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Émile Henry (anarchist)
Émile Henry (26 September 1872 – 21 May 1894), nicknamed 'the Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, Saint-Just of Anarchy', was an Individualist anarchism, individualist and Illegalism, illegalist Anarchism, anarchist militant and terrorist. He is best known for his terrorist actions and is considered one of the main founders of modern terrorism. Born into a family of exiled Communards, they moved to France in 1880, where he pursued studies that promised him a prestigious career. However, after witnessing the misery and social inequalities of his society, he abandoned his studies to join Parisian anarchist circles, particularly under the influence of his older brother, Jean-Charles Fortuné Henry. Associating with various anarchists of the time, especially Charles Malato, who became his friend, he closely followed the beginning of the Ère des attentats, literally "Era of Attacks" (1892–1894) and the first attacks of Ravachol. As he became increasingly isolated, Henry paid close atte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Antoine De Saint-Just
Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just (; 25 August 176710 Thermidor, Year II [28 July 1794]), sometimes nicknamed the Archangel of Terror, was a French revolutionary, political philosopher, member and president of the National Convention, French National Convention, a Jacobin club leader, and a major figure of the French Revolution. The youngest person elected to the National Convention, he was a member of the The Mountain, Mountain faction and a steadfast supporter and close friend of Maximilien Robespierre, Robespierre. He was swept away in Robespierre's Fall of Maximilien Robespierre, downfall on 9 Thermidor, Year II. Renowned for his eloquence, he stood out for his uncompromising nature and inflexibility of his principles advocating equality and virtue, as well as for the effectiveness of his missions during which he rectified the situation of the Army of the Rhine (1791–1795), Army of the Rhine and contributed to the Battle of Fleurus (1794), victory of the republican armie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auguste Vaillant
Auguste Vaillant (; 27 December 1861 – 5 February 1894) was a French anarchist known for his bomb attack on the French Chamber of Deputies on 9 December 1893. The French government's reaction to this attack was the passing of the infamous repressive '' Lois scélérates'' ("villainous laws"), three French laws passed from 1893 to 1894 which restricted freedom of the press. Life Auguste Vaillant's father was a ''gendarme'' in Corsica who abandoned his mother, forcing her to put Auguste into foster care. At the age of 12, he was living alone in Paris, apprenticed to a pastry chef. He was arrested and jailed several times in various cities, for begging and for theft. In 1885, he was living on rue Ordener in Paris, and was secretary for the Revolutionary Socialist Union of the 18th arrondissement. Over time, he moved further towards anarchism. In 1890, he left for Argentina and participated in the newspaper ''Liberté.'' In 1893, he returned to Paris.'''' In Paris, he planne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
École Polytechnique
(, ; also known as Polytechnique or l'X ) is a ''grande école'' located in Palaiseau, France. It specializes in science and engineering and is a founding member of the Polytechnic Institute of Paris. The school was founded in 1794 by mathematician Gaspard Monge during the French Revolution and was militarized under Napoleon I in 1804. It is still supervised by the Ministry of Armed Forces (France), French Ministry of Armed Forces. Originally located in the Latin Quarter, Paris, Latin Quarter in central Paris, the institution moved to Palaiseau in 1976, in the Paris-Saclay, Paris-Saclay technology cluster. French engineering students undergo initial military training and have the status of paid Aspirant, officer cadets. The school has also been awarding doctorates since 1985, masters since 2005 and bachelors since 2017. Most Polytechnique engineering graduates go on to become top executives in companies, senior civil servants, military officers, or researchers. List of É ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classe Préparatoire Aux Grandes écoles
The ''Classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles'' (, ''Higher school preparatory classes'', abbr. CPGE), commonly called ''classes prépas'' or ''prépas'', are part of the French post-secondary education system. They consist of two years of study (extendable to three or exceptionally four years) which act as an intensive preparatory course (or cram school) with the main goal of training students for enrolment in one of the ''grandes écoles''. Whereas enrollment in public universities in France is open to any school leaver with an adequate ''baccalauréat'', enrollment in the ''grandes écoles'' is restricted to the highest-ranked students in a separate national competitive examination. Preparation for this examination entails one of the highest student workloads in Europe (29 to 45 contact hours a week, with up to 10 hours of guided tutorials and oral exam sessions). The ''grandes écoles'' are higher education establishments (graduate schools) delivering master's degrees an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baccalauréat
