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Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha
Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha () was the first Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire, Grand Vizier of Murad I's reign. He was also technically the first in Ottoman Empire, Ottoman history who held the title "Grand Vizier" (although several before him held equivalent but differently named offices), the first who had a military background (his predecessors under Orhan came from the class of learned men, the "''ilmiye''"), and the first member of the illustrious Çandarlı family to hold high office. His family was to mark the rise of the Ottoman Empire between 1360 and 1450.Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters. p.398 He was a successful commander, setting the precedent for centuries of Ottoman presence in Albania after his victory at the Battle of Savra. He rose to the rank of grand vizier from the position of the chief military judge (''kazasker'') in September 1364 and held this top seat after the sultan until his death on January 22, 1387 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Çandarlı Halil Pasha The Younger
Çandarlı Halil Pasha (died 10 July 1453), also known as the Younger, was the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1439 to 1453 under the sultans Murad II and, for the first few years of his reign, Mehmed II.İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971, p. 10. (Turkish) A member of the Çandarlı family, he was the son of Grand Vizier Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder and father of Grand Vizier Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger. He was appointed Grand Vizier in 1439 after the deposition of Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha, Nizamüddin Pasha. When Murad abdicated in 1444 in favor of the young Mehmed, Halil Pasha urged Murad to return to the throne. Murad returned, marched against the Crusaders, and won the Battle of Varna on 14 November. In 1445, Murad again left the throne to Mehmed. In 1446, during the Buçuktepe rebellion, Halil Pasha again organized the return of Murad, who remained on the throne until his death in 1451. Afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed II
Mehmed II (; , ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (; ), was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by John Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce per the Peace of Szeged, Treaties of Edirne and Szeged. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he strengthened the Ottoman Navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he Fall of Constantinople, conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. After the conquest, Mehmed claimed the title Caesar (title), caesar of Roman Empire, Rome (), based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire since its consecration in 330 AD by Constantine the Great, Emperor Constantine I. The claim was soon reco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazasker
A kazasker or kadıasker (, ''ḳāḍī'asker'', "military judge") was a chief judge in the Ottoman Empire, so named originally because his jurisdiction extended to the cases of soldiers, who were later tried only by their own officers. Two kazaskers were appointed, called ''Rumeli Kazaskeri'' and '' Anadolu Kazaskeri'', having their jurisdiction respectively over the European and the Asiatic part of the Empire. They were subordinated to the Grand Vizier, later Şeyhülislam, and had no jurisdiction over the city of Constantinople. Moreover, they attended the meetings at the Imperial Council.Mantran (1995), pp. 115-16 A Kazasker handled appeals to the decisions of kadı's, had the power to overrule these, and suggested kadı candidates to the Grand Vizier. See also * Kadı * List of Ottoman titles and appellations This is a list of titles and appellations used in the Ottoman Empire. In place of surnames, Muslims in the Empire carried titles such as "Sultan", "Paşa", "Agha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turks From The Ottoman Empire
Turk or Turks may refer to: Communities and ethnic groups * Turkish people, or the Turks, a Turkic ethnic group and nation * Turkish citizen, a citizen of the Republic of Turkey * Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups who speak Turkic languages * Turks, reference to the Ottoman Empire * Turk (term for Muslims), used by non-Muslim Balkan peoples * Turks of South Carolina, a group of people in the US * "Turks", nickname for inhabitants of Faymonville, Liège, Belgium * "Turks", nickname for inhabitants of Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, Wales People * Turk (surname), a list of people with the name * Turk (nickname), a list of people with the nickname * Turk (rapper), stage name of American rapper Tab Virgil Jr. (born 1981) * Philippe Liégeois (born 1947), pen name "Turk", Belgian comic book artist * Al-Turk, a list of people with the name Places * Brig o' Turk, a small rural village in Scotland * Turks Islands, part of the Turks and Caicos Islands, West Indies * Turk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
14th-century Grand Viziers Of The Ottoman Empire
The 14th century lasted from 1 January 1301 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCCI) to 31 December 1400 (MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both Europe and the Mongol Empire. West Africa experienced economic growth and prosperity. In History of Europe, Europe, the Black Death claimed 25 million lives wiping out one third of the European population while the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France fought in the protracted Hundred Years' War after the death of King Charles IV of France led to a claim to the French throne by King Edward III of England. This period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the Italian Renaissance and the Ottoman Empire. In History of Asia, Asia, Tamerlane (Timur), established the Timurid Empire, history's third largest empire to have been ever ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pashas
