Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha () was the first

Grand Vizier Grand vizier (; ; ) was the title of the effective head of government of many sovereign states in the Islamic world. It was first held by officials in the later Abbasid Caliphate. It was then held in the Ottoman Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Soko ...

Murad I Murad I (; ), nicknamed ''Hüdavendigâr'' (from – meaning "Head of state, sovereign" in this context; 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan Gazi and Nilüfer Hatun. Mura ...

's reign. He was also technically the first in Ottoman history who held the title "Grand Vizier" (although several before him held equivalent but differently named offices), the first who had a military background (his predecessors under

Orhan Orhan Ghazi (; , also spelled Orkhan; died 1362) was the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in Söğüt, as the son of Osman I. In the early stages of his reign, Orhan focused his energies on conquering mos ...

came from the class of learned men, the "''ilmiye''"), and the first member of the illustrious

Çandarlı family The Çandarlı family (; ) was a prominent Turkish political family which provided the Ottoman Empire with five grand viziers during the 14th and 15th centuries. At the time, it was the second most important family after the Ottoman dynasty itse ...

to hold high office. His family was to mark the rise of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

between 1360 and 1450.Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters. p.398 He was a successful commander, setting the precedent for centuries of Ottoman presence in Albania after his victory at the

Battle of Savra The Battle of Savra (; ; ; "Battle on the Saurian field") or the Battle of the Vjosë was fought on 18 September 1385 between Ottoman Empire, Ottoman and much smaller Zeta under the Balsha, Zetan forces, at the Savra field near Lushnjë (in moder ...

. He rose to the rank of grand vizier from the position of the chief military judge (''

kazasker A kazasker or kadıasker (, ''ḳāḍī'asker'', "military judge") was a chief judge in the Ottoman Empire, so named originally because his jurisdiction extended to the cases of soldiers, who were later tried only by their own officers. Two kazas ...

'') in September 1364 and held this top seat after the sultan until his death on January 22, 1387. He died in Serrai during the Ottoman campaign on Macedonia. As such, he became the grand vizier who had the longest term of administration, a record he would hold until the abolition of the position 535 years after his death in 1922. He was also notable for being the initiator of the "

devşirme Devshirme (, usually translated as "child levy" or "blood tax", , .) was the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman practice of Conscription, forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects and raising th ...

" system of recruitment in the Ottoman Empire. Çandarlı Kara Halil Pasha is not to be confused with his grandson,

Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger Çandarlı Halil Pasha (died 10 July 1453), also known as the Younger, was the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1439 to 1453 under the sultans Murad II and, for the first few years of his reign, Mehmed II.İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osman ...

, grand vizier under the reign of

Murad II Murad II (, ; June 1404 – 3 February 1451) was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451. Early life Murad was born in June 1404 to Mehmed I, while the identity of his mother is disputed according to v ...

and during the first years of that of

Mehmed II Mehmed II (; , ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (; ), was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, ...

. Çandarlı Kara Halil Pasha gave the idea for the formation of elite

corps Corps (; plural ''corps'' ; from French , from the Latin "body") is a term used for several different kinds of organization. A military innovation by Napoleon I, the formation was formally introduced March 1, 1800, when Napoleon ordered Gener ...

of soldiers. Later they were recruited through the ''

Devshirme Devshirme (, usually translated as "child levy" or "blood tax", , .) was the Ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects and raising them in the religion of Islam ...

'', also known as the ''blood tax'' or ''tribute in blood''. In this way, the

Janissary A janissary (, , ) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops. They were the first modern standing army, and perhaps the first infantry force in the world to be equipped with firearms, adopted dur ...

elite

infantry Infantry, or infantryman are a type of soldier who specialize in ground combat, typically fighting dismounted. Historically the term was used to describe foot soldiers, i.e. those who march and fight on foot. In modern usage, the term broadl ...

units were formed. He was succeeded as grand vizier by his son

Çandarlı Ali Pasha Çandarlı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Dikili, İzmir Province, Turkey. Its population is 8,021 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (''belde''). It is a well-developed coastal town and an important t ...

. His other son,

Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha (; died August 15, 1429), sometimes called the Elder, was an Ottoman statesman who served as grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire under Murad II, from 1421 to 1429. He was the third member of the prominent Çandarlı fam ...

, would also later serve as grand vizier.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Candarli, Halil 1 1387 deaths Pashas 14th-century grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire Turks from the Ottoman Empire Kazasker Year of birth unknown Halil Hayreddin

See also

References