Tripura
Tripura (/ˈtrɪpuːrɑː/ ( listen)) is a state in
Northeast India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers
10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi) and is bordered by Bangladesh
to the north,[6] south, and west, and the Indian states of
Assam
Assam and
Mizoram
Mizoram to the east. In 2011 the state had 3,671,032 residents,
constituting 0.3% of the country's population.
The area of modern 'Tripura' was ruled for several centuries by the
Tripuri dynasty. It was the independent princely state of the Tripuri
Kingdom under the protectorate of the British Empire which was known
as Hill Tippera[7] while the area annexed and ruled directly by
British
India
India was known as Tippera District (present Comilla
District).[8] The independent
Tripuri Kingdom (or Hill Tippera) joined
the newly independent
India
India in 1949. Ethnic strife between the
indigenous
Tripuri people
Tripuri people and the migrant Bengali population due to
large influx of Bengali
Hindu
Hindu refugees and settlers from Bangladesh
led to tension and scattered violence since its integration into the
country of India, but the establishment of an autonomous tribal
administrative agency and other strategies have led to peace.
Tripura
Tripura lies in a geographically disadvantageous location in India, as
only one major highway, the National Highway 8, connects it with the
rest of the country. Five mountain ranges—Boromura, Atharamura,
Longtharai,
Shakhan and Jampui Hills—run north to south, with
intervening valleys; Agartala, the capital, is located on a plain to
the west. The state has a tropical savanna climate, and receives
seasonal heavy rains from the south west monsoon. Forests cover more
than half of the area, in which bamboo and cane tracts are common.
Tripura
Tripura has the highest number of primate species found in any Indian
state. Due to its geographical isolation, economic progress in the
state is hindered. Poverty and unemployment continue to plague
Tripura, which has a limited infrastructure. Most residents are
involved in agriculture and allied activities, although the service
sector is the largest contributor to the state's gross domestic
product.
Tripura
Tripura is the most literate state in
India
India with a literacy of
94.65%.[9] Mainstream Indian cultural elements coexist with
traditional practices of the ethnic groups, such as various dances to
celebrate religious occasions, weddings and festivities; the use of
locally crafted musical instruments and clothes; and the worship of
regional deities. The sculptures at the archaeological sites Unakoti,
Pilak and
Devtamura
Chabimura,_the_archaeological_site_at_Devtamura.jpg/400px-2)Chabimura,_the_archaeological_site_at_Devtamura.jpg)
Devtamura provide historical evidence of artistic fusion
between organised and tribal religions. The Great Chinmoy in Agartala
was the former royal abode of the Tripuri king.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Geography
3.1 Topography
3.2 Climate
4 Flora and fauna
5 Divisions
6 Government and politics
7 Economy
8 Transport
9 Media and communication
9.1 Electricity
9.2 Irrigation and fertilizers
9.3 Drinking water
9.4 Sanitation
10 Education
11 Healthcare
12 Demographics
12.1 Population
12.2 Ethnic groups
12.3 Languages
12.4 Religion
13 Culture
14 Tourism
15 Sports
16 See also
17 References
18 Further reading
19 External links
Etymology[edit]
Further information:
Debbarma and Twipra
The Sanskrit name is linked to
Tripura
Tripura Sundari, the presiding deity of
the
Tripura Sundari
Tripura Sundari Temple at Udaipur, one of the 51
Shakti
Shakti Peethas
(pilgrimage centres of Shaktism),[10][11] and to the legendary tyrant
king Tripur, who reigned in the region. Tripur was the 39th descendant
of Druhyu, who belonged to the lineage of Yayati, a king of the Lunar
Dynasty.[12]
One of the Puranas, the text about the "exploits of Shiva", tells the
story of the "sack of Tripura". (Carl Olson – 2007, "
Hindu
Hindu Primary
Sources: A Sectarian Reader", p. 414)
However, there have been suggestions to the effect that the origin of
the name
Tripura
Tripura is doubtful, raising the possibility that the
Sanskritic form is just due to a folk etymology of a Tibeto-Burman
(Kokborok) name. Variants of the name include Tripra, Tuipura and
Tippera. A
Kokborok
Kokborok etymology from twi (water) and pra (near) has been
suggested; the boundaries of
Tripura
Tripura extended to the Bay of Bengal
when the kings of the Tripra Kingdom held sway from the
Garo Hills of
Meghalaya
Meghalaya to Arakan, the present
Rakhine State
Rakhine State of Burma; so the name
may reflect vicinity to the sea.[10][11][13]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Tripura
See also:
Twipra Kingdom,
Tripura
Tripura (princely state), Kings of Tripura,
and
Tripura
Tripura Rebellion
Although there is no evidence of lower or middle Paleolithic
settlements in Tripura, Upper
Paleolithic
Paleolithic tools made of fossil wood
have been found in the Haora and
Khowai
Khowai valleys.[14] The Indian epic,
the Mahabharata; ancient religious texts, the Puranas; and the Edicts
of Ashoka – stone pillar inscriptions of the emperor Ashoka
dating from the third century BCE – all mention Tripura.[12] An
ancient name of
Tripura
Tripura is Kirat Desh (English: "The land of Kirat"),
probably referring to the
Kirata Kingdoms or the more generic term
Kirata.[15]:155 However, it is unclear whether the extent of modern
Tripura
Tripura is coterminous with Kirat Desh.[16] The region was under the
rule of the
Twipra Kingdom for centuries, although when this dates
from is not documented. The Rajmala, a chronicle of Tripuri kings
which was first written in the 15th century,[17] provides a list of
179 kings, from antiquity up to Krishna Kishore Manikya
(1830–1850),[18]:3[19][20] but the reliability of the
Rajmala has
been doubted.[21]
King
Bir Chandra Manikya
.jpg/440px-Chandra,_The_Moon_God;_Folio_from_a_Book_of_Dreams_LACMA_M.83.219.2_(2_of_3).jpg)
Bir Chandra Manikya with Queen Manamohini in 1880
The boundaries of the kingdom changed over the centuries. At various
times, the borders reached south to the jungles of the
Sundarbans
Sundarbans on
the Bay of Bengal; east to Burma; and north to the boundary of the
Kamarupa
Kamarupa kingdom in Assam.[17] There were several Muslim invasions of
the region from the 13th century onward,[17] which culminated in
Mughal dominance of the plains of the kingdom in 1733,[17] although
their rule never extended to the hill regions.[17] The Mughals had
influence over the appointment of the Tripuri kings.[17]
Tripura
Tripura became a princely state during British rule in India. The
kings had an estate in British India, known as Tippera district or
Chakla Roshnabad (now the Comilla district[8] of Bangladesh), in
addition to the independent area known as Hill Tippera, the
present-day state.[17] Udaipur, in the south of Tripura, was the
capital of the kingdom, until the king Krishna Manikya moved the
