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Messianism in ChabadReferred to as Chabad messianism, Lubavitch messianism, or ''meshichism''. refers to the contested beliefs among members of the
Chabad-Lubavitch Chabad, also known as Lubavitch, Habad and Chabad-Lubavitch (), is an Orthodox Jewish Hasidic dynasty. Chabad is one of the world's best-known Hasidic movements, particularly for its outreach activities. It is one of the largest Hasidic group ...
community, a group within Hasidic Judaism, regarding the Jewish messiah, also referred to as ''mashiach'' or ''moshiach''. A majority of the Chabad community believe that Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the deceased seventh Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch dynasty, is the Jewish messiah.Steinsaltz, Adin. (2014). ''My Rebbe''. Jerusalem: Maggid. The issue remains controversial within both the Chabad movement and the broader Jewish community.''Messianic Excess, Rabbi Prof. David Berger (Yeshiva University), The Jewish Week, June 25, 2004Peter Schäfer, Mark R. Cohen, Editors (1998)
Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco
' BRILL, , p. 399
The concept of the Jewish messiah is a basic tenet of the Jewish religion. The belief among Hasidic Jews that the leader of their dynasty could be the Jewish messiah is traced to the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidism. During Schneerson's life the mainstream of Chabad hoped that he would be the messiah, an idea that gained great attention during the last years of his life. A few years prior to Schneerson's death, members of the Chabad movement expressed their belief that Menachem Mendel Schneerson is the Jewish messiah. Those subscribing to the beliefs have been termed ''mishichists'' (messianists). A typical statement of belief for Chabad messianists is the song and chant known as ''yechi adoneinu'' ("long live our master", he, יחי אדונינו). Customs vary among messianists as to when the phrase is recited. Since 1994, many followers of Chabad persist in the belief in Schneerson as the Jewish messiah. Chabad messianists either believe Schneerson will be resurrected from the dead to be revealed as the messiah, or go further and profess the belief that Schneerson never died in 1994 and is waiting to be revealed as messiah. The Chabad messianic phenomenon has been met mostly with public concerns or opposition from Chabad leadership as well as non-Chabad Jewish leaders. Regarding Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, a later Halachic ruling from a number of Chabad affiliated Rabbis claims that it was "incumbent on every single Jew to heed the Rebbe's words and believe that he is indeed King Moshiach, who will be revealed imminently". Outside of Chabad messianism, both in mainstream Chabad, as well as in broader Judaism, there is no basis to these claims. If anything, this resembles the faith in the resurrection of Jesus and his second coming in early Christianity, and therefore, heretical in Judaism.Freeman, Charles. ''
The Closing of the Western Mind ''The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason'' (2003) is a book by the classical historian Charles Freeman, in which he discusses the relationship between the Greek philosophical tradition and Christianity, prima ...
'', p. 133. Vintage. 2002.


Background

The concept of a Jewish messiah as a leader who would be revealed and mark the end of
Jewish exile The Jewish diaspora ( he, תְּפוּצָה, təfūṣā) or exile (Hebrew: ; Yiddish: ) is the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancient ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of th ...
is a traditional Jewish belief. Additionally, it was not uncommon to attribute this messianic identity to various historic Jewish leaders. An early example of this type of belief is found in the Talmud, where various living sages are considered to be the messiah.Sanhedrin 98b Treatment of this topic in
Jewish law ''Halakha'' (; he, הֲלָכָה, ), also Romanization of Hebrew, transliterated as ''halacha'', ''halakhah'', and ''halocho'' ( ), is the collective body of Judaism, Jewish religious laws which is derived from the Torah, written and Oral Tora ...
is not common to Jewish legal texts with the exception of the writings of Maimonides. Maimonides delineated rabbinic criteria for identifying the Jewish messiah as a leader who studies Torah, observes the
mitzvot In its primary meaning, the Hebrew word (; he, מִצְוָה, ''mīṣvā'' , plural ''mīṣvōt'' ; "commandment") refers to a commandment commanded by God to be performed as a religious duty. Jewish law () in large part consists of discus ...
, compels the Jews to observe the Torah, and fights the Wars of God. Additionally, the status of messiah may be determined first through a presumptive status (''b'chezkat mashiach'') and later a verified status (''mashiach vadai'').Mishneh Torah, Law of Kings, 9:4, Maimonides The concept of the messiah is also prominent in Hasidism. In a notable incident, the founder of Hasidism, Rabbi
Israel Baal Shem Tov Israel ben Eliezer (1698 – 22 May 1760), known as the Baal Shem Tov ( he, בעל שם טוב, ) or as the Besht, was a Jewish mystic and healer who is regarded as the founder of Hasidic Judaism. "Besht" is the acronym for Baal Shem Tov, which ...
, recounts a vision of an encounter with the messiah who relates to him how the messiah's arrival may be hastened. Yehuda Eisenstein records in his book ''Otzer Yisrael'' that followers of Hasidic Rebbes will sometimes express hope that their leader will be revealed as the awaited messiah. According to research by Israeli scholar
Rachel Elior Rachel Elior (born 28 December 1949) is an Israeli professor of Jewish philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Jerusalem, Israel. Her principal subjects of research has been Hasidism and the history of early Jewish mysticism. Academ ...
, there was a focus on messianism in Chabad during the lifetime of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the father-in-law of Menachem Schneerson. The upsurge in messianic belief among Chabad adherents begins in the 1980s, when followers of Menachem Schneerson began believing that he would be the messiah, a hope that was initially kept quiet until the early 1990s. Additionally, the hope for the leader to be the awaited messiah also involved Menachem Schneerson, who spoke of his deceased father-in-law as the awaited messiah.


