Entomophthoromycota is a

division Division or divider may refer to: Mathematics *Division (mathematics), the inverse of multiplication *Division algorithm, a method for computing the result of mathematical division Military *Division (military), a formation typically consisting ...

of kingdom

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately fr ...

. In 2007, it was placed at the

taxonomic rank In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in an ancestral or hereditary hierarchy. A common system consists of species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain. While ...

subphylum In zoological nomenclature, a subphylum is a taxonomic rank below the rank of phylum. The taxonomic rank of " subdivision" in fungi and plant taxonomy is equivalent to "subphylum" in zoological taxonomy. Some plant taxonomists have also used th ...

in the most recent revision of the entire fungus kingdom. In 2012, it was raised to the rank of

phylum In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature ...

as "Entomophthoromycota" in a

scientific paper : ''For a broader class of literature, see Academic publishing.'' Scientific literature comprises scholarly publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences. Within an academic field, scienti ...

by Richard A. Humber 2012. Divided into three classes and six families ( Ancylistaceae,

Basidiobolaceae The Basidiobolaceae are a family of fungi in the monotypic order Basidiobolales. All fungal cells of this family are exclusively uninucleate and their relatively large nuclei contain a nucleolus, but no heterochromatin.http://zygomycetes.org/inde ...

, Completoriaceae,

Entomophthoraceae Entomophthoraceae is a family of fungi in the order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gryganskyi et al. 2012).Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME et al (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromyco ...

Meristacraceae ''Meristacrum'' is a fungal genus in the monotypic family Meristacraceae, of the order Entomophthorales. They are parasites of soil invertebrates, they typically infect nematodes, and tardigrades.P. F. Cannon and P. M. Kirk (Editors) David J. ...

, and Neozygitaceae), it contains over 250 species that are mostly

arthropod Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chiti ...

pathogens or soil- and

litter Litter consists of waste products that have been discarded incorrectly, without consent, at an unsuitable location. Litter can also be used as a verb; to litter means to drop and leave objects, often man-made, such as aluminum cans, paper cups ...

-borne saprobes.

Taxonomy

Circumscribed by mycologist Richard Humber in 2012, it contains species formerly

classified Classified may refer to: General *Classified information, material that a government body deems to be sensitive *Classified advertising or "classifieds" Music *Classified (rapper) (born 1977), Canadian rapper * The Classified, a 1980s American ro ...

in the division

Zygomycota Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a former division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi. The members are now part of two phyla: the Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota. Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living ...

. Humber's reorganization divides the division into three classes while retaining the previously defined

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

structure: Division Entomophthoromycota Humber 2012 ntomophthoromycotina Humber 2007:Class

Basidiobolomycetes Basidiobolomycetes is one of the currently recognized classes within the kingdom Fungi. Taxonomy Based on the work of Philippe Silar and "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research" and s ...

Humber 2012 olomycetes Cavalier-Smith 1998; Bolomycetidae Cavalier-Smith 2012; Basidiobolomycota Doweld 2001::Order Basidiobolales Jacz. & P.A. Jacz. 1931 ex. Caval.-Sm. :::Family

Engler & Gilg 1924 :::::'' Schizangiella'' Dwyer et al. 2006 :::::''

Basidiobolus ''Basidiobolus ranarum'' is a filamentous fungus with worldwide distribution. The fungus was first isolated by Eidam in 1886. It can saprophytically live in the intestines of mainly cold-blooded vertebrates and on decaying fruits and soil. The fu ...

'' Eidam 1886 'Amphoromorpha''_Thaxter_1914.html" ;"title="Amphoromorpha.html" ;"title="' 'Amphoromorpha''_Thaxter_1914">Amphoromorpha.html"_;"title="'Amphoromorpha">'Amphoromorpha''_Thaxter_1914:Class_Neozygitomycetes.html" ;"title="Amphoromorpha">'Amphoromorpha'' Thaxter 1914">Amphoromorpha.html" ;"title="'Amphoromorpha">'Amphoromorpha'' Thaxter 1914:Class Neozygitomycetes">Amphoromorpha">'Amphoromorpha'' Thaxter 1914">Amphoromorpha.html" ;"title="'Amphoromorpha">'Amphoromorpha'' Thaxter 1914:Class Neozygitomycetes Humber 2012 ::Order Neozygitales Humber 2012 :::Family Neozygitaceae Ben Ze’ev, Kenneth & Uziel 1987 :::::'' Apterivorax'' Keller 2005 :::::'' Neozygites'' Witlaczil 1885 'Thaxterosporium''_Ben_Ze'ev_&_Kenneth_1987.html" ;"title="Thaxterosporium.html" ;"title="'Thaxterosporium">'Thaxterosporium'' Ben Ze'ev & Kenneth 1987">Thaxterosporium.html" ;"title="'Thaxterosporium">'Thaxterosporium'' Ben Ze'ev & Kenneth 1987:Class Entomophthoromycetes Humber 2012 [Entomomycetidae Cavalier-Smith 1998 em. 2012] ::Order Entomophthorales Winter 1880 [Ancylistales Schröter] :::Family Ancylistaceae Schröter 1893 :::::'' Ancyclistes'' Pfitzer 1872 :::::'' Conidiobolus'' Brefeld 1884 emend. Humber 1989 'Conidiobolus'' (''Capillidium'') Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982; ''Conidiobolus'' (''Conidiobolus'') (Brefeld) Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982; ''Conidiobolus'' (''Delacroixia'') (Sacc. & Syd.) Tyrrell & MacLeod 1972] :::::''Macrobiotophthora'' Reukauf 1912 emend. Tucker 1981 :::Family Completoriaceae Humber 1989 :::::'' Completoria'' Lohde 1874 :::Family

Nowakowski 1877 mpusaceaae::::Subfamily Erynioideae Keller 2005 assosporoideae Keller 2005:::::'' Erynia'' (Nowakowski ex Batko 1966) Remaud. & Hennebert 1980.emend. Humber 1989 'Zoophthora'' (''Erynia'') Nowakowski ex Batko 1966:::::'' Eryniopsis'' Humber 1984 (in part) :::::'' Furia'' (Batko 1966) Humber 2005 'Zoophthora'' (''Furia'') Batko 1966; ''Erynia'' (''Furia'') (Batko 1966) Li & Humber 1984:::::'' Orthomyces'' Steinkraus, Humber & Oliver 1988 :::::''

Pandora In Greek mythology, Pandora (Greek language, Greek: , derived from , ''pān'', i.e. "all" and , ''dōron'', i.e. "gift", thus "the all-endowed", "all-gifted" or "all-giving") was the first human woman created by Hephaestus on the instructions ...

'' Humber 2005 'Erynia''_(''Neopandora'')_Ben-Ze’ev_&_Kenneth_1982.html" ;"title="Neopandora.html" ;"title="'Erynia'' (''Neopandora">'Erynia'' (''Neopandora'') Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982">Neopandora.html" ;"title="'Erynia'' (''Neopandora">'Erynia'' (''Neopandora'') Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982:::::''Strongwellsea'' Batko & Weiser 1965 emend. Humber 1976 :::::''Zoophthora'' Batko 1964 emend. Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 2005 ::::Subfamily Entomophthoroideae Keller 2005 :::::'' Batkoa'' Humber 2005 :::::''

Entomophaga ''Entomophaga'' is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae The Tachinidae are a large and variable family of true flies within the insect order Diptera, with more than 8,200 known species and many more to be discovered. Over 1,300 species h ...

'' Batko 1964 emend. Humber 1989 :::::''

Entomophthora ''Entomophthora'' is a fungal genus in the family Entomophthoraceae. Species in this genus are parasitic on flies and other two-winged insects. The genus was circumscribed by German physician Johann Baptist Georg Wolfgang Fresenius (1808-1866) ...

'' Fresenius 1856 'Empusa'' (''Triplosporium'') Thaxter 1888; ''Triplosporium'' (Thaxter 1888) Batko 1964] :::::'' Eryniopsis'' Humber 1984 (in part) :::::''Massospora'' Peck 1879 emend. Soper 1974 :::Family

Humber 1989 ::::'' Meristacrum'' Drechsler 1940 emend. Tucker & Humber 1981 ::::'' Tabanomyces'' Couch et al. Genera that have an uncertain status or have been excluded from the Entomophthoromycota include '' Ballocephala'', '' Tarichium'', and '' Zygnemomyces''.
Synonyms from "Part 1- Virae, Prokarya, Protists, Fungi".

Description

Species in the Entomophthoromycota generally share several characteristics. Their vegetative cells are coenocytic;

sporulation In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, ...

occurs by production of forcibly discharged dispersive or infective

conidia A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to t ...

; and their zygospores (which also function as

resting spore A resting spore is a resistant cell, used to survive adverse environmental conditions. Resting spore is a term commonly applied to both diatoms and fungi. In fungi A resting spore can be a spore created by fungi which is thickly encysted (has a ...

s) are homothallic.

References

Fungus phyla Fungi by classification Zygomycota {{entomophthorales-stub