capital to Old
Agartala
Agartala in the 18th century. It was moved to the new
city of
Agartala
Agartala in the 19th century. Bir Chandra Manikya
(1862–1896) modelled his administration on the pattern of British
India, and enacted reforms including the formation of Agartala
Municipal Corporation.[22]
Following the independence of
India
India in 1947, Tippera district –
the estate in the plains of British India – became a part of
East Pakistan, and Hill Tippera remained under a regency council until
1949. The
Maharani
Maharani Regent of
Tripura
Tripura signed the
Tripura
Tripura Merger
Agreement on 9 September 1949, as a result of which
Tripura
Tripura became a
Part C state of India.[23]:3 It became a Union Territory, without a
legislature, in November 1956 and an elected ministry was installed in
July 1963.[23]:3 The geographic partition that coincided with the
independence of
India
India resulted in major economic and infrastructural
setbacks for the state, as road transport between the state and the
major cities of
India
India had to follow a more circuitous route. The road
distance between
Kolkata
Kolkata and
Agartala
Agartala before the partition was less
than 350 km (220 mi), and increased to 1,700 km
(1,100 mi), as the route now avoided East Pakistan.[24] The
geo-political isolation was aggravated by an absence of rail
transport.[25][26]:93
Some parts of the state were shelled by the
Pakistan Army
Pakistan Army during the
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Following the war, the Indian government
reorganised the North East region to ensure effective control of the
international borders – three new states came into existence on
21 January 1972:[27] Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura.[27] Since the
partition of India, many
Hindu
Hindu
Bengalis
Bengalis have migrated to
Tripura
Tripura as
refugees from East Pakistan;[23]:3–4 settlement by
Hindu
Hindu Bengalis
increased at the time of the
Bangladesh
.jpg)
Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. Hindu
Bengalis
Bengalis migrated to
Tripura
Tripura after 1949 to escape religious
persecution in Muslim majority East Pakistan. Before independence,
most of the population was indigenous;.[23]:9 Ethnic strife between
the Tripuri tribe and the predominantly immigrant Bengali community
led to scattered violence,[28] and an insurgency spanning decades.
This gradually abated following the establishment of a tribal
autonomous district council and the use of strategic
counter-insurgency operations.[29]
Tripura
Tripura remains peaceful, as of
2016.[30]
Geography[edit]
Rice is grown on Tripura's alluvial plains, which include lungas, the
narrow valleys that are found mainly in the west of the state.
Tripura
Tripura is a landlocked state in North East India, where the seven
contiguous states – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland
Nagaland and Tripura – are collectively
known as the Seven Sister States. Spread over 10,491.69 km2
(4,050.86 sq mi),
Tripura
Tripura is the third-smallest among the 29
states in the country, behind
Goa
Goa and Sikkim. It extends from 22°56'N
to 24°32'N, and 91°09'E to 92°20'E.[23]:3 Its maximum extent
measures about 178 km (111 mi) from north to south, and
131 km (81 mi) east to west.
Tripura
Tripura is bordered by the
country of
Bangladesh
Bangladesh to the west, north and south; and the Indian
states of
Assam
Assam to the north east; and
Mizoram
Mizoram to the east.[23]:3 It
is accessible by national highways passing through the Karimganj
district of
Assam
Assam and
Mamit district
Mamit district of Mizoram.[31]
Topography[edit]
The physiography is characterised by hill ranges, valleys and plains.
The state has five anticlinal ranges of hills running north to south,
from
Boromura in the west, through Atharamura,
Longtharai and Shakhan,
to the
Jampui Hills
Jampui Hills in the east.[32]:4 The intervening synclines are
the Agartala–Udaipur, Khowai–Teliamura, Kamalpur–Ambasa,
Kailasahar–Manu and Dharmanagar–Kanchanpur valleys.[32]:4 At an
altitude of 939 m (3,081 ft), Betling Shib in the Jampui
range is the state's highest point.[23]:4 The small isolated hillocks
interspersed throughout the state are known as tillas, and the narrow
fertile alluvial valleys, mostly present in the west, are called
lungas.[23]:4 A number of rivers originate in the hills of
Tripura
Tripura and
flow into Bangladesh.[23]:4 The Khowai, Dhalai, Manu, Juri and Longai
flow towards the north; the Gumti to the west; and the Muhuri and Feni
to the south west.[32]:73
The lithostratigraphy data published by the Geological Survey of India
dates the rocks, on the geologic time scale, between the Oligocene
epoch, approximately 34 to 23 million years ago, and the Holocene
epoch, which started 12,000 years ago.[32]:73–4 The hills have red
laterite soil that is porous. The flood plains and narrow valleys are
overlain by alluvial soil, and those in the west and south constitute
most of the agricultural land.[23]:4 According to the Bureau of Indian
Standards, on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing
susceptibility to earthquakes, the state lies in seismic zone V.[33]
Climate[edit]
The state has a tropical savanna climate, designated Aw under the
Köppen climate classification. The undulating topography leads to
local variations, particularly in the hill ranges.[34] The four main
seasons are winter, from December to February; pre-monsoon or summer,
from March to April; monsoon, from May to September; and post-monsoon,
from October to November.[35] During the monsoon season, the south
west monsoon brings heavy rains, which cause frequent
floods.[23]:4[32]:73 The average annual rainfall between 1995 and 2006
ranged from 1,979.6 to 2,745.9 mm (77.94 to 108.11 in).[36]
During winter, temperatures range from 13 to 27 °C (55 to
81 °F), while in the summer they fall between 24 and 36 °C
(75 and 97 °F).[35] According to a United Nations Development
Programme report, the state lies in "very high damage risk" zone from
wind and cyclones.[37]
Climate data for Agartala, the capital of Tripura
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
25.6
(78.1)
28.3
(82.9)
32.5
(90.5)
33.7
(92.7)
32.8
(91)
31.8
(89.2)
31.4
(88.5)
31.7
(89.1)
31.7
(89.1)
31.1
(88)
29.2
(84.6)
26.4
(79.5)
30.52
(86.93)
Average low °C (°F)
10
(50)
13.2
(55.8)
18.7
(65.7)
22.2
(72)
23.5
(74.3)
24.6
(76.3)
24.8
(76.6)
24.7
(76.5)
24.3
(75.7)
22
(72)
16.6
(61.9)
11.3
(52.3)
19.66
(67.43)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
27.5
(1.083)
21.5
(0.846)
60.7
(2.39)
199.7
(7.862)
329.9
(12.988)
393.4
(15.488)
363.1
(14.295)
298.7
(11.76)
232.4
(9.15)
162.5
(6.398)
46
(1.81)
10.6
(0.417)
2,146
(84.487)
Source: [38]
Flora and fauna[edit]
See also: Tourism in North East India
State symbols of Tripura[39]
State animal
Phayre's langur
State bird
Green imperial pigeon
State tree
Agar
State flower
Nagesar
The
Green imperial pigeon
Green imperial pigeon is the state bird of Tripura.
