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Lê–Mạc War
The Lê–Mạc War (; chữ Hán: 戰爭黎莫) was a civil war waged between two Vietnamese dynasties, the Mạc and Revival Lê, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period of Vietnamese history. The Vietnamese throne was usurped by Mạc Đăng Dung in 1527. Lê Ninh, a prince of the Later Lê dynasty, escaped to Lan Xang. In 1533, Lê Ninh proclaimed himself emperor with the support of Nguyễn Kim and Trịnh Kiểm. The civil war between the two dynasties thus ensued. In 1592, Đông Kinh, the capital of the Mạc dynasty, was reconquered by the Later Lê forces, marking the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. Mạc rulers fled to Cao Bằng Province, with the direct support of the Chinese Ming and Qing dynasties until they were completedly defeated by Trịnh clan in 1677. Background Since 1428, state of Đại Việt was restored by the Lê dynasty (during the Later Lê dynasty) after the founder Lê Lợi, the leader of Lam Sơn upris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mạc Dynasty
The Mạc dynasty (; Hán-Nôm: 茹 莫/ 朝 莫) (1527–1677), officially Đại Việt (Chữ Hán: 大越), was a Vietnamese dynasty which ruled over a unified Vietnam between 1527 and 1540, and northern Vietnam from 1540 until 1593. The Mạc dynasty lost control over the capital Đông Kinh (modern Hanoi) for the last time in its wars against the Later Lê dynasty and the Trịnh Lords in 1592. Subsequent members of the Mạc dynasty ruled over the province of Cao Bằng with the direct support of the Chinese Ming and Qing dynasties until 1677 (with members of the Mạc dynasty accepted as officials of the Later Lê dynasty from 1627). Mạc Đăng Dung The founder of the Mạc dynasty was a descendant of the famed Trần dynasty scholar Mạc Đĩnh Chi. Mạc Đăng Dung chose to enter the military and ascended the ranks to become the senior general in the Lê dynasty army. Later he seized power and ruled Vietnam from 1527 till his death in 1541. Mạc Đă ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mạc Kính Khoan
Mạc Kính Khoan (莫敬寬, ?–1638) was the ninth emperor of the Mạc dynasty. He reigned in 1623–1638. He was a grandson of Mạc Kính Điển. In 1623, he rebelled against Trịnh lord in Thái Nguyên and enthroned. He was defeated by Trịnh Tráng and fled to Cao Bằng. In 1625, Trịnh Kiều (son of Trịnh Tráng) attacked Cao Bằng and captured Mạc Kính Cung. Khoan fled to Ming China and sent surrender documents to Trịnh lord. He was forgiven by Trịnh lord, and allowed to come back to Cao Bằng. He was granted the title ''thái úy'' (太尉) and ''Thông quốc công'' (通國公) by Lê dynasty.''Việt Nam sử lược ( vi-hantu, 越南史略, , lit. "Outline History of Vietnam"), was the first history text published in the Vietnamese language and the Vietnamese alphabet. It was compiled by Vietnamese historian Trần Trọng Kim. It covered the period from ...'', Quyển 2, Tự chủ thời đại, Chương 4 References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lan Xang
Lan Xang () or Lancang was a Lao people, Lao kingdom that held the area of present-day Laos from 1353 to 1707. For three and a half centuries, Lan Xang was one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. The kingdom is the basis for Laos's national historic and cultural identity. Name ''Lān Xāng Hôm Khāo'' is one romanization of Lao, romanization of the Lao language, Lao name (), meaning "the Million Elephants and the Chatra (umbrella), White Parasol". The kingdom's name alludes to the power of the king, his ties to Buddhism in Laos, Laotian Buddhism, and his army's countless war elephants. Other romanizations include ''Lan Sang'', ''Lane Sang'', and ''Lane Xang''. The name ''Láncāng'' is the pinyin romanization of Chinese, romanization of the kingdom's Chinese language, Chinese name , Lancang River, still used for the upper stretches of the Mekong in Tibet and Yunnan. Other names for the kingdom include the Chinese ''Nánzhǎng'' (); the Sanskrit ''Srī Śatanāganay ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lê Trang Tông