The Rebbe's positions and responses

Beginning with his very first '' farbrengen'' as Rebbe, Schneerson spoke of this generation's mission to complete the ''
Dira Betachtonim ''Dira Betachtonim'' ( he, דירה בתחתונים) is a concept in Chabad philosophy describing the process of manifesting the presence of God within the world. ''Dirah Batachtonim'' is discussed primarily by the fifth Chabad Rebbe, Rabbi Sholo ...
'', and urged everyone to do all within their power to help the world reach its ultimate state of perfection, when
godliness Divinity or the divine are things that are either related to, devoted to, or proceeding from a deity.divine
and goodness will be naturally apparent and prevalent, with the final redemption. Schneerson would finish almost every public talk of his with a prayer for the imminent arrival of the messiah. As early as the 1970s, he sought to raise awareness of the Messianic Age by encouraging people to learn and become knowledgeable in the laws of the Holy Temple, laws that will be applicable only when the messiah actually comes. Schneerson would frequently quote the many sages who stated that this generation was the last generation of the exile and would be the first generation of redemption and would quote Yisrael Meir Kagan (Chofetz Chaim) and others, who stated that actively asking for the messiah's coming is crucial. Early efforts by Chabad Hasidim to refer to Schneerson as the Jewish messiah resulted in strong opposition from Schneerson. In 1965, in what is likely the first record of Chabad Hasidim referring to Schneerson in messianic terms, a Hasid in Israel named Avraham Parizh printed and distributed letters that spoke of Schneerson as the Jewish messiah. In response, Schneerson reportedly telegramed Parizh in Israel stating that he strongly objected to the disseminated letter and requested that Parizh cease its distribution. Schneerson also reportedly instructed Parizh to recover all the distributed copies of the letter and confirm its collection. In 1984, another Israeli Hasid,
Shalom Dov Wolpo Rabbi Shalom Dov Wolpo, also Sholom Ber Wolpe, ( he, שלום דוב וולפא, born 1948) is a rabbi and an Israeli political activist. Wolpo is the author of more than forty books. He has become associated in recent years with right-wing po ...
, raised the issue publicly by publishing a booklet identifying Schneerson as the messiah. Schneerson reportedly responded by banning the publication and forbidding Wolpo from involvement with any related efforts. Schneerson publicly denounced these actions several times, saying that those involved in such publications were creating new opposition to the Chabad movement, and that he wished to never have to speak about the topic again. On Shabbat Bereshit, when Wolpo began singing a song that had become popular in Chabad which referred to Schneerson as the messiah, Schneerson abruptly stopped the singing and ordered that it never be sung again. Wolpo would later argue that despite the Rebbe's strong opposition, all Chabad Hasidim must still consider and proclaim the Rebbe as the Jewish messiah, arguing that the rebbe also declined to be called 'rebbe' in earlier years, only accepting the title later, because the time had not yet come. Eventually the rebbe reversed his ban, and soon after began encouraging publicly a song identifying him as the messiah, going so far as to authorize one of Wolpo's articles to be translated and published in a newspaper. Wolpo would argue that the precept of the acceptance of the Jewish messiah is an act that must be performed by the Jewish people and not by the messiah himself. In 1988, after Schneerson called for Chabad rabbis to issue a Jewish legal ruling ('' psak din'') to declare that the Jewish Messianic Era must commence, a Hasid named
Yitzchak Hendel Rabbi Yitzchak HaCohen Hendel (1916-2007) was a prominent Chabad Hasidic rabbi from Montreal. From 1944 until his death in 2007, Rabbi Hendel served as the chief rabbi of the Chabad community in Montreal. Biography Rabbi Yitzchak Hendel was born ...
issued a ruling stating that Schneerson was the rightful Jewish messiah. In response to the ruling, Schneerson stated to Hendel his opposition and questioned the veracity of Hendel's rabbinic legal methodology. It was not until April 1991 that Schneerson began openly encouraging the 'yechi' song identifying him as the messiah. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Schneerson's talks became increasingly focused on the topic of Moshiach, that Moshiach was about to come, and what was needed to accomplish this. A statement of this kind by Schneerson was the view that the Jews living in the modern age were the last generation to live in exile (''
galut The Jewish diaspora ( he, תְּפוּצָה, təfūṣā) or exile (Hebrew: ; Yiddish: ) is the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancient ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of th ...
'') and the first generation of redemption (''
geulah The Messiah in Judaism () is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology, who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jewish people. The concept of messianism originated in Judaism, and in the Hebrew Bible a messiah is a king or Hig ...
