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Conseil National De La Résistance
The National Council of the Resistance (; CNR; also, National Resistance Council) directed and coordinated the different movements of the French Resistance during World War II: the press, trade unions and political parties hostile to the Vichy regime, starting from mid-1943. Background Various resistance movements had arisen in France since the start of the German occupation in June 1940. With the possible exception of the ''Francs-Tireurs et Partisans'' and other groups loyal to the Communist Party of France, the '' maquis'' groups were mostly unorganised and unrelated to one another. This lack of coordination made them less effective in their actions against the Nazi occupiers. Founding Charles de Gaulle, exiled in London and recognized by the UK as leader of Free France, began forming a committee to unify the resistance movements. On 1 January 1942 he delegated this task to Jean Moulin. Moulin achieved the feat on 27 May 1943 with the first meeting of the Conseil Nationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Front National (French Resistance)
The National Front for an Independent France, better known simply as National Front ( or ''Front national de l'indépendance de la France'') was a World War II French Resistance movement created to unite all of the resistance organizations together to fight the Nazi occupation forces and Vichy France under Marshall Pétain. Founded in 1941 in Paris by French Communist Party (PCF) members Jacques Duclos, André Pican, Pierre Villon, and their wives, they felt that all of the Resistance movements had to band together no matter their party or religion (Jewish or Catholic) to be a vital force against the Nazis, the collaborationists, and the informers. Its name was inspired by the Popular Front, a left-wing coalition that governed France from 1936 to 1938. This helped them coordinate attacks all across France; to move weapons, food, false identity papers, information and food; protect and move people who were to be arrested or executed; and supply multiple safe houses for the Res ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labour Charter Of The 4th Of October
The Labor Charter (French: ''Charte du travail'') was a French law on labor law in France, signed on , by the Vichy regime under the German occupation of France. It sought to reorganize labor relations by abolishing class struggle and promoting collaboration between workers and employers. The Charter was repealed by an ordinance of the Provisional Government of the French Republic on . Background Dissolution of Unions (November 1940) The Vichy regime began reorganizing labor relations with the law of , which established organization committees for industrial and commercial sectors. This was followed by decrees issued on , dissolving major trade unions and employer groups. The unions affected included: * Confédération générale du travail (CGT) * Confédération française des travailleurs chrétiens (CFTC) * Confédération des syndicats professionnels français (CSPF) Major employer organizations dissolved included: * Confédération générale du patronat français ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armée Secrète
The armée secrète was a French military organization active during World War II. The collective grouped the paramilitary formations of the three most important Gaullist resistance movements in the southern zone. History In mid-1942, in the R1 Region, the three major Gaullist movements (Combat, Libération-sud and the Franc-Tireurs) wanted to coordinate the military units at their disposal to make them more effective. Henri Frenay, leader of Combat, claimed command of the new structure, but faced opposition from Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie, leader of Liberation-Sud and , head of the Franc-Tireurs. Jean Moulin insisted that the post should go to someone who with no affiliation to one of these groups, so Frenay proposed Charles Delestraint, a general recalled from his retirement during the Battle of France, who admired General Charles de Gaulle and detested Vichy. He was the only general officer who had been promoted despite that defeat; the proposal was unanimous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mouvements Unis De La Résistance
The Communist Party of Belgium (, , abbr. PCB) is a communist party in Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas .... It was founded in Wallonia in 1989 as the Communist Party of Wallonia-Brussels ( ) after the original Communist Party of Belgium was bifurcated along linguistic lines, and refounded as the PCB following the extinction of its counterpart in Flanders. Pierre Beauvois was the General Secretary of the party to 2006. PC publishes ''Le Drapeau Rouge'' and ''Mouvements''. It was part of the Party of the European Left until July 2018. References External links * 1989 establishments in Belgium Communist parties in Belgium Francophone political parties in Belgium Party of the European Left former member parties Political parties established in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franc-Tireur (movement)
''Franc-Tireur'' (, ) was a French Resistance movement of centrist political orientation and the smallest of the three founding member-organisations of the ''Mouvements Unis de la Résistance'' in 1943. History The movement was founded in Lyon in November 1940 under the name "''France Liberté''" with the goal of countering Vichy propaganda. Its first members were Antoine Avinin of the left-Catholic Young Republic League, the former city councillor , and the ex-Communists and of the Radical Party. The movement gained traction when the leadership was assumed in spring 1941 by Jean-Pierre Lévy, a demobilised artillery lieutenant and a refugee Alsatian businessmen with extensive middle-class contacts in the south. It was renamed "''Franc-Tireur''" (after the irregulars of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–71) in December 1941 on the proposal of Jean-Jacques Soudeille. ''Franc-Tireur'' was also the name of the movement's principal clandestine newspaper, which continued publis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugène Claudius-Petit