Like most of the Indian subcontinent,
Tripura
Tripura lies within the
Indomalaya ecozone. According to the Biogeographic classification of
India, the state is in the "North-East" biogeographic zone.[40] In
2011 forests covered 57.73 per cent of the state.[41]
Tripura
Tripura hosts
three different types of ecosystems: mountain, forest and
freshwater.[42] The evergreen forests on the hill slopes and the sandy
river banks are dominated by species such as Dipterocarpus,
Artocarpus, Amoora, Elaeocarpus,
Syzygium
Syzygium and Eugenia.[43] Two types
of moist deciduous forests comprise majority of the vegetation: moist
deciduous mixed forest and Sal (Shorea robusta)-predominant
forest.[43] The interspersion of bamboo and cane forests with
deciduous and evergreen flora is a peculiarity of Tripura's
vegetation.[43] Grasslands and swamps are also present, particularly
in the plains. Herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees such as Albizia,
Barringtonia,
Lagerstroemia
Lagerstroemia and
Macaranga
Macaranga flourish in the swamps of
Tripura. Shrubs and grasses include Schumannianthus dichotoma
(shitalpati),
Phragmites
Phragmites and
Saccharum
Saccharum (sugarcane).[43]
According to a survey in 1989–90,
Tripura
Tripura hosts 90 land mammal
species from 65 genera and 10 orders,[44] including such species as
elephant (Elephas maximus), bear (Melursus ursinus), binturong
(Arctictis binturong), wild dog (Cuon alpinus), porcupine (Artherurus
assamensis), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), sambar (Cervus
unicolor), wild boar (Sus scrofa), gaur (Bos gaurus), leopard
(Panthera pardus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and many
species of small cats and primates.[44] Out of 15 free ranging
primates of India, seven are found in Tripura; this is the highest
number of primate species found in any Indian state.[44] The wild
buffalo (Bubalus arnee) is extinct now.[45] There are nearly 300
species of birds in the state.[46]
Wildlife sanctuaries of the state are Sipahijola, Gumti, Rowa and
Trishna wildlife sanctuaries.[47] National parks of the state are
Clouded Leopard National Park
Clouded Leopard National Park and Rajbari National Park.[47] These
protected areas cover a total of 566.93 km2
(218.89 sq mi).[47] Gumti is also an Important Bird
Area.[48] In winter, thousands of migratory waterfowl throng Gumti and
Rudrasagar lakes.[49]
Divisions[edit]
See also: List of districts of Tripura
In January 2012, major changes were implemented in the administrative
divisions of Tripura. Beforehand, there had been four
districts –
Dhalai
.JPG/500px-Tripura_(37).JPG)
Dhalai (headquarters Ambassa), North Tripura
(headquarters Kailashahar),
South Tripura
.JPG/500px-Amarpur_(45).JPG)
South Tripura (headquarters Udaipur,
Tripura), and
West Tripura
.JPG/500px-Agartala_(29).JPG)
West Tripura (headquarters Agartala). Four new districts
were carved out of the existing four in January 2012 – Khowai,
Unakoti, Sipahijala and Gomati.[50] Six new subdivisions and five new
blocks were also added.[51] Each is governed by a district collector
or a district magistrate, usually appointed by the Indian
Administrative Service. The subdivisions of each district are governed
by a sub-divisional magistrate and each subdivision is further divided
into blocks. The blocks consist of Panchayats (village councils) and
town municipalities. As of 2012, the state had eight districts, 23
subdivisions and 58 development blocks.[52] National census and state
statistical reports are not available for all the new administrative
divisions, as of March 2013. Agartala, the capital of Tripura, is the
most populous city. Other major towns with a population of 10,000 or
more (as per 2015 census) are Sabroom, Dharmanagar, Jogendranagar,
Kailashahar, Pratapgarh, Udaipur, Amarpur, Belonia, Gandhigram,
Kumarghat, Khowai, Ranirbazar, Sonamura, Bishalgarh, Teliamura,
Mohanpur, Melaghar, Ambassa, Kamalpur, Bishramganj, Kathaliya,
Santirbazar
Santirbazar and Baxanagar.
Government and politics[edit]
Main articles:
Government of Tripura
Government of Tripura and
Tripura
Tripura Legislative Assembly
See also: Political parties in Tripura
Ujjayanta Palace, built in the 19th century as a replacement for a
former royal palace destroyed in an earthquake, was used until 2011 as
the meeting place of Tripura's State Legislative Assembly.
Tripura
Tripura is governed through a parliamentary system of representative
democracy, a feature it shares with other Indian states. Universal
suffrage is granted to residents. The
Tripura
Tripura government has three
branches: executive, legislature and judiciary. The Tripura
Legislative Assembly consists of elected members and special office
bearers that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are
presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in case of
Speaker's absence. The Assembly is unicameral with 60 Members of the
Legislative Assembly (MLA).[53] The members are elected for a term of
five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion
of the term. The judiciary is composed of the
Tripura High Court and a
system of lower courts.[54][55] Executive authority is vested in the
Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister. The Governor, the
titular head of state, is appointed by the President of India. The
leader of the party or a coalition of parties with a majority in the
Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the
Governor. The Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on
the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to
the Legislative Assembly.
Tripura
Tripura sends two representatives to the
Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha (the lower house of
the parliament of India) and one representative to the Rajya Sabha
(parliament's upper house). Panchayats (local self-governments)
elected by local body elections are present in many villages for
self-governance.
Tripura
Tripura also has a unique tribal self-governance
body, the
Tripura
Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.[56] This
council is responsible for some aspects of local governance in 527
villages with high density of the scheduled tribes.[56][57]
The main political parties are the
Bharatiya Janata Party
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the
Left Front and the All
India
India Trinamool Congress along with regional
parties like IPFT, INPT and the Indian National Congress. Until 1977,
the state was governed by the Indian National Congress.[58]:255–66
The Left Front was in power from 1978 to 1988, and then again from
1993 to 2018.[59] During 1988–1993, the Congress and
Tripura
Tripura Upajati
Juba Samiti were in a ruling coalition.[60] In the
Tripura
Tripura Legislative
Assembly election, 2013, the Left Front won 50 out of 60 seats in the
Assembly, 49 of which went to the Communist Party of
India
India (Marxist)
(CPM).[61] At that time (2013),
Tripura
Tripura was one of the two states in
India
India where the communist party was in power. The other state is
Kerala. Formerly, one more state—West Bengal—had democratically
elected communist governments.[62]
Communism in the state had its beginnings in the pre-independence era,
inspired by freedom struggle activities in Bengal, and culminating in
regional parties with communist leanings.[63]:362 It capitalised on
the tribal dissatisfaction with the mainstream rulers,[63]:362 and has
been noted for connection with the "sub-national or ethnic searches
for identity".[64] Since the 1990s, there is an ongoing irredentist
Tripura
Tripura rebellion, involving militant outfits such as the National
Liberation Front of
Tripura
Tripura and the
All Tripura Tiger Force
All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF);
terrorist incidents involving the ATTF claimed a recorded number of
389 victims in the seven-year period of 1993 to 2000.[65] The Armed
Forces (
Special
Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) was first enforced in
Tripura
Tripura on 16 February 1997 when terrorism was at its peak in the
state. Ever since it was enforced in Tripura, the Act, as per its
provisions, was reviewed and extended after every six months. However,
in view of the improvement in the situation and fewer terrorist
activities being reported, the
Tripura
Tripura government in June 2013 reduced
operational areas of the AFSPA to 30 police station areas. The last
six-month extension to AFSPA was given in November 2014, and after
about 18 years of operation, it was repealed on 29 May 2015. The
Twipra Students Federation (TSF) demanded that AFSPA be revoked in the
state.[66] The 2018 assembly election resulted in a shocking defeat
for the Left Front.[67] The
Bharatiya Janata Party
Bharatiya Janata Party won an overall
majority in the state, resulting in the end of the Communist Party's
uninterrupted twenty-five year rule.[68]
The state has one autonomous council.
Economy[edit]
Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Prices
(2004–05 base)[69]
figures in crores Indian rupee
Year
Gross State
Domestic Product
2004–05
8,904
2005–06
9,482
2006–07
10,202
2007–08
10,988
2008–09
11,596
2009–10
12,248
2010–11
12,947
Tripura's gross state domestic product for 2010–11 was ₹129.47
billion (US$2.0 billion) at constant price (2004–05),[69]
recording 5.71 per cent growth over the previous year. In the same
period, the GDP of
India
India was ₹48,778.42 billion
(US$750 billion), with a growth rate of 8.55 per cent.[69] Annual
per capita income at current price of the state was ₹38,493
(US$590), compared to the national per capita income ₹44,345
(US$680).[70] In 2009, the tertiary sector of the economy (service
industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product
of the state, contributing 53.98 per cent of the state's economy
compared to 23.07 per cent from the primary sector (agriculture,
forestry, mining) and 22.95 per cent from the secondary sector
(industrial and manufacturing).[70] According to the Economic Census
of 2005, after agriculture, the maximum number of workers were engaged
in retail trade (28.21 per cent of total non-agricultural workforce),
followed by manufacturing (18.60 per cent), public administration
(14.54 per cent), and education (14.40 per cent).[71]
Tripura
Tripura is an agrarian state with more than half of the population
dependent on agriculture and allied activities.[72] However, due to
hilly terrain and forest cover, only 27 per cent of the land is
available for cultivation.[72] Rice, the major crop of the state, is
cultivated in 91 per cent of the cropped area.[72] According to the
Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Tripura, in
2009–10, potato, sugarcane, mesta, pulses and jute were the other
major crops cultivated in the state.[73]
Jackfruit
Jackfruit and pineapple top
the list of horticultural products.[73] Traditionally, most of the
indigenous population practised jhum method (a type of slash-and-burn)
of cultivation. The number of people dependent on jhum has declined
over the years.[74]:37–9
Rice is the major crop in
Tripura
Tripura and accounts for 91 per cent of the
land under cultivation.
Pisciculture has made significant advances in the state. At the end of
2009–10, the state produced a surplus of 104.3 million fish
seeds.[75] Rubber and tea are the important cash crops of the state.
Tripura
Tripura ranks second to
Kerala
Kerala in the production of natural rubber in
the country.[76] The state is known for its handicraft, particularly
hand-woven cotton fabric, wood carvings, and bamboo products. High
quality timber including sal, garjan, teak and gamar are found
abundantly in the forests of Tripura. Tata Trusts signed a pact with
Government of Tripura
Government of Tripura in July 2015 to improve fisheries and dairy in
the state.[77]
Per Capita Income with 2004–05 Base
Year
Tripura
India
2004–05
24,394
24,095
2005–06
26,668
27,183
2006–07
29,081
31,080
2007–08
31,111
35,430
2008–09
33,350
40,141
2010–11
33,493
44,345
The industrial sector of the state continues to be highly
underdeveloped – brickfields and tea industry are the only two
organised sectors.[71]
Tripura
Tripura has considerable reservoirs of natural
gas.[32]:78–81 According to estimates by Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation (ONGC), the state has 400 billion metres3 reserves of
natural gas, with 16 billion metres3 is recoverable.[76] ONGC
produced 480 million metres3 natural gas in the state, in
2006–07.[76] In 2011 and 2013, new large discoveries of natural gas
were announced by ONGC.[78] Tourism industry in the state is
growing – the revenue earned in tourism sector crossed ₹10
million (US$150,000) for the first time in 2009–10, and surpassed
₹15 million (US$230,000) in 2010–11.[79] Although
Bangladesh
Bangladesh is in
a trade deficit with India, its export to
Tripura
Tripura is significantly
more than import from the state; a report in the newspaper The Hindu
estimated
Bangladesh
Bangladesh exported commodities valued at about ₹3.5
billion (US$54 million) to the state in 2012, as opposed to "very
small quantity" of import.[80] Alongside legal international trade,
unofficial and informal cross-border trade is rampant.[81] In a
research paper published by the
Institute of Developing Economies
Institute of Developing Economies in
2004, the dependence of Tripura's economy on that of
Bangladesh
Bangladesh was
emphasised.[82]:313
The economy of
Tripura
Tripura can be characterised by high rate of poverty,
low capital formation, inadequate infrastructure facilities,
geographical isolation and communication bottlenecks, inadequate
exploration and use of forest and mineral resources, slow
industrialisation and high unemployment. More than 50% of the
population depends on agriculture for sustaining their livelihood.[83]
However agriculture and allied activities to Gross State Domestic
Production (GSDP) is only 23%, this is primarily because of low
capital base in the sector. Despite the inherent limitation and
constraints coupled with severe resources for investing in basic
infrastructure, this has brought consistence progress in quality of
life and income of people cutting across all sections of society. The
state government through its
Tripura
Tripura Industrial Policy and Tripura
Industrial Incentives Scheme, 2012, has offered heavy subsidies in
capital investment and transport, preferences in government
procurement, waivers in tender processes and fees, yet the impact has
been not much significant beyond a few industries being set up in the
Bodhjungnagar Industrial Growth Center.[84]
The Planning Commission estimates the poverty rate of all North East
Indian states by using head count ratio of
Assam
Assam (the second largest
state in North East
India
India after
Arunachal Pradesh
.jpg/500px-Golden_Pagoda_in_Arunachal_Pradesh_(photo_-_Jim_Ankan_Deka).jpg)
Arunachal Pradesh ). According to 2001
Planning Commission assessment, 22 per cent of Tripura's rural
residents were below the poverty line. However,
Tripura
Tripura government's
independent assessment, based on consumption distribution data,
reported that, in 2001, 55 per cent of the rural population was below
the poverty line.[71] Geographic isolation and communication
bottleneck coupled with insufficient infrastructure have restricted
economic growth of the state.[72] High rate of poverty and
unemployment continues to be prevalent.[72]
Transport[edit]
Air
Agartala
Agartala airport
Agartala
Agartala Airport, located 12 km northwest of
Agartala
Agartala at
Singerbhil, is the second busiest airport in northeast
India
India after
Guwahati. There are direct flights to Kolkata, Imphal,
Delhi,Shillong,Guwahati, Bangalore, Chennai, and Mumbai. The major
airlines are Air India, Indigo Airlines, Air Deccan, Spicejet
Passenger helicopter services are available between the capital and
major towns (Kailashahar, Dharmanagar) as well as to more remote areas
such as Kanchanpur, Belonia and Gandacherra.[85]
Railway
Agartala
Agartala Railway Station
Agartala, came on India's railway map with the advent of the railways
in the subcontinent in 1853 but the link was broken when
India
India was
partitioned in 1947. Railway service was established in
Tripura
Tripura in
1964 by constructing 1,000 mm
(3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge metre gauge track
from
Lumding
Lumding in
Assam
Assam to
Dharmanagar
Dharmanagar and
Kailasahar
Kailasahar in
Tripura
Tripura but the
track did not connect the state capital Agartala. Rail transport was
absent in the state until 2008–09 when the railway track was
extended to the capital Agartala.[85] The metre gauge rail track was
connected to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge at
Lumding. The major railways stations in this line are in Agartala,
Dharmanagar, and Kumarghat. This metre gauge track was converted to
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge in 2016 and now
trains run from
Agartala
Agartala to
Calcutta
Calcutta and Delhi. The total length of
this railway track in
Tripura
Tripura state is 153 km. It is a single
line without electrification.
Extension of the railway line from
Agartala
Agartala to the southernmost town
of
Sabroom
Sabroom at
Bangladesh
Bangladesh border is in progress. The 43 km long
track from
Agartala
Agartala to Udaipur-
Tripura
Tripura railway station (station code
UDPU) near Mata
Tripura Sundari
Tripura Sundari Temple has been commissioned and two
trains run on this section. The 70 km long section from
Udaipur-
Tripura
Tripura to
Sabroom
Sabroom on the bank of Feni River, which separates
Tripura
Tripura from Bangladesh, is being constructed as of 2017.[85]
A new railway line is being laid westwards from
Agartala
Agartala to
Akhaura
Akhaura in
Bangladesh. This will reduce the distance between
Agartala
Agartala and
Calcutta
Calcutta by over 1000 km and provide rail access to Chittagong
port.
Road
The border post between
Bangladesh
Bangladesh and
India
India in Akhaura
Only one major road, the National Highway 8 (NH-8), connects Tripura
to the rest of India.[85] Starting at
Sabroom
Sabroom in southern Tripura, it
heads north to the capital Agartala, turns east and then north-east to
enter the state of Assam. Locally known as "
Assam
Assam Road", the NH-8 is
often called the lifeline of Tripura.[85] However, the highway is
single lane and of poor quality; often landslides, rains or other
disruptions on the highway cut the state off from its
neighbours.[32]:73[74]:8 Another National Highway, NH 108, connects
the town Panisagar in
North Tripura
.JPG/500px-Tripura_(50).JPG)
North Tripura District with Aizawl, Mizoram.[31]
The
Tripura Road Transport Corporation is the government agency
overlooking public transport on road. A hilly and land-locked state,
Tripura
Tripura is dependent mostly on roads for transport.[85] The total
length of roads in the state is 16,931 km (10,520 mi) of
which national highways constitute 88 km (55 mi) and state
highways 689 km (428 mi), as of 2009–10.[85] Residents in
rural areas frequently use waterways as a mode of transport.[86]:140
Tripura
Tripura has an 856 km (532 mi) long international border
with Bangladesh, of which 730.5 km (453.9 mi) is fenced, as
of 2012.[87] Several locations along the border serve as bilateral
trading points between
India
India and Bangladesh, such as
Akhaura
Akhaura near
Agartala, Raghna, Srimantpur, Belonia,
Khowai
Khowai and Kailasahar.[80] A
bus service exists between
Agartala
Agartala and Dhaka, the capital of
Bangladesh.[88][89] In 2013, the two countries signed an agreement to
establish a 15 km (9.3 mi) railway link between
Agartala
Agartala and
the
Akhaura
Akhaura junction of Bangladesh.[90] Citizens of both countries
need visa to legally enter the other country; however, illegal
movement and smuggling across the border are widespread.[82]:314[91]
Media and communication[edit]
Doordarshan
Doordarshan (DD) has a television station in Agartala. Akash Tripura,
is one of the first television channels in Agartala. It is a full-time
Agartala-based news channel. Other full-time based channels are
Headlines Tripura,[92] News Vanguard, Prime Television Network.
As of 2014, 56 daily and weekly newspapers are published in
Tripura.[93] Most of the newspapers are published in Bengali, except
for one
Kokborok
Kokborok daily (Hachukni Kok), one Manipuri weekly (Marup),
two English dailies and three bilingual weeklies.[93] Notable dailies
include Ajkal Tripura, Daily Desher Katha,
Dainik Sambad and Syandan
Patrika.[93] and popular news portal www.tripurachronicle.in In a
study by
Indian Institute of Mass Communication in 2009, 93 per cent
of the sampled in
Tripura
Tripura rated television as very effective for
information and mass education.[94] In the study, 67 per cent of the
sampled listened to radio and 80–90 per cent read newspaper.[94]
Most of the major Indian telecommunication companies are present in
the state, such as Airtel, Aircel, Vodafone, Reliance, Jio,
Idea
Idea and
BSNL. Mobile connections outnumber landline connections by a wide
margin. As of 2011, the state-controlled
BSNL
BSNL has 57,897 landline
subscribers and 325,279 GSM mobile service connections.[85] There are
84 telephone exchanges (for landlines) and 716 post offices in the
state, as of 2011.[85]
Electricity[edit]
Till 2014,
Tripura
Tripura was a power deficit state. In late 2014, Tripura
reached surplus electricity production capacity by using its recently
discovered natural gas resources, and installing high efficiency gas
turbine power plants. The state has many power-generating stations.
These are owned by
Tripura
Tripura State Electricity Corporation (TSECL),
natural gas-powered thermal power stations at Rokhia and Baramura, and
the
ONGC Tripura Power Company
ONGC Tripura Power Company in Palatana.[95] The ONGC plant has a
capacity of 726.6 MW, with the second plant's commissioning in
November 2014.[96][97] It is the largest individual power plant in the
northeast region.[98]
The state also has a hydro power station on the Gumti River. The
combined power generation from these three stations is
100–105 MW.[99] The North Eastern Electric Power Corporation
(NEEPCO) operates the 84 MW
Agartala
Agartala Gas Turbine Power Plant near
Agartala.[99] As of November 2014, another thermal power plant is
being built at Monarchak.[100]
With the newly added power generation capacity,
Tripura
Tripura has with
enough capacity to supply all seven sister states of northeast India,
as well export power to neighbouring countries such as
Bangladesh.[101] With recent discoveries, the state has abundant
natural gas reserves to support many more power generation plants, but
lacks pipeline and transport infrastructure to deliver the fuel or
electricity to India's national grid.
Irrigation and fertilizers[edit]
As of 2011, 255,241 hectares (985 sq mi) of land in Tripura
cultivable, of which 108,646 hectares (419 sq mi) has the
potential to be covered by irrigation projects. However, only 74,796
hectares (289 sq mi) is irrigated.[102] The state lacks
major irrigation projects; it depends on medium-sized projects sourced
from Gumti,
Khowai
Khowai (at Chakmaghat) and Manu rivers, and minor projects
administered by village-level governing bodies that utilise tube
wells, water pumps, tanks and lift irrigation.[102]
ONGC and Chambal Fertilizers & Chemicals are jointly building a
fertiliser plant to leverage ONGC's natural gas discoveries in
Tripura.[103] Expected to be in operation by 2017, the 1.3 million
tonnes per year plant will supply the northeastern states.[104]
Drinking water[edit]
Drinking Water and Sanitation (DWS) wing of Public Works Department
manages the drinking water supply in the state. Schools and Anganwadi
Centers have been specifically targeted to improve drinking water
supply as well as attendance to these institutions. Many areas of
Tripura
Tripura have the problem of excessive iron content in ground water
requiring installation of Iron Removal Plants (IRP).
Tripura
Tripura State has
received the best State Award for Water & Sanitation under the
category of Small States in the IBN7 Diamond State Award function for
doing commendable work to provide drinking water supply to the people
with sparsely distributed tribal population in hamlets of hilly region
of the State. However, a study by the DWS Department found depleting
water table and excessive contamination.[105] Still, packaged drinking
water under brands "Tribeni", "Eco Freshh", "Blue Fina", "Life Drop"
and "Aqua Zoom" among others is manufactured and sold in the state.
Filters of many types and brands, in addition to locally manufactured
ceramic type filters, are sold in the state although their acceptance
in rural areas is less.
Sanitation[edit]
Tripura
Tripura has high incidence of open defecation, especially in the
interior hilly and forest areas. The state has extensively implemented
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan and currently the
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and
convergence with MGNREGS to address this problem. Schools and
Anganwadi Center are focussed to provide with urinals and latrines,
separate for boys and girls aling with baby friendly toilets in
Anganwadi Centers to inculcate the habit of using sanitary latrines in
young age. However many toilets lie dysfuncational due to lack of
maintenance and damage. Earlier schemes of providing plastic squatting
plates, free of cost to people, has not produced results as most of
them lie unused as many people cannot afford to construct a toilet.
Open defecation
Open defecation has created problems of diarrhoea and vulnerability to
malaria. The
Chief Minister of Tripura
Chief Minister of Tripura has envisioned to make the
state Open Defecation Free (ODF) by 2017.
Education[edit]
Main article: Education in Tripura
See also: List of institutions of higher education in Tripura
Classrooms built of bamboo in a school. In 2010–11,
Tripura
Tripura had
4,455 schools run by the state government or private
organisations.[106] Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali.
Per 2011 census, the literacy rate of
Tripura
Tripura was 87.75 percent, the
fourth-highest in the
India
India (which had a national literacy rate of
74.04 percent).[107] A state government survey in 2013 announced that
Tripura
Tripura has the highest literacy rate in
India
India at 94.65 percent.[107]
Schools in
Tripura
Tripura are run by the state government, TTAADC or private
organisations, which include religious institutions. Instruction in
schools is mainly in Bengali or English, though
Kokborok
Kokborok and other
regional languages are also used. Some of the special schools include
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya,
residential schools run by
Tripura
Tripura Tribal Welfare Residential
Educational Institutions Society (TTWREIS),[108] missionary
organisations like St. Paul's, St. Arnold's, Holy Cross, Don Bosco,
and St. John's. The schools are affiliated to the Council for the
Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for
Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open Schooling
(NIOS) or the
Tripura
Tripura Board of Secondary Education.[109] Under the
10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically
enroll for two years in a junior college or in a higher secondary
school affiliated either to the
Tripura
Tripura Board of Secondary Education
or to other central boards. Students choose from one of the three
streams—liberal arts, commerce or science.[109] As in the rest of
India,[110] after passing the
Higher Secondary Examination (the grade
12 examination), students may enroll in general degree programs such
as bachelor's degree in arts, commerce or science, or professional
degree programs such as engineering, law or medicine.
According to the Economic Review of
Tripura
Tripura 2010–11,
Tripura
Tripura has a
total of 4,455 schools, of which 2,298 are primary schools.[106] The
total enrolment in all schools of the state is 767,672.[106] Tripura
has one Central University (
Tripura
Tripura University), one State University
(M. B. B. University) and one private university (a branch of the
Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India). There are 15
general colleges, three engineering colleges (
Tripura
Tripura Institute of
Technology, National Institute of Technology,
Agartala
Agartala and NIEILT,
Agartala), two medical colleges (
Agartala
Agartala Government Medical College
and
Tripura
Tripura Medical College),[111][112] three nursing or paramedical
colleges, three polytechnic colleges, one law college, one Government
Music College, one College of Fisheries, Institute of Advance Studies
in Education, one Regional College of Physical Education at Panisagar
and one art college.[106][113]
Tripura University
Tripura University also houses the
IGNOU
Agartala
Agartala Regional Center.
Healthcare[edit]
Main article: Healthcare in Tripura
Health indices as of 2010[114]
Indicator
Tripura
India
Birth rate
14.9
22.1
Death rate
5.0
7.2
Infant mortality rate
27
47
Total fertility rate
2.2
2.7
Natural growth rate
9.9
14.9
Healthcare in Tripura features a universal health care system run by
the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of the Government of
Tripura.[115] The health care infrastructure is divided into three
tiers – the primary health care network, a secondary care
system comprising district and sub-divisional hospitals and tertiary
hospitals providing speciality and super speciality care. As of
2010–11, there are 17 hospitals, 11 rural hospitals and community
health centres, 79 primary health centres, 635
sub-centres/dispensaries, 7 blood banks and 7 blood storage centres in
the state.[116] Homeopathic and Ayurvedic styles of medicine are also
popular in the state.[116] The National Family Health Survey –
3 conducted in 2005–06 revealed that 20 per cent of the residents of
Tripura
Tripura do not generally use government health facilities, and prefers
private medical sector.[117] This is overwhelmingly less compared to
the national level, where 65.6 per cent do not rely on government
facilities.[117] As in the rest of India,
Tripura
Tripura residents also cite
poor quality of care as the most frequent reason for non-reliance over
public health sector. Other reasons include distance of the public
sector facility, long waiting time, and inconvenient hours of
operation.[117] As of 2010, the state's performance in major public
health care indices, such as birth rate, infant mortality rate and
total fertility rate is better than the national average.[114] The
state is vulnerable to epidemics of Malaria, Diarrhea, Japanese
Encephalitis and Meningitis. In summer 2014 the state witnessed a
major
Malaria
Malaria outbreak.[118]
Demographics[edit]
Population[edit]
Population growth[119]
Census
Population
%±
1951
639,000
—
1961
1,142,000
78.7%
1971
1,556,000
36.3%
1981
2,053,000
31.9%
1991
2,757,000
34.3%
2001
3,199,203
16%
2011
3,671,032
14.7%
Tripura
Tripura ranks second to
Assam
Assam as the most populous state in North East
India. According to the provisional results of 2011 census of India,
Tripura
Tripura has a population of 3,671,032 with 1,871,867 males and
1,799,165 females.[120] It constitutes 0.3 per cent of India's
population. The sex ratio of the state is 961 females per thousand
males,[120] higher than the national ratio 940. The density of
population is 350 persons per square kilometre.[121] The literacy rate
of
Tripura
Tripura in 2011 was 87.75 per cent,[120] higher than the national
average 74.04 per cent, and third best among all the states.
Tripura
Tripura ranked 6th in
Human Development Index
Human Development Index (HDI) among 35 states
and union territories of India, according to 2006 estimate by India's
Ministry of Women and Child Development; the HDI of
Tripura
Tripura was 0.663,
better than the all-
India
India HDI 0.605.[122]
In 2011, the police in
Tripura
Tripura recorded 5,803 cognisable offences
under the Indian Penal Code, a number second only to
Assam
Assam (66,714) in
North East India.[123] The crime rate in the state was 158.1 per
100,000 people, less than the all-
India
India average of 192.2.[124]
However, 2010 reports showed that the state topped all the states for
crime against women, with a rate of 46.5 per 100,000 people,
significantly more than the national rate of 18.[125]
Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuri, a
Tibeto-Burman ethnic group that originated near the upper courses of
Yangtze River
Yangtze River and
Yellow River
Yellow River in China, form about 30 per cent of the
state's population.[28][126]
Ethnic groups[edit]
In the 2001 census of India,
Bengalis
Bengalis represented almost 70 per cent
of Tripura's population while the Tripuri population amounted to 30
per cent.[126] The state's "scheduled tribes", historically
disadvantaged groups of people recognised by the country's
constitution, consist of 19 ethnic groups and many sub-groups,[127]
with diverse languages and cultures. In 2001, the largest such group
was the Kokborok-speaking Tripuris, which had a population of 543,848,
representing 17.0 per cent of the state's population and 54.7 per cent
of the "scheduled tribe" population.[126] The other major groups, in
descending order of population, were the
Reang (16.6 per cent of the
indigenous population),
Jamatia
Jamatia (7.5 per cent), Chakma (6.5 per cent),
Halam (4.8 per cent), Mog (3.1 per cent), Munda (1.2 per cent), Kuki
(1.2 per cent) and Garo (1.1 per cent).[126]
Languages[edit]
Main article: Languages of Tripura
Languages of Tripura in 2001[128][129][130]
Bengali (67.14%)
Tripuri (Kokborok) (25.46%)
Hindi (1.68%)
Kuki (1.2%)
Mogh (0.9%)
Others (3.62%)
Bengali is the most widely spoken language.
Kokborok
Kokborok is a prominent
language among the
Tripura
Tripura tribes. Several other languages such as
Mog, Odia, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Manipuri, Halam, Kuki, Garo and
Chakma belonging to Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan families are spoken
in the state.[131] Saimar, a nearly extinct language, is spoken by
only four people in one village, as of 2012.[132]
Religion[edit]
Religion in
Tripura
Tripura (2011)[133]
Hinduism
Hinduism (83.40%)
Islam
Islam (8.60%)
Christianity
Christianity (4.35%)
Buddhism
.jpeg/440px-Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg)
Buddhism (3.41%)
Sikhism
Sikhism (0.02%)
Jainism
Jainism (0.02%)
Other or no religion (0.2%)
According to 2011 census,
Hinduism
Hinduism is the majority religion in the
state, followed by 83.40 per cent of the population.[134] Muslims make
up 8.60 per cent of the population, Christians 4.35 per cent, and
Buddhists 3.41 per cent.[135] Mogs (Barua & Mutsuddy also comes
under Mog community) and Chakmas (Who were indigenous people of
Chindwin valley in Arakan Roma) are the followers of Theravada
Buddhism
Buddhism in Tripura.
Christianity
Christianity is chiefly followed by members of the Lushai, Kuki, Garo,
Tripuri, Halam tribes and as per 2017 census has 159,882
adherents.[86]:135–6
Culture[edit]
See also: Culture of Tripura, Bengali culture, and Tripuri culture
A couple in traditional Tripuri costume.
The diverse ethno-linguistic groups of
Tripura
Tripura have given rise to a
composite culture.[136][137] The dominant ethnic groups are Bengali,
Tripuri (Debbarma, Tripura, Jamatia, Reang, Noatia, Koloi, Murasing,
Chakma, Halam, Garo, Kuki, Mizo, Uchoi, Dhamai, Roaza,
Mogh and other
tribal groups such as Munda,
Oraon
,_Indigenous_People's_Day,_2014,_Dhaka,_Bangladesh_©_Biplob_Rahman-4.jpg/440px-Onraw_Dancer(s),_Indigenous_People's_Day,_2014,_Dhaka,_Bangladesh_©_Biplob_Rahman-4.jpg)
Oraon and Santhal who migrated in Tripura
as a tea labourers.[127]
Bengali people
Bengali people represent the largest
ethno-linguist community of the state. Bengali culture, as a result,
is the main indigenous, non-
Tripura
Tripura culture. Indeed, many elite tribal
families which reside in towns have actively embraced Bengali culture
and language in the past, but in today's generation more Tripuris are
embracing their culture.[138] The Tripuri kings were great patrons of
Bengali culture, especially literature;[138]
Bengali language
Bengali language was the
language of the court.[139] Elements of Bengali culture, such as
Bengali literature, Bengali music, and
Bengali cuisine
Bengali cuisine are widespread,
particularly in the urban areas of the state.[138][140]:110[141]
Tripura
Tripura is noted for bamboo and cane handicrafts.[137] Bamboo, wood
and cane are used to create an array of furniture, utensils, hand-held
fans, replicas, mats, baskets, idols and interior decoration
materials.[26]:39–41[142] Music and dance are integral to the
culture of the state. Some local musical instruments are the sarinda,
chongpreng (both string instruments), and sumui (a type of
flute).[15]:344–5 Each indigenous community has its own repertoire
of songs and dances performed during weddings, religious occasions,
and other festivities. The Tripuri and
Jamatia
Jamatia people perform goria
dance during the Goria puja.
Jhum dance (also called tangbiti dance),
lebang dance, mamita dance, and mosak sulmani dance are other Tripuri
dance forms.[143]
Reang community, the second largest scheduled tribe
of the state, is noted for its hojagiri dance that is performed by
young girls balanced on earthen pitchers.[143]
Bizhu dance is
performed by the Chakmas during the Bizhu festival (the last day of
the month of
Chaitra
Chaitra in
Hindu
Hindu calendar). Other dance forms include
wangala dance of the Garo people, hai-hak dance of the Halam branch of
Kuki people, and sangrai dance and owa dance of the Mog.[143]
Alongside such traditional music, mainstream Indian musical elements
such as
Indian classical music
Indian classical music and dance,
Rabindra Sangeet
Rabindra Sangeet are also
practised.[144] Sachin Dev Burman, a member of the royal family, was a
maestro in the filmi genre of Indian music.[145]
Durga Puja
Durga Puja is the major festival of Tripura
Hindus believe that Tripureshwari is the patron goddess of
Tripura
Tripura and
an aspect of Shakti.[18]:30 Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Dolyatra,
Ashokastami and the worship of the Chaturdasha deities are important
festivals in the state. Some festivals represent confluence of
different regional traditions, such as Ganga puja, Garia puja, Kharchi
puja and Ker puja.[146][147] Unakoti, Pilak and
Devtamura
Devtamura are historic
sites where large collections of stone carvings and rock sculptures
are noted.[137][148] Like
Neermahal
Neermahal is a cultural Water Palace of this
state. Sculptures are evidence of the presence of Buddhist and
Brahmanical orders for centuries, and represent a rare artistic fusion
of traditional organised religions and tribal
influence.[149][150][151] The State Museum in the
Ujjayanta Palace
Ujjayanta Palace in
Agartala
Agartala has impressive galleries that depict the history and culture
of
Tripura
Tripura through pictures, videos and other installations.
Tourism[edit]
Within its small geographical area,
Tripura
Tripura offers plenty of
attractions for the tourists in the form of magnificent palaces (
Ujjayanta Palace
Ujjayanta Palace and Kunjaban Palace at
Agartala
Agartala and
Neermahal
Neermahal –
Lake Palace at
Melaghar
Melaghar ), splendid rock-cut carvings and stone images
(
Unakoti
.JPG/440px-Unakoti_(Scorpian_ad).JPG)
Unakoti near Kailashahar, Debtamura near Amarpur and Pilak in
Belonia Sub-divisions ), important temples of Hindus and Buddhists
including the famous Mata Tripureswari temple ( one of the 51
Pithasthans as per
Hindu
Hindu mythology ) at Udaipur, vast natural as well
as artificial lakes namely Dumboor lake in Gandacherra subdivision,
Rudrasagar at Melaghar, Amarsagar, Jagannath Dighi, Kalyan Sagar, etc.
at Udaipur, the beautiful hill station of Jampui hill bordering
Mizoram, wild life sanctuaries at Sepahijala, Gumti, Rowa and Trishna,
eco parks created by forest department at Manu, Baramura,
Ambassa
Ambassa and
rich cultural heritage of Tribals,
Bengalis
Bengalis and Manipuri communities
residing in the state. The main attractions in
Agartala
Agartala are Ujjayanta
Palace, State Museum, Heritage Park, Tribal Museum, Sukanta Academy,
M.B.B. College, Laxminarayan Temple, Uma Maheswar Temple, Jagannath
Temple, Benuban Bihar, Gedu Mian Mosque, Malancha Niwas, Rabindra
Kanan, Purbasha, Handicrafts Designing Centre, Fourteen Goddess
Temple, Portuguese Church etc.[152]
Heritage Park Stage Agartala
Neermahal, Melaghar
Tripura
Tripura has beautiful rock cut carvings and stone images at
Unakoti
Unakoti is
a profusion of rock-cut images, belonging to 11th or 12th century AD,
intricate and finely executed.
Ujjayanta palace is the largest museum in Northeast India
Sports[edit]
Football and cricket are the most popular sports in the state. The
state capital
Agartala
Agartala has its own club football championships every
year in which many local clubs compete in a league and knockout
format. The
Tripura cricket team participates in the Ranji Trophy, the
Indian domestic cricket competition. The state is a regular
participant of the Indian National Games and the North Eastern
Games.[153][154] In 2016,
Dipa Karmakar from
Agartala
Agartala became the first
ever female gymnast from
India
India to qualify for the Olympics when she
qualified for the women's artistic gymnastics event of 2016 Summer
Olympics.[155]
See also[edit]
Habugra
List of cities and towns in Tripura
Tourism in North East India
Tripura
Tripura Industrial Development Corporation
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Further reading[edit]
"The Agony of Tripura". By Mr. J.D. Mandal (2003)
Gan-Chaudhuri, Jagadis (1 January 1985). An anthology of Tripura.
Inter-
India
India Publications. OCLC 568730389.
Roychoudhury, Nalini Ranjan (1977).
Tripura
Tripura through the ages: a short
history of
Tripura
Tripura from the earliest times to 1947 A.D. Bureau of
Research & Publications on Tripura. OCLC 4497205.
Bhattacharjee, Pravas Ranjan (1993). Economic transition in Tripura.
Vikas Pub. House. ISBN 978-0-7069-7171-2.
Palit, Projit Kumar (1 January 2004). History of religion in Tripura.
Kaveri Books. ISBN 978-81-7479-064-4.
DebBarma, Chandramani (2006). Glory of
Tripura
Tripura civilisation: history
of
Tripura
Tripura with Kok Borok names of the kings. Parul Prakashani.
OCLC 68193115.
Jain, Sandhya (2010). Evangelical intrusions: [Tripura, a case study].
New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
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