''). On one occasion, during the Rebbe's talk at the International Conference of Shluchim (emissaries), he stated that their work had been completed and the only task that remained was to welcome the messiah. In the early 1990s, Hasidim became more vocal about Schneerson being the Moshiach, even submitting a petition to him asking that he reveal himself as the long-awaited messiah. On one occasion in 1991, as the Rebbe was leaving the evening prayers when traditionally someone would start a song and the Rebbe would encourage it on his way out of the synagogue, some Hasidim began singing one of the Rebbe's favorite lively songs, adding the words of Yechi – "Long live our master, our teacher, our Rebbe, King Moshiach." A few months later, a few people did muster the courage to start singing at an intermission in a Shabbos ''farbrengen'' a less overt song that implied that the Rebbe was the messiah. Within a few seconds the Rebbe heard it and immediately became very grave and said: "Really, I should get up and leave he room Even if some people consider it is not respectful that I need to e the one to leave I don’t need to reckon with the views of a small number when hat they are sayingis the opposite of reality. However, first of all, it will unfortunately not help anyway. Secondly, it will disrupt the ''shevet achim gam yachad'' (brethren to dwell together in unity), for if I were to leave, others will leave, too." In 1992, a journalist from Israel said to the Rebbe, "We appreciate you very much, we want to see you in Israel; you said soon you will be in Israel, so when will you come?" The Rebbe responded: "I also want to be in Israel." The journalist insisted, "So when, when will you come?" The Rebbe responded, "That depends on the Moshiach, not on me." The journalist persisted, "You are the Moshiach!" to which the Rebbe responded, "I am not." In 1991, Rabbi Dovid Nachshon received a bottle of vodka from the Rebbe for his effort of getting people to sign a declaration accepting the Rebbe's kingship. After Rabbi Nachshon announced (as customary) what the bottle was for, he announced the words of 'Yechi' declaring the rebbe " King Moshiach" three times. The Rebbe responded by saying " Amen". One explanation for the apparent contradictions in the Rebbe's responses is that the Rebbe only took issue when this idea was published, but made nothing of it when addressed to him in private. However, in 1993, these restrictions appeared to vanish, as evidenced by the fact that the Rebbe acknowledged and encouraged the "Yechi" chant almost daily during the course of that year, including on live television in 1993. In addition, the Rebbe allowed himself to be referred to as "The Rebbe King Moshiach, May He Live Forever" for the first time, in a book titled "Besurat HaGeulah" that was first published in 1993. Many Hasidim felt that Menachem Mendel Schneerson is the ''mashiach'' of the generation, even though he never said so himself.Chabad's Messianism and Israeli Radicals. Azure no. 41. As the years went on, and descriptions of Schneerson as being toweringly unique, a Rebbe of truly unprecedented and universally recognized stature, spread ever further, this messianic speculation spread to greater numbers and higher volume than in previous generations. The Hasidim became vocal of their hope that Schneerson would be the messiah. As Schneerson's passion about the need for messiah became more well-known, criticism also built up. In 1980, a group of children from a Chabad summer camp composed a song with the words "am yisrael ation of Israelhave no fear, Moshiach will be here this year, we want Moshiach now, we don’t want to wait." Schneerson seems to have received great satisfaction from the children's initiative, and encouraged their song. According to a report in '' Time'' magazine, Rabbi
Adin Even-Yisrael Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz (11 July 19377 August 2020) ( he, עדין אבן-ישראל שטיינזלץ) was an Israeli Chabad Chasidic rabbi, teacher, philosopher, social critic, author, translator and publisher. His '' Steinsaltz edi ...
said he wished that Schneerson should be revealed as the messiah. According to a 1988 '' The New York Times'' report: Rabbi
Yehuda Krinsky Chaim Yehuda ("Yudel") Krinsky (born December 3, 1933, in Boston, Massachusetts) is an ordained rabbi and a member of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. He has served in various positions of the movement's administrative staff since 1954, and as a pe ...
speculated that Schneerson was the most suitable candidate for Jewish messiah. Some Chabad Hasidim took their message to the streets with billboards declaring that it was time for the messiah to come and bring the redemption. In light of some criticism about the insistent tone of these words, on one occasion Schneerson explained: Schneerson urged and talked about purifying all parts of the world through Torah and
mitzvot In its primary meaning, the Hebrew word (; he, מִצְוָה, ''mīṣvā'' , plural ''mīṣvōt'' ; "commandment") refers to a commandment commanded by God to be performed as a religious duty. Jewish law () in large part consists of discus ...
(commandments) in order to bring mashiach. Many times he would weep publicly about the deep slumber and exile we are in, and how urgent it is that God redeem us, both for our sake as well as even for His own. Nevertheless, criticism of his passion about the coming of the Messiah and his urging people to do all they could to bring about the redemption by adding in the observance of Torah and mitzvot, was something that was known to him. On one occasion he even remarked "I have merited that the complaint people have against me is that I am passionate about the Mashiach."


