became increasingly isolated, Henry paid close atte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