Lê Trang Tông (, 1515 – 9 March 1548) was the 12th emperor of the Later Lê dynasty and the first from the Revival Lê dynasty.《歷朝憲章類誌》卷二十一·禮儀誌·太廟殿奉事各位。 His enthronement marked the return of the Later Lê dynasty after six years of war. Biography Lê Trang Tông was born in 1515 at Đông Kinh; his real name was Lê Ninh (黎寧). In 1527 general Mạc Đăng Dung overthrew the Lê dynasty and established the Mạc dynasty. Lê Ninh and the rest of his family fled to Trấn Ninh and later hid deep inside Laos for 6 years. In 1533, Lê loyalist Nguyễn Kim rebelled against the Mạc dynasty. He sent troops to Laos to recover the exiled royal family and proclaimed Lê Ninh as emperor with the reign name Nguyên Hòa (元和), establishing a temporary capital at the city of Tây Kinh. Thus began a period of warfare War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of State (polity), states, or between governmental forces a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mạc Thái Tổ
Mạc (chữ Hán: 莫) is a Vietnamese surname. The name is transliterated as Ma or Mo in Chinese and Mua in Hmong language. It is unrelated to the "Mac" prefix to surnames derived from Gaelic languages. Mac / Mc is an anglicised variation of the surname Mạc. Notable people with the surname Mạc *Mạc Đĩnh Chi, Vietnamese scholar and official of the Trần dynasty (1272–1346) *Mạc Cửu, a Chinese adventurer who played a role in relations between Cambodia and the Nguyễn court *Mạc dynasty, ruled the northern provinces of Vietnam from 1527 until 1592 *Mạc Đăng Dung, Vietnamese emperor and the founder of the Mạc dynasty (1483–1541) *Mạc Đăng Doanh, Vietnamese emperor and the second emperor of the Mạc dynasty (?–1540) *Mạc Hiến Tông, Vietnamese emperor and the third emperor of the Mạc dynasty (?–1546) *Mạc Tuyên Tông, Vietnamese emperor and the fourth emperor of the Mạc dynasty (?–1561) *Mạc Mậu Hợp Mạc Mậu Hợp (莫茂 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern And Northern Dynasties (Vietnam)
The Northern and Southern dynasties (; Chữ Hán: ) in the history of Vietnam, spanning from 1533 to 1592, was a political period in the 16th century during which the Mạc dynasty (Northern dynasty), established by Mạc Đăng Dung in Thăng Long, and the Revival Lê dynasty (Southern dynasty) based in Tây Kinh were in contention. For most of the period, these two dynasties fought a lengthy war known as the Lê–Mạc War. Initially, the domain of the Southern court was confined within Thanh Hoa province. After the expedition of Nguyễn Hoàng to reclaim Lê territory in the South from Mạc garrison force, Northern dynasty only controlled the provinces from Thanh Hoa up North. Both dynasties claimed to be the sole legitimate dynasty of Vietnam. The nobles and their clansmen switched side frequently to the extent that loyal retainers such as Prince Mạc Kính Điển were praised even by their foes as rare virtuous men. As lords without land, these nobles and their armie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Vietnamese Dynasties
Prior to the abdication of Bảo Đại on 25 August 1945 during the August Revolution, Vietnam was ruled by a series of dynasties of either local or Chinese origin. The following is a list of major dynasties in the history of Vietnam. Background Naming convention In Vietnamese historiography, dynasties are generally known to historians by the family name of the monarchs. For example, the Đinh dynasty (; ) is known as such because the ruling clan bore the family name (). Similar to Chinese dynasties, Vietnamese dynasties would adopt a (; "name of the state") upon the establishment of the realm. However, as it was common for several dynasties to share the same official name, referring to regimes by their official name in historiography would be potentially confusing. For instance, the "" () was used by the Lý dynasty (since the reign of Lý Thánh Tông), the Trần dynasty, the Later Trần dynasty, the Later Lê dynasty, the Mạc dynasty, and the Tây Sơn dynasty. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chữ Hán
( , ) are the Chinese characters that were used to write Literary Chinese in Vietnam, Literary Chinese (; ) and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnamese language, Vietnamese. They were officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region was incorporated into the Han dynasty and continued to be used until the early 20th century. Terminology The main Vietnamese term used for Chinese characters is (). It is made of meaning 'character' and 'Han (referring to the Han dynasty)'. Other synonyms of includes ( , literally 'Confucianism, Confucian characters') and ( ) which was borrowed directly from Chinese. was first mentioned in Phạm Đình Hổ's essay ( ), where it initially described a calligraphic style of writing Chinese characters. Over time, however, the term evolved and broadened in scope, eventually coming to refer to the Chinese script in general. This meaning came from the viewpoint that the script belonged to followers of Confucianism. This is further s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trịnh Tạc