Pasha (; ; ) was a high rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries, and others. ''Pasha'' was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of Egypt and it was also used in Morocco in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district. Etymology The English word ''pasha'' comes from Turkish ('; also ()). The Oxford English Dictionary attributes the origin of the English borrowing to the mid-17th century. The etymology of the Turkish word itself has been a matter of debate. Contrary to titles like emir (''amīr'') and bey (sir), which were established in usage much earlier, the title ''pasha'' came into Ottoman usage right after the reign of Osman I (d. 1324), though it had been used before the Ottomans by some Anatolian Turkish rulers of the same era. Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/, and the word was spelled still in the 15th century. Accor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1387 Deaths
Year 1387 (Roman numerals, MCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * Elizabeth of Bosnia, Elizabeta Kotromanic, mother of Mary, Queen of Hungary and the regent of Hungary, is murdered in prison by the Croatian rebels (her daughter is liberated on 4 June). * January 1 – Charles III of Navarre, Charles III ascends to the throne of Kingdom of Navarre, Navarre, after the death of his father, Charles II of Navarre, Charles II. * January 5 – John I of Aragon, John I succeeds his father, Peter IV of Aragon, Peter IV, as King of Kingdom of Aragon, Aragon and Kingdom of Valencia, Valencia, and forms an alliance with France and Castile. * March 11 – Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona. * March 24–March 25, 25 – Battle of Margate off the coast of Margate: The Kingdom of England is victorious over a Kingdom of France, Franco-Crown ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Ottoman Grand Viziers
The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire ( or ''Sadr-ı Azam'' (''Sadrazam''); Ottoman Turkish language, Ottoman Turkish: or ) was the ''de facto'' prime minister of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat Fermanı, Tanzimat reforms, or until the Second Constitutional Era, 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire), Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "''kubbe'' viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the ''Kubbealtı'' ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte. History During the emerging phases of the Ottoman state, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "grand vizier" was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha The Elder
Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha (; died August 15, 1429), sometimes called the Elder, was an Ottoman statesman who served as grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire under Murad II, from 1421 to 1429. He was the third member of the prominent Çandarlı family to become grand vizier, after his father Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder and his brother Çandarlı Ali Pasha. His son, Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger and his namesake grandson, Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger, also became grand viziers.İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971, p. 9. (Turkish) He was married to Lady Isfahan Shah Khatun (died ), a direct descendant of Sheikh Edebali. She was the mother of all his children, except the eldest, Halil Pasha.Burak, 2013, p. 115 She established a madrasa in Jerusalem: the al-'Uthmaniyya.Burak, 2013, p. 124 See also * Çandarlı family * List of Ottoman grand viziers The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire ( or ''Sadr-ı Azam'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infantry
Infantry, or infantryman are a type of soldier who specialize in ground combat, typically fighting dismounted. Historically the term was used to describe foot soldiers, i.e. those who march and fight on foot. In modern usage, the term broadly encompasses a wide variety of subspecialties, including light infantry, irregular infantry, heavy infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry, mechanized infantry, Airborne forces, airborne infantry, Air assault, air assault infantry, and Marines, naval infantry. Other subtypes of infantry, such as line infantry and mounted infantry, were once commonplace but fell out of favor in the 1800s with the invention of more accurate and powerful weapons. Etymology and terminology In English, use of the term ''infantry'' began about the 1570s, describing soldiers who march and fight on foot. The word derives from Middle French , from older Italian (also Spanish) ''infanteria'' (foot soldiers too inexperienced for cavalry), from Latin '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Janissary
A janissary (, , ) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops. They were the first modern standing army, and perhaps the first infantry force in the world to be equipped with firearms, adopted during the reign of Murad II (r. 1421–1444, 1446–1451). The corps was established under either Orhan or Murad I, and dismantled by Mahmud II in 1826. Janissaries began as elite corps made up through the ''devşirme'' system of Ghilman, child levy enslavement, by which Ethnic groups in Europe, indigenous European Christians, Christian boys, chiefly from the Balkans, were taken, levied, subjected to forced circumcision and Forced conversion#Islam, forced conversion to Islam, and incorporated into the Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries, Ottoman army. They became famed for internal cohesion cemented by strict discipline and order. Unlike typical History of slavery in the Muslim world, slaves, they were paid regular salaries. Forbidden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Devshirme
Devshirme (, usually translated as "child levy" or "blood tax", , .) was the Ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects and raising them in the religion of Islam. Those coming from the Balkans came primarily from noble Balkan families and rayah classes. It is first mentioned in written records in 1438, but probably started earlier. It created a faction of soldiers and officials loyal to the Sultan. It counterbalanced the Turkish nobility, who sometimes opposed the Sultan. The system produced a considerable number of grand viziers from the 15th century to the 17th century. This was the second most powerful position in the Ottoman Empire, after the sultan. Initially, the grand viziers were exclusively of Turk origin, but after there were troubles between Sultan Mehmed II and the Turkish grand vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger, who was the first grand vizier to be executed, there was a ris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