Schneerson's illness and death

On March 2, 1992, while praying at the Ohel, the burial site of his father-in-law, Schneerson suffered a massive stroke. That very evening, while he was being treated for his stroke and Chabad Hasidim around the world gathered for prayer, some of the messianists broke out in song and dance. It was during this period of illness and inability to communicate that the messianic movement reached its greatest fervor, and became more vocal of their hope that Schneerson would soon be the ''mashiach''. This also troubled many people who felt that it was being imposed upon Schneerson as something he had no control over. In the fall of 1992, a special balcony was constructed on the upper level of the
synagogue A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
at 770 Eastern Parkway, which overlooked the main sanctuary. This was done in order to allow Schneerson to participate at the daily prayers. It soon became customary for many Hasidim to recite the ''Yechi'' after prayer, to which Schneerson made encouraging motions with his left hand (his right side had been paralyzed by the stroke). On certain occasions; the Rebbe made increasingly big signs of encouragement, such as on Rosh Chodesh Kislev 1992 (5753), when the Rebbe moved his hand back and forth with extreme energy. During the next two years, the messianists began publicizing their message on television and in newspaper advertisements. Some of Schneerson's collected speeches from the previous two years of his life were collected into pamphlets and published under the title ''Besuras Hageula''. These especially were distributed by the messianic Hasidim in an effort to bolster the case that he would be the messiah despite his illness, and that the coming of the messiah is imminent. By late 1992, a movement to formally crown Schneerson as messiah gained prominence.
Shmuel Butman Rabbi Shmuel Menachem Butman (born 1944) is a Chabad rabbi in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York. He is the director of Lubavitch Youth Organization. He has served for many years as the director of the ''L'Chaim'' weekly magazine. Activities He i ...
announced his plan to crown the Rebbe."Letter from Crown Heights"
Malcolm Gladwell February 2, 1993 The Washington Post
The Rebbe, who had been paralyzed and speechless since March the previous year, would join the daily prayers on a special balcony that was built for him to easily be wheeled. Butman planned to crown the Rebbe on January 30, 1993, after the evening prayers. However, when the Rebbe was nudged by Krinsky not to attend the planned event, he communicated to his secretaries Leibel Groner and Yudel Krinsky that he would only attend for the usual evening service. Both Groner and Krinsky, then followed by Butman, announced that the event was actually not a coronation and should not be intended as such. On 3 Tammuz 1994, more than two years after the stroke that took away his ability to speak, the Rebbe died. His death left the Chabad community, much of the Jewish world, and even beyond, in mourning.''Death of Lubavitcher Leader, Rabbi Schneerson, Stuns Followers '', Laurie Goodstein, Washington Post, June 13, 1994 From all over the world, people streamed to New York to participate in the funeral. The New York Times placed six articles about the Rebbe in the paper that week. Television devoted many hours of broadcast time to Schneerson's death. '' The New York Times'' reported from the funeral that the death had left many Jews stunned: "Not all of Rabbi Schneerson's followers were Hasidim. Conservative and Reform Jews were among his greatest supporters." However, his view was not shared by all. Some of the messianists were so caught up with their hope, that they interpreted each new erosion in the Rebbe's health, and ultimately his very death, as stages in the messianic process. They cited various midrashic statements to fuel their ecstasy as to the imminent revelation of the messiah, and some of them drank and toasted l’chaim and danced before and during the funeral - an act that shocked many admirers of Schneerson across the Jewish world. In the days after Schneerson's death, many journalists and pundits wrote that they expected the end of the movement. For many Chabad followers, the death of the Rebbe was extremely painful. He was laid to rest next to his father-in-law, at the Ohel, at the Montefiore cemetery in Queens. In Jewish tradition, significant dates are frequently referred to by their Hebrew characters. Chabad (like other Jewish movements) dating back to their first Rebbe, Shneur Zalman of Liadi, dates of all their Rebbes' deaths by Hebrew dates. Thus, in the case of Schneerson, the anniversary of his death became known as
Gimmel Tammuz Chabad customs and holidays are the practices, rituals and holidays performed and celebrated by adherents of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. The customs, or minhagim and prayer services are based on Lurianic kabbalah. The holidays are celebr ...
(the third of Tammuz). In the week after the Rebbe's death, the ''Wisconsin Chronicle'' editorialized and wrote how many Jews now find it difficult to believe that messiah will ever come: "Most modern Jews can't help but shrug at some claims that Schneerson is, or was, the most likely candidate in our time to be the Messiah, the King David-descended redeemer who according to tradition will inaugurate the final age of world peace and plenty. But if a Messiah does come, that personality likely will have much in common with Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson."


Chabad messianism after Schneerson's death

For many hopeful, often vocal, followers, Schneerson's death did not rule out the hope that he could still be the ''mashiach''. There are Talmudic and ''halakhic'' sources that speak of the possibility that a righteous Jewish leader could be resurrected to become the ''mashiach''. These positions, although not well-known, figure quite prominently and early in authentic Judaic sources. The Babylonian Talmud states: "If he
he Messiah He or HE may refer to: Language * He (pronoun), an English pronoun * He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ * He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets * He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' in ...
is among the dead, he is someone like Daniel." In fact, the most well-known deceased figure identified as being able to be the messiah in rabbinic literature is King David. The Jerusalem Talmud states: "The Rabbis say, who is King Messiah? If he is from the living, David is his name, if he is from the deceased, David is still his name." According to Moses Margolies, a commentator on the Jerusalem Talmud known as the Pnei Moshe, the Talmud rules that: "If he
he Messiah He or HE may refer to: Language * He (pronoun), an English pronoun * He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ * He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets * He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' in ...
is among the living, David will be his name, and if he is from among the dead, he is David himself". Some object to the notion that ''mashiach'' will be someone who had once lived, died and was then resurrected, based on what Maimonides writes: "Even if one is worthy of being Mashiach, if he is killed it is certain that he is not Mashiach." Messianists counter that Maimonides does not disagree with both sources in the Talmud, rather the Talmud speaks of one who has died a natural death, while Maimonides excludes only one who was killed. This can be evidenced in his deliberate wording "if he (the potential messiah) failed or was killed", while specifying the likes of Bar Kochba "was killed (in war) because of sins" and Yeshua of Nazareth who "was executed by the court".


Positions within Chabad

The view of Schneerson as messiah is not advocated in Chabad's centralized and official literature. According to a Chabad spokesman in 2014, Chabad-Lubavitch leaders have "repeatedly condemned them essianistsin the strongest possible terms". Journalist Sue Fishkoff notes that the idea that most Lubavitchers are messianist is "a claim that is patently absurd. Here everyone is treading on thin ice, for no one can know precisely how deep Chabad messianism goes. When avidBerger and other critics claim that it affects the majority of the Chabad movement, they have no greater statistical backing than do those who suggest it is on the decline."''The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch'' by Sue Fishkoff, p. 274. Nevertheless, there are factions that either continue to promote or oppose the belief in Schneerson as messiah. * Messianists – Subsequent to Schneerson's death, vocal messianists have continued to proclaim that Schneerson is still alive. Some of them argue that just as the Talmud states that "Jacob did not die", a teaching that carries great nuanced significance in
kabbalistic Kabbalah ( he, קַבָּלָה ''Qabbālā'', literally "reception, tradition") is an esoteric method, discipline and Jewish theology, school of thought in Jewish mysticism. A traditional Kabbalist is called a Mekubbal ( ''Məqūbbāl'' "rece ...
thought, so too "Schneerson did not die". Among religious Jews, reference to one who has died is followed by expressions such as ''alav hashalom'' or ''zechuto yagen alenu''. Messianists do not use such terms when writing of Schneerson. Some messianists have even continued to use terms that indicate that Schneerson is still alive such as ''shlita''. Many group members are vocal Israeli youth, particularly those educated in the city of Safed. There are also members of the messianic camp within the Crown Heights community and elsewhere who share these views. These individuals can usually be identified by the small yellow pin, known as the Moshiach flag, worn on their lapel (or hat), and the Hebrew words of "Yechi" emblazoned on their kippot. Since Schneerson's death, ''Beis Moshiach magazine'' has been a major organ for views within this camp of the messianist. Between the years 1998–2004, the messianists have garnered support from rabbis to issue a rabbinic ruling supporting their messianic claims. These views have led to much controversy and condemnation."Mosiach is here now: just open your eyes and you can see him"
Simon Dein, ''Anthropology & Medicine'', Volume 9, Number 1/April 01, 2002
Between the years 1998–2004, a rabbinic ruling supporting the messianic claim that the Rebbe is the ''mashiach'' was issued and signed by over 100 rabbis. * Anti-Messianists – Regardless of Schneerson's death, the majority of Chabad Hasidim continue to see him as the most righteous Jewish leader of the time, the ''nasi hador'', whose influence throughout the world remains very palpable. They acknowledge that he died, visit his grave and observe yahrtzeit. They tend to place little or no emphasis on whether or not the Schneerson will be ''mashiach''. Instead they focus on the practical aspects of Schneerson's vision of making the world a better place. They are aware of Schneerson's negative reactions when people tried making Messianic claims about him, and are acutely aware of how much Schneerson, their ''tzaddik ha'dor'' and their ''moshiach sh'b'dor'', expects of them to accomplish both in the realm of their own personal service of God, in helping to bring the beauty of Judaism to Jews, and to spread the beauty of monotheism to the world at large. They hold that they have no way of knowing who will be the Moshiach, although they may wish it will be Schneerson. * Other positions – According to some scholars, the messianist divisions in Chabad can be identified by various subtler factions of those who claim the Rebbe is not the messiah but could have been as he had all the qualities of a messiah prior to his death, whether the Rebbe was the messiah and will be messiah again once resurrected, whether the Rebbe is believed not to have died or is believed to be God.


The "Yechi" statement

The "Yechi" statement (''Yechi Adoneinu Moreinu v'Rabbeinu Melech haMoshiach l'olam vo'ed'' (יחי אדוננו מורנו ורבינו מלך המשיח לעולם ועד)) is a phrase used by messianist Chabad Hasidism to proclaim that Schneerson is the messiah. It translates as "Long Live our Master, our Teacher, and our Rabbi, King Messiah, for ever." The phrase can be seen printed in various settings, notably on pamphlets, posters and small cards and keyrings. It is chanted by messianists at the end of daily communal prayers in Lubavitch congregations, including the main Lubavitch synagogue in Crown Heights, "770". ''Yechi'' began as the phrase ''Yechi Adoneinu Moreinu Verabbeinu,'' (Long Live our master, teacher and Rebbe!) to which the response was a shout of ''"Yechi"'' (May he live!). It appears to be based on the statement made by
Bathsheba Bathsheba ( or ; he, בַּת־שֶׁבַע, ''Baṯ-šeḇaʿ'', Bat-Sheva or Batsheva, "daughter of Sheba" or "daughter of the oath") was the wife of Uriah the Hittite and later of David, according to the Hebrew Bible. She was the mother of ...
, the wife of
King David David (; , "beloved one") (traditional spelling), , ''Dāwūd''; grc-koi, Δαυΐδ, Dauíd; la, Davidus, David; gez , ዳዊት, ''Dawit''; xcl, Դաւիթ, ''Dawitʿ''; cu, Давíдъ, ''Davidŭ''; possibly meaning "beloved one". w ...
''"Yechi adoni hamelech David le'olam,"'' (May my lord King David live forever!) ( Kings I 1:31). When used by Lubavitcher Hasidim, it was originally recited in the presence of Schneerson after twelve special verses known as "the Twelve ''Pesukim''" whose recitation the Rebbe encouraged in his teachings.