Trịnh Tạc ( Hán: 鄭 柞; 11 April 1606 – 24 September 1682) ruled northern Dai Viet in 1657–1682. Trịnh Tạc was one of the most successful of the Trịnh lords to rule northern Vietnam. During his rule, he made peace with the Nguyễn, beginning a century of peace in Vietnam. Trịnh Tạc also ended the last remnants of the pretender Mạc dynasty. Early career In 1648 Trịnh Tạc gained more political power in the court as his father Trinh Trang’s health failed. In 1649 the Dutch reported that the young king Le Duy Huu and his uncle had allegedly poisoned Trịnh Tạc. In 1655, Nguyễn forces advanced to Nghe An, threatening the Trịnh regime. The situation became so critical that in the autumn of that year, Trịnh Tạc and reinforcements arrived at the battlefield, managed and drove the Nguyễn back to the Gianh River. In the next year, the southerners launched a naval attack on Nghe An and Trịnh Tạc sent his eldest son Trịnh Căn with a ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trịnh Tráng
Trịnh Tráng (chữ Hán: 鄭梉, 6 August 1577 – 28 May 1657), posthumous name: Nghị Vương (誼王), temple name: Văn Tổ (文祖) was the second lord of Trịnh ruling Dang Ngoai (known to the Europeans as Tokin) in northern Vietnam from 1623 to 1657. Being one of the famous Trịnh lords, he started the Trịnh–Nguyễn War in 1627 and launched several major offensives which failed to crush the Nguyễn lords. Early life Trịnh Tráng was the eldest son of Trịnh Tùng. He took power after a brief succession struggle at the time of Trịnh Tùng's death. The main problem he faced during his rule was the power and independence of the Nguyễn lords who ruled the southernmost provinces of Vietnam. In modern terms the Nguyễn ruled over Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Da Nang, Quảng Nam Province, and Quảng Ngãi Province. This was the frontier of Vietnam and, as these provinces were newly conquered from the Champa, there was new land to farm and plenty of wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trịnh Tùng
Trịnh Tùng (19 December 1550 – 17 July 1623), also known as Trịnh Tòng and later given the title ''Bình An Vương'' (平安王), was the de facto ruler of Đại Việt from 1572 to 1623. Trịnh Tùng is the first official Trịnh lord, although his father— Trịnh Kiểm—was de facto ruler of Dai Viet before him, Trịnh Kiểm never claimed himself as Trịnh lord. Therefore, Trịnh Kiểm is not considered as the first Trịnh lord. Trịnh Tùng was reputed to be from the first generation of the Trịnh lords who ruled Vietnam from 1545 to 1789; however, since he was so young when the family first came to power, Trịnh Tùng theoretically belonged to the second generation. The Trịnh family wielded the military power of the country and took turns as regents to the figurehead Lê kings who nominally reigned over the country. Trịnh Kiểm, Tùng's father, was given the title of 'Duke' during his life and after his death was conferred with the title of ''Thái ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trịnh Kiểm
Trịnh Kiểm (1503–1570) posthumously titled Thế Tổ Minh Khang Thái Vương (世祖明康太王), was an influential political and military figure of Đại Việt during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. In name, he served as a supporter of the Revival Lê dynasty emperors, but in reality, he was the actual leader of the Southern Dynasty from 1545 onwards. Though his highest title during his lifetime was Thái Quốc Công (Grand Duke of the State), he is often regarded as the first Chúa (Lord) of the Trịnh family. He established his family as hereditary governors of Vietnam, ruling in the name of the figurehead Later Lê emperors. Trịnh Kiểm was born into a poor family in Vĩnh Lộc now known as modern day Thanh Hoa. During his youth, he witnessed the Mạc Dynasty usurp the Lê throne, leading him to join Grand Duke Nguyễn Kim who was raising an army and war against the Mạc, supporting Lê Trang Tông as emperor. Recognizing Trịnh Kiểm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
