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Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene (abbreviated PhCl) is an aryl chloride and the simplest of the chlorobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one chlorine atom. Its chemical formula is C6H5Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals. Uses The major use of chlorobenzene is as a precursor for further intermediates such as nitrophenols, nitroanisole, chloroaniline, and phenylenediamines, which are used in the production of herbicides, dyestuffs, chemicals for rubber, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used as a high-boiling solvent in industrial and laboratory applications, for materials such as oils, waxes, resins, and rubber. Chlorobenzene is nitrated on a large scale to give a mixture of 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 4-nitrochlorobenzene, which are separated and used as intermediates in production of other chemicals. These mononitrochlorobenzenes are converted to related 2-nitrophenol, 2-nitroanis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB, ''p''-DCB, or ''para''-dichlorobenzene, sometimes abbreviated as PDCB or para) is an aryl chloride and isomer of dichlorobenzene with the formula C6H4Cl2. This colorless solid has a strong odor. The molecule consists of a benzene ring with two chlorine atoms (replacing hydrogen atoms) on opposing sites of the ring. It is used as a disinfectant, pesticide, and deodorant, most familiarly in mothballs in which it is a replacement for the more traditional naphthalene because of naphthalene's greater flammability (though both chemicals have the same NFPA 704 rating). It is also used as a precursor in the production of the chemically and thermally resistant polymer poly(''p''-phenylene sulfide). Production ''p''-DCB is produced by chlorination of benzene using ferric chloride as a catalyst: :C6H6 + 2 Cl2 → C6H4Cl2 + 2 HCl The chief impurity is the 1,2 isomer. The compound can be purified by fractional crystallization, taking advantage of its re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Nitrochlorobenzene
4-Nitrochlorobenzene is the organic compound with the formula ClC6H4NO2. It is a pale yellow solid. 4-Nitrochlorobenzene is a common intermediate in the production of a number of industrially useful compounds, including antioxidants commonly found in rubber. Other isomers with the formula ClC6H4NO2 include 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 3-nitrochlorobenzene. Preparation and reactions 4-Nitrochlorobenzene is prepared industrially by nitration of chlorobenzene: : This reaction affords both the 2- and the 4-nitro derivatives, in about a 1:2 ratio. These isomers are separated by a combination of crystallization and distillation. 4-Nitrochlorobenzene was originally prepared by the nitration of 4-bromochlorobenzene by Holleman and coworkers. The chloride substituent in 4-nitrochlorobenzene is more labile than in chlorobenzene. For example, it is readily displaced by sulfide nucleophiles, leading the way to 4-nitrothiophenol. In another example, 4-nitrochlorobenzene is a favored substr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aryl Chloride
In organic chemistry, an aryl halide (also known as a haloarene) is an aromatic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms directly bonded to an aromatic ring are replaced by a halide ion (such as fluorine F''−'', chlorine Cl−1,−3,−5, bromine Br−1, or iodine I−). Aryl halides are distinct from haloalkanes (alkyl halides) due to significant differences in their methods of preparation, chemical reactivity, and physical properties. The most common and important members of this class are aryl chlorides, but the group encompasses a wide range of derivatives with diverse applications in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. Classification according to halide Aryl fluorides Aryl fluorides are used as synthetic intermediates, e.g. for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and liquid crystals. The conversion of diazonium salts is a well established route to aryl fluorides. Thus, anilines are precursors to aryl fluorides. In the classic Schiemann ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorobenzenes
Chlorobenzenes are a group of aryl chlorides/ halobenzenes consisting of one or more chlorine atoms as substituents on a benzene core. They have the formula C6H6–''n''Cl''n'', where ''n'' = 1–6 is the number of chlorine atoms. Depending on the number of chlorine substituents, there may be several constitutional isomers possible. * Monochlorobenzene * Dichlorobenzene ** 1,2-Dichlorobenzene ** 1,3-Dichlorobenzene ** 1,4-Dichlorobenzene * Trichlorobenzene ** 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene ** 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene ** 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene * Tetrachlorobenzene ** 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene ** 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene ** 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene * Pentachlorobenzene * Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene, or perchlorobenzene, is an aryl chloride and a six-substituted chlorobenzene with the molecular formula C6Cl6. It is a fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, especially on wheat to control the fungal disease bunt. Its u ... See also * Fluorobenzenes * Bromobenzen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Nitrochlorobenzene
2-Nitrochlorobenzene is an organic compound with the formula ClC6H4NO2. It is one of three isomeric nitrochlorobenzenes. It is a yellow crystalline solid that is important as a precursor to other compounds due to its two functional groups. Synthesis Nitrochlorobenzene is typically synthesized by nitration of chlorobenzene in the presence of sulfuric acid: :C6H5Cl + HNO3 → O2NC6H4Cl + H2O This reaction affords a mixture of isomers. Using an acid ratio of 30% nitric acid, 56% sulfuric acid and 14% water, the product mix is typically 34-36% 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 63-65% 4-nitrochlorobenzene, with only about 1% 3-nitrochlorobenzene. Reactions 2-Nitrochlorobenzene can be reduced to the 2-chloroaniline with Fe/HCl mixture, the Bechamp reduction. 2-Nitrochlorobenzene, like its isomers, is reactive toward nucleophiles, resulting in chloride substitution. With polysulfide, it reacts to give di-orthonitrophenyl disulfide: : Similarly, it reacts with sodium methoxide to give ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenol
Phenol (also known as carbolic acid, phenolic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile and can catch fire. The molecule consists of a phenyl group () bonded to a hydroxy group (). Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns. It is acutely toxic and is considered a health hazard. Phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 million tonnes a year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks. It is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds, and is a liquid when manufactured. It is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials. Phenol and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, explosives such as picric acid, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceuti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dow Process (phenol)
The Dow process process is a method of phenol production through the hydrolysis of chlorobenzene. Details Benzene can be readily converted to chlorobenzene by nucleophilic aromatic substitution via a benzyne intermediate. Chlorobenzene is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C and 300 bar or molten sodium hydroxide at 350 °C to convert it to sodium phenoxide Sodium phenoxide (sodium phenolate) is an organic compound with the formula NaOC6H5. It is a white crystalline solid. Its anion, phenoxide, also known as phenolate, is the conjugate base of phenol. It is used as a precursor to many other organic ..., which yields phenol upon acidification. When 1- 14C">sup>14C1-chlorobenzene was subjected to aqueous NaOH at 395 °C, ''ipso'' the substitution product 1- 14C">sup>14Cphenol was formed in 54% yield, while the ''cine'' substitution product 2- 14C">sup>14Cphenol was formed in 43% yield. This indicates that an elimination-addition (benzyne) mechanism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidizing agent, oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the revised Electronegativity#Pauling electronegativity, Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine. Chlorine played an important role in the experiments conducted by medieval Alchemy, alchemists, which commonly involved the heating of chloride Salt (chemistry), salts like ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac) and sodium chloride (common salt), producing various chemical substances containing chlorine such as hydrogen chloride, mercury(II) chloride (corrosive sublimate), and . However, the nature of fre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzene
Benzene is an Organic compound, organic chemical compound with the Chemical formula#Molecular formula, molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal Ring (chemistry), ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene is a colorless and highly Combustibility and flammability, flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. It is used primarily as a Precursor (chemistry), precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structures, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Although benzene is a major Chemical industry, industrial che ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloral
Chloral, also known as trichloroacetaldehyde or trichloroethanal, is the organic compound with the formula Cl3CCHO. This aldehyde is a colourless liquid that is soluble in a wide range of solvents. It reacts with water to form chloral hydrate, a once widely used sedative and hypnotic substance. Production Chloral was first prepared, and named, by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1832. Liebig treated anhydrous ethanol with dry chlorine gas. Chloral is produced commercially by the chlorination of acetaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid, producing chloral hydrate. Ethanol can also be used as a feedstock. This reaction is catalyzed by antimony trichloride: :H3CCHO + 3 Cl2 + H2O → Cl3CCH(OH)2 + 3 HCl The chloral hydrate is distilled from the reaction mixture. The distillate is then dehydrated with concentrated sulfuric acid, after which the heavier acid layer (containing the water) is drawn off: :Cl3CCH(OH)2 → Cl3CCHO + H2O The resulting product is p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferric Chloride
Iron(III) chloride describes the inorganic compounds with the formula (H2O)x. Also called ferric chloride, these compounds are some of the most important and commonplace compounds of iron. They are available both in anhydrous and in hydrated forms, which are both hygroscopic. They feature iron in its +3 oxidation state. The anhydrous derivative is a Lewis acid, while all forms are mild oxidizing agents. It is used as a water treatment, water cleaner and as an Chemical milling, etchant for metals. Electronic and optical properties All forms of ferric chloride are paramagnetic, owing to the presence of unpaired electrons residing in 3d orbitals. Although Fe(III) chloride can be octahedral or tetrahedral (or both, see structure section), all of these forms have five unpaired electrons, one per d-orbital. The spin states (d electrons), high spin d5 electronic configuration requires that d-d electronic transitions are spin forbidden, in addition to violating the Laporte rule. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
O-Nitroanisole
''o''-Nitroanisole is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H4NO2. Three isomers of nitroanisole exist, but the o-isomer is the most commercially important. It is a colorless liquid. It is prepared by treatment of ''o''-chloronitrobenzene with sodium methoxide Sodium methoxide is the simplest sodium alkoxide. With the formula , it is a white solid, which is formed by the deprotonation of methanol. It is a widely used reagent in industry and the laboratory. It is also a dangerously caustic base. ...: :NaOCH3 + ClC6H4NO2 → CH3OC6H4NO2 + NaCl The resulting 2-chloronitrobenzene can be reduced to o-anisidine, which is a precursor to dyes. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Nitroanisole, o- Nitrobenzene derivatives IARC Group 2A carcinogens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