Responses


Support

In 1998, a group of rabbis signed a Jewish legal ordinance (''psak din'') declaring Menachem Schneerson the Jewish messiah. Its signatories include several non-Habad Orthodox and Hasidic rabbis such as
Ya'akov Yosef Ya'akov Yosef ( he, יעקב יוסף; 18 October 1946 – 12 April 2013) was an Israeli rabbi and politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Shas between 1984 and 1988. Early life Ya'akov Yosef (Jacob Joseph) was born in Jerusale ...
(affiliated with Shas), Aaron Leifer (the late Rabbi of Nadvorna-Safed), Eliyahu Shmuel Schmerler (Rosh Yeshiva of Sanz and member of the ''Mif'al Hashas''), Ahron Rosenfeld of
Pinsk-Karlin Pinsk-Karlin is a Hasidic group that is an offshoot of Karlin-Stolin. History A distinguished group of the elders of Karlin did not accept the leadership of the present Karlin-Stoliner Rebbe, who was a baby when his predecessor died. They asked t ...
and Yaakov Menachem Rabinowitz of Biala.


Opposition

Chabad messianism has notably been criticized by David Berger. In a series of articles that were later published in his book ''
The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference ''The Rebbe the Messiah, and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference'' is a book by Rabbi Dr. David Berger on the topic of Chabad messianism and the mainstream orthodox Jewish reaction to that trend. Rabbi Berger addresses the ''Chabad-Messianic que ...
'', Berger argued that there is no source in Jewish theology for the concept that a messiah will come, begin his mission, only to die, and then be resurrected to complete his mission. As a result, Berger argued that Chabad messianism, which he claimed was prevalent in most of Chabad and its largest institutions, was beyond the pale of
Orthodoxy Orthodoxy (from Greek: ) is adherence to correct or accepted creeds, especially in religion. Orthodoxy within Christianity refers to acceptance of the doctrines defined by various creeds and ecumenical councils in Antiquity, but different Churc ...
and perhaps even heretical. His positions sparked much controversy in the Jewish world during the late 1990s and early 2000s. In his book he documents his efforts to mobilize other rabbis and rabbinical organizations to delegitimize Chabad. He concludes by recording his great frustrations in not being able to achieve this. The reaction of Torah scholars to the idea that Schneerson could be the messiah varied. During his life, numerous rabbis and Jewish leaders expressed their views that Menachem Mendel Schneerson had the potential to be the messiah of the generation. There has been a general decline in that view since his death. Among those who stated that Schneerson had the potential to have been the ''mashiach'' is David Berger. Despite a sharp polemic against the vocal messianic movement that has proliferated since Schneerson's death, Berger has written that while Schneerson was alive "Judaism has never had a serious messianic candidate with the curriculum vitae of the Rebbe zt"l. Virtually all the accolades heaped upon him ... are true." Long time critics of Schneerson from
Bnei Brak Bnei Brak or Bene Beraq ( he, בְּנֵי בְּרַק ) is a city located on the central Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean Israeli coastal plain, coastal plain in Israel, just east of Tel Aviv. A center of Haredi Judaism, Bnei Brak covers an are ...
in Israel have been the most vocal in their criticism of Schneerson and Chabad. The most notable of these critics was Elazar Shach, the rosh yeshiva of the Ponevezh yeshiva. Shach was a known critic of Schneerson and the Chabad movement. He repeatedly attacked Schneerson and his followers on a number of issues, including messianism. When people became more vocal about the possibility of Schneerson being the messiah, Shach advocated a complete boycott of Chabad.Faith and Fate: The Story of the Jewish People in the 20th century, Berel Wein, 2001 by Shaar Press. pg. 340 Other Bnei Brak leaders, including Chaim Shaul Karelitz, the former av bet din of the She'erit Yisrael Kashrut organization of Bnei Brak, and Yaakov Weinberg, a rosh yeshiva of
Yeshivas Ner Yisroel Ner Israel Rabbinical College (ישיבת נר ישראל), also known as NIRC and Ner Yisroel, is a Haredi yeshiva (Jewish educational institution) in Pikesville (Baltimore County), Maryland. It was founded in 1933 by Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchok Ru ...
, have also spoken negatively of those who wish Schneerson would be the messiah. In America, numerous Litvish leaning rabbanim have also spoken negatively of this form of messianism, including
Elya Svei Elya Svei (March 19, 1924 (''Taanis Esther 5684'') – March 26, 2009 (''Rosh Chodesh Nisan 5769'')) was a Soviet Union, Russian-born American Haredi Judaism, Haredi Jewish rabbi and ''rosh yeshiva'' (dean) of the Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelp ...
, Aharon Feldman,
Shlomo Miller Shlomo Eliyahu Miller is a member of the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah (Council of Torah Sages). He is a Rosh Kollel (dean) and co-founder of the Kollel Avreichim Institute for Advanced Talmud Study, a haredi post-yeshiva educational institution in Toron ...
,
Moshe Heinemann Rabbi Moshe Heinemann is an Orthodox rabbi and Posek who heads the Agudath Israel of Baltimore synagogue and is the rabbinical supervisor of the Star K kashrus certification agency. He studied for many years in Beis Midrash Govoha under Rabbi ...
and
Chaim Dov Keller Chaim Dov Keller (1930August 17, 2020) was an American Haredi rabbi, Talmudic scholar, and rosh yeshiva (dean) of the Telshe Yeshiva in Chicago for six decades. He was also a member of the "''Nesius''" (Presidium) of the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah of ...
, who all issued harsh criticism. Feldman, quoting Maimonides, states that "Even someone who is worthy of being Mashiach, if he is killed, it is certain that he is not Mashiach." Feldman claims that anyone that can believe that the last Lubavitcher Rebbe is worthy of being the messiah has a "compromised judgment" and is "ignorant of Torah."Public Responsa from Rabbi Aharon Feldman on the matter of Chabad messianism (in Hebrew), 23 Sivan 5763
See also Rabbi Feldman's letter to David Berger: http://www.stevens.edu/golem/llevine/feldman_berger_sm_2.jpg
Other American Torah authorities, such as the Ungvarer Rav
Menashe Klein Menashe Klein (1924–2011) (Hebrew: ר' מנשה קליין), also known as the Ungvarer Rav (Yiddish: אונגווארער רב), was a Hasidic Rebbe and posek (arbiter of Jewish law). He authored 18 volumes of responsa, spanning over 50 years, ...
, Moshe Heinemann, Yehuda Henkin,
Chaim Brovender Chaim Brovender (born 1941) is an Israeli Modern Orthodox and Religious Zionist rabbi. Biography Brovender was born in 1941 in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Yeshivah of Flatbush, a coeducational modern Orthodox day school. He later graduated fr ...
and
Ahron Soloveichik Ahron (Aaron) Soloveichik ( he, אהרן סולובייצ'יק; May 1, 1917 – October 4, 2001) was a renowned Orthodox ''rosh yeshiva'', and scholar of Talmud and ''halakha''. Biography The youngest of five children, Rabbi Ahron Soloveichik was ...
argue that while there may be sources for messianism, it is a ''shtut'' (foolishness) that should not be followed. Soloveichik's own written statements on the issue have themselves been the focus of controversy. A 1996 letter signed by Soloveichik states that "Before the passing of the Rebbe, I included myself among those who believe that the Rebbe was worthy of being Moshiach. And I strongly believe that had we, particularly the Orthodox community, been united, we would have merited to see the complete Redemption. Insofar as the belief . . . that the Rebbe can still be Moshiach, in light of the Gemara in Sanhedrin, the Zohar, Abarbanel, Kisvei Arizal, S’dei Chemed, and other sources, it cannot be dismissed." Soloveichik adds that "any cynical attempt at utilizing a legitimate disagreement of interpretation concerning this matter in order to besmirch and to damage the Lubavitch movement that was, and continues to be, at the forefront of those who are battling the missionaries, assimilation, and indifference, can only contribute to the regrettable discord that already plagues the Jewish community, and particularly the Torah community." In a letter from 2000, Soloveichik states that there have been those who have "persisted in stating that I validate their belief that a Jewish Messiah may be resurrected from the dead. I completely reject and vigorously deny any such claim. As I have already stated publicly. . . My intent in signing the original letter . . . was merely to express my opinion that we should not label subscribers to these beliefs as heretics." From the Progressive streams of Judaism, responses include:
David Hartman David Hartman is the name of: *David Hartman (rabbi) (1931–2013), American-Israeli rabbi *David Hartman (TV personality) David Downs Hartman (born May 19, 1935) is an American journalist and media host who began his media career as an actor. He ...
who expressed his concern about the developing messianism early on, while Schneerson was still alive, saying that "the outpouring of Messianic fervor is always a very disturbing development." Senior Reform rabbi and humanitarian activist
Arthur Lelyveld Rabbi Arthur J. Lelyveld (February 6, 1913 - April 15, 1996) was a rabbi within the movement of Reform Judaism and activist. Early life and education Lelyveld was born in Manhattan on Feb. 6, 1913. He graduated from Columbia College in 1933. At ...
was also critical of the messianist trends within the Chabad movement describing the organisation as