Eugène Claudius-Petit (1907–1989) was a French politician. He participated in many governments under the Fourth Republic and was a proponent of Firminy Vert. He later added his pseudonym from the Resistance, "Claudius", to his name. Early life and career He was born on 11 May 1907 in Angers, and died on 24 October 1989 in Paris. The son of a railway worker, he attended primary school in his hometown and then became an apprentice and made his tour of France as a journeyman. He worked for a cabinetmaker in Paris and then joined the Rambault Furniture Company in Angers. He took courses in the hopes of becoming an art teacher. He later became anarchist in his political views and campaigned briefly in the libertarian movement. He also hosted a local union CGTU then joined after a meeting with Marc Sangnier. He joined the French Resistance under the name Claudius. In 1942, he was part of the executive committee of Free Marksman in which Peter Degon later joined. In 1943 he b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Combat (French Resistance)
Combat was a large movement in the French Resistance created in the non-occupied zone of France during the World War II (1939–1945). Combat was one of the eight great resistance movements which constituted the Conseil national de la Résistance. Combat's development Combat, also known under its former name (MLN), was active both in the unoccupied zone in southern France and in the occupied north. Birth and growth Combat was created in August 1940 in Lyon by Henri Frenay, supported by Berty Albrecht. Through a system of regional heads, he spread the movement through six regions within the free zone: * Lyon (10 départements)................... (R1) led jointly by and * Marseille (7 départements)............... (R2) * Montpellier (6 départements)............ (R3) * Toulouse (9 départements)............... (R4) * Limoges (9 départements)................ (R5), led until 1943 by Edmond Michelet * Clermont-Ferrand (5 départements)... (R6) New regions appeared la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Bourdet
Claude Bourdet (28 October 1909 – 20 March 1996) was a writer, journalist, polemist, and militant French politician. Personal life Bourdet was a son of the dramatic author Édouard Bourdet and the poet Catherine Pozzi, was born and died in Paris, France. In 1935 he married Ida Adamoff. Education He left the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich with an engineering diploma in technical physics in 1933. After his military service in the Artillerie de Montagne, he was put in charge of a mission for the Economy Ministry, during the government of the Front populaire. Life He was very active in French Resistance movements. He participated in the foundation of the resistance newspaper ''Combat'' along with Henri Frenay, of which he was a member of the management committee, until the departure of Frenay to London and later Algeria in 1943, when he was made its representative. From 1942 he took part in the creation and development of the newspaper with the task of dividin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organisation Civile Et Militaire
The ''Organisation civile et militaire'' (OCM, "Civil and military organization") was one of the great movements of the French Resistance in the '' zone occupée'', the German-occupied region of northern France, during the Second World War. The OCM was one of the eight great networks of resistance which made up the National Council of the Resistance. History The ''Organisation civile et militaire'' was founded in December 1940 in Paris through the amalgamation of the ''Équipe française d'organisation du redressement'' of the industrialist Jacques Arthuys (the "rue de Logenbach group") and the ''Confédération des travailleurs intellectuels'' inspired by Maxime Blocq-Mascart. From January 1941, employees of the public works ministry reinforced the OCM, under the leadership of André Boulloche and the couple Georges et Raymonde Ricroch. The OCM also recruited from the ''bourgeoisie'', industry, businesspeople, former soldiers, and professionals such as architects, lawyers an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Libération-Sud
''Libération-sud'' ( French for "Liberation-South") was a resistance group active between 1940-1944 and created in the Free Zone of France during the Second World War in order to fight against the Nazi occupation through coordinated sabotage and propaganda operations. Origins Libération-Sud was established in a brothel of Clermont-Ferrand by an assortment of French intellectuals and activists including Emmanuel d'Astier, Pierre Kaan, Jean Cavaillès, Lucie Aubrac and Raymond Aubrac. The first important Resistant group to emerge after the German occupation, it began publishing ''Libération'' in July 1941. With the support of Daniel Mayer and the clandestine French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO, socialist party), the Libération-sud group grew rapidly. Relationship with other Resistance Movements In 1942 Emmanuel d'Astier entered talks with Jean Moulin about the possibility of uniting all the resistance groups working in France. After much discussion Moul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Libération-Nord
("Liberation-North") was one of the principal resistance movements in the northern occupied zone of France during the Second World War. It was one of the eight great networks making up the National Council of the Resistance. History Initially an underground newspaper, from December 1940 to November 1941 Libération-Nord was transformed into a resistance movement. Aiming to express the secret movements of the non-communist unions among the Confédération générale du travail the Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens and the Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO), Libération-Nord was formed around Christian Pineau and the team of the ''Manifeste des douze''. The movement was not entirely socialist but the leadership was socialist. In 1942, two resistance networks were created from within Libération-Nord under the command of the Bureau central de renseignements et d'action: * Phalanx in the ''zone Sud'', created by Christian Pineau * Coh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |