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Ancylistaceae
The ''Ancylistaceae'' are a family of fungi in the order Entomophthorales. The family currently contains 3 genera: '' Ancylistes'', '' Macrobiotophthora'', '' Conidiobolus''. '' Capillidium'' was added in 2020, it was once thought to be a sub-genus of ''Conidiobolus''. '' Microconidiobolus'' and '' Neoconidiobolus'' were also added in 2020. Brief taxonomic history This family was originally an order thought to be included with the aquatic Phycomycetes and included members of Oomycota. It was Helen Berdan,Helen Berdan Mycologia, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Jul. - Aug., 1938), pp. 396-415 who determined that ''Ancylistes'' belonged to order Entomophthorales.Sparrow, FK. 1960. Aquatic Phycomycetes. 2nd edition. The University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, Michigan. Later, the Oomycetes were removed as were several zygomycete genera. Morphology The mycelium is coenocytic or irregularly septate. The nuclei are small. During interphase, condense chromatin is absent, but a central nucleolus can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entomophthorales
The Entomophthorales are an order (biology), order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, has recently been circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed for them. Most species of the Entomophthorales are pathogens of insects. A few attack nematodes, mites, and tardigrades, and some (particularly species of the genus ''Conidiobolus'') are free-living saprotrophs. The name Entomophthorales is derived from the Ancient Greek for insect destroyer (''wikt:entomo-, entomo-'' = referring to insects, and ''wikt:phthor, phthor'' = "destruction"). Highlighted species * ''Basidiobolus ranarum'', a commensal fungus of frogs and a mammal pathogen * ''Conidiobolus coronatus'', a saprotrophic fungus of leaf litter and a mammal pathogen * ''Entomophaga maimaiga'', a biocontrol agent of spongy moths * ''Entomophthora muscae'', a pathogen of houseflies * ''Massospora Cicadina, Massospora'' spp., pathogens of periodical cicadas * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conidiobolus
''Conidiobolus'' is a genus of fungi in order Entomophthorales. Some species were defined in ''Conidiobolus'' but then moved into other genera such as ''Capillidium'' and ''Batkoa''. This genus can cause a human infection known as conidiobolomycosis. Species There are 54 species of ''Conidiobolus''. *''Conidiobolus adieretus'' Drechsler, 1953 (= '' Capillidium adiaeretum'' (Drechsler) B. Huang & Y. Nie (2020)) *'' Conidiobolus antarcticus'' S. Tosi, Caretta & Humber, 2004 *'' Conidiobolus apiculatus'' *'' Conidiobolus bangalorensis'' Sriniv. & Thirum., 1967 *'' Conidiobolus batkoi'' *'' Conidiobolus brefeldianus'' Couch, 1939 *'' Conidiobolus caecilius'' S. Keller, 2007 *'' Conidiobolus carpentieri'' (Giard) Remaud. & S. Keller, 1980 *'' Conidiobolus cercopidis'' *'' Conidiobolus cercopidis'' *'' Conidiobolus chlamydosporus'' Drechsler, 1955 *'' Conidiobolus chlapowskii'' Bałazy, J. Wiśn. & S. Kaczm., 1987 *'' Conidiobolus conglomeratus'' *''Conidiobolus coronatus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conidiobolus Firmipilleus
''Conidiobolus'' is a genus of fungi in order Entomophthorales. Some species were defined in ''Conidiobolus'' but then moved into other genera such as ''Capillidium'' and ''Batkoa''. This genus can cause a human infection known as conidiobolomycosis. Species There are 54 species of ''Conidiobolus''. *''Conidiobolus adieretus'' Drechsler, 1953 (= '' Capillidium adiaeretum'' (Drechsler) B. Huang & Y. Nie (2020)) *'' Conidiobolus antarcticus'' S. Tosi, Caretta & Humber, 2004 *'' Conidiobolus apiculatus'' *'' Conidiobolus bangalorensis'' Sriniv. & Thirum., 1967 *'' Conidiobolus batkoi'' *'' Conidiobolus brefeldianus'' Couch, 1939 *'' Conidiobolus caecilius'' S. Keller, 2007 *'' Conidiobolus carpentieri'' (Giard) Remaud. & S. Keller, 1980 *'' Conidiobolus cercopidis'' *'' Conidiobolus cercopidis'' *'' Conidiobolus chlamydosporus'' Drechsler, 1955 *'' Conidiobolus chlapowskii'' Bałazy, J. Wiśn. & S. Kaczm., 1987 *'' Conidiobolus conglomeratus'' *''Conidiobolus coronatus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycelium
Mycelium (plural mycelia) is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrate (biology), substrates. A typical single spore germinates into a Monokaryon, monokaryotic mycelium, which cannot reproduce sexually; when two compatible monokaryotic mycelia join and form a dikaryotic mycelium, that mycelium may form sporocarp (fungi), fruiting bodies such as mushrooms. A mycelium may be minute, forming a colony that is too small to see, or may grow to span thousands of acres as in ''Armillaria''. Through the mycelium, a fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment. It does this in a two-stage process. First, the hyphae secrete enzymes onto or into the food source, which break down biopolymers, biological polymers into smaller units such as monomers. These monomers are then absorbed into the mycelium by facilitated diffusion and active transport. Mycelia are v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conidia
A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. The two new haploid cells are genetically identical to the haploid parent, and can develop into new organisms if conditions are favorable, and serve in biological dispersal. Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes (the phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive between species and, before the development of molecular techniques at the end of the 20th century, was widely used for identification of (''e.g.'' ''Metarhizium'') species. The terms microconidia and macroconidia are sometimes used. Conidiogenesis There are two main types of conidium ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Septum
In biology, a septum (Latin for ''something that encloses''; plural septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. A cavity or structure divided in this way may be referred to as septate. Examples Human anatomy * Interatrial septum, the wall of tissue that is a sectional part of the left and right atria of the heart * Interventricular septum, the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart * Lingual septum, a vertical layer of fibrous tissue that separates the halves of the tongue. *Nasal septum: the cartilage wall separating the nostrils of the nose * Alveolar septum: the thin wall which separates the alveoli from each other in the lungs * Orbital septum, a palpebral ligament in the upper and lower eyelids * Septum pellucidum or septum lucidum, a thin structure separating two fluid pockets in the brain * Uterine septum, a malformation of the uterus * Vaginal septum, a lateral or transverse partition inside the vagina * Intermuscular sep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloroplast
A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water in the cells. The ATP and NADPH is then used to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like ''Arabidopsis'' and wheat. A chloroplast is characterized by its two membranes and a high concentration of chlorophyll. Other plastid types, such as the leucoplast and the chromoplast, contain little chlorophyll and do not carry out photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypha
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called "septa" (singular septum). Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria, and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells. The major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically chitin, in contrast to plants and oomycetes that have cellulosic cell walls. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa. Hyphae have an average diameter of 4–6 µm. Growth Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and polymerization of cell wall components, and the internal production of new cell membrane. The S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Desmids
Desmidiales, commonly called desmids (''Gr.'' ''desmos'', bond or chain), are an order in the Charophyta, a division of green algae in which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged. Or in other words, Desmid, (order Desmidiales), order of single-celled (sometimes filamentous or colonial) microscopic green algae. Desmids are sometimes treated as a family (Desmidiaceae) of the order Zygnematales. The desmids belong to the class Zygnematophyceae. Although they are sometimes grouped together as a single family Desmidiaceae, most classifications recognize three to five families, either within the order Zygnematales or as their own order Desmidiales. The Desmidiales comprise around 40 genera and 5,000 to 6,000 species, found mostly but not exclusively in fresh water. Many species may be found in the fissures between patches of sphagnum moss in marshes. With a pH level of approximately 4.0, sphagnum peat provides the ideal environment for this flora. Morphology The structure of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasite
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has characterised parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasites include single-celled protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as Armillaria mellea, honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the Orobanchaceae, broomrapes. There are six major parasitic Behavioral ecology#Evolutionarily stable strategy, strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), wikt:trophic, trophicallytransmitted parasitism (by being eaten), Disease vector, vector-transmitted parasitism, parasitoidism, and micropreda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nucleolus
The nucleolus (, plural: nucleoli ) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is best known as the site of ribosome biogenesis, which is the synthesis of ribosomes. The nucleolus also participates in the formation of signal recognition particles and plays a role in the cell's response to stress. Nucleoli are made of proteins, DNA and RNA, and form around specific chromosomal regions called nucleolar organizing regions. Malfunction of nucleoli can be the cause of several human conditions called "nucleolopathies" and the nucleolus is being investigated as a target for cancer chemotherapy. History The nucleolus was identified by bright-field microscopy during the 1830s. Little was known about the function of the nucleolus until 1964, when a study of nucleoli by John Gurdon and Donald Brown in the African clawed frog ''Xenopus laevis'' generated increasing interest in the function and detailed structure of the nucleolus. They found that 25% of the frog e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromatin
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. The primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures. This prevents the strands from becoming tangled and also plays important roles in reinforcing the DNA during cell division, preventing DNA damage, and regulating gene expression and DNA replication. During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin facilitates proper segregation of the chromosomes in anaphase; the characteristic shapes of chromosomes visible during this stage are the result of DNA being coiled into highly condensed chromatin. The primary protein components of chromatin are histones. An octamer of two sets of four histone cores (Histone H2A, Histone H2B, Histone H3, and Histone H4) bind to DNA and function as "anchors" around which the strands are wound.Maeshima, K., Ide, S., & Babokhov, M. (2019). Dynamic chromatin organization without the 30-nm fiber. ''Current opinion in cell biology, 58,'' 95–104. https://doi.o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