The ''baccalauréat'' (; ), often known in France colloquially as the ''bac'', is a French national academic qualification that students can obtain at the completion of their secondary education (at the end of the ''lycée'') by meeting certain requirements. Though it has only existed in its present form as a school-leaving examination since Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's implementation on March 17, 1808, its origins date back to the first medieval French universities. According to French law, the baccalaureate is the first academic degree, though it grants the completion of secondary education. Historically, the baccalaureate is administratively supervised by full professors at universities. Similar academic qualifications exist elsewhere in Europe, variously known as ''Abitur'' in Germany, '' maturità '' in Italy, '' bachillerato'' in Spain, '' maturita'' in Slovakia and Czech Republic. There is also the European Baccalaureate, which students take at the end of the European Sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lycée Jean-Baptiste-Say
The collège-lycée Jean-Baptiste-Say is a French public school built in 1895, operating as a collège and lycée as well as offering preparatory classes. It is located at 11 bis, rue d'Auteuil in Paris, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris and bears the name of French classical economist Jean-Baptiste Say (1767–1832). It is often known as JBS, and its students as "Sayens". The lycée is served by the Métro stations Michel-Ange – Auteuil (Paris Métro) and Église d'Auteuil (Paris Métro). In 2016, it was named best public lycée in France by the newspaper ''Le Monde'' ahead of Lycée Henri IV. Architecture Part of the building at 11 bis rue d'Auteuil is classed as a Monument historique, by decree of 19 October 1928. The protection covers one of the façades of the building, as well as the interior of two rooms.. Since 1954, most of the rooms of the lycée have been named in honour of illustrious people, including alumni who were members of the French Resistance, gre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rose Caubet
A rose is either a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus ''Rosa'' (), in the family Rosaceae (), or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through pinks, reds, oranges and yellows. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and Northwest Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses. Etymology The name ''rose'' com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Individualist Anarchism
Individualist anarchism or anarcho-individualism is a collection of anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy and Political movement, movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or Social hierarchy, hierarchy, primarily targeting the state (polity), state and capitalism. A ... currents that generally emphasize the individual and their Will (philosophy), will over external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems. Individualist anarchism can be divided into two main distinct movements, each with its own ideological orientations and choices. On one hand, there is American individualist anarchism, which began with Josiah Warren, Warren in the 1860s. It focuses primarily on economic freedom, drawing upon Max Stirner, Stirner's egoist anarchism and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Proudhon's Mutualism (economic theory), mutualism, and develops perspectives that are notably financial in nature. Most Individ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anarcho-syndicalism
Anarcho-syndicalism is an anarchism, anarchist organisational model that centres trade unions as a vehicle for class conflict. Drawing from the theory of libertarian socialism and the practice of syndicalism, anarcho-syndicalism sees trade unions as both a means to achieve immediate improvements to working conditions and to build towards a social revolution in the form of a general strike, with the ultimate aim of abolishing the state (polity), state and capitalism. Anarcho-syndicalists consider trade unions to be the Prefigurative politics, prefiguration of a Post-capitalism, post-capitalist society and seek to use them in order to establish workers' control of Production (economics), production and Distribution (economics), distribution. An anti-politics, anti-political ideology, anarcho-syndicalism rejects political party, political parties and participation in parliamentary system, parliamentary politics, considering them to be a corrupting influence on the labour movement. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Propaganda Of The Deed
Propaganda of the deed, or propaganda by the deed, is a type of direct action intended to influence public opinion. The action itself is meant to serve as an example for others to follow, acting as a catalyst for social revolution. It is primarily associated with acts of violence perpetrated by proponents of insurrectionary anarchism in History of anarchism, the late 19th and early 20th century, including bombings and assassinations aimed at Statism, the state, the ruling class in a spirit of anti-capitalism, and church arsons targeting religious groups, even though propaganda of the deed also had nonviolent resistance, non-violent applications. These acts of terrorism were intended to ignite a "spirit of revolt" by demonstrating the state, the middle and upper classes, and religious organizations were not omnipotent as well as to provoke the State to become escalatingly repressive in its response. The 1881 London Social Revolutionary Congress gave the tactic its approval. Theore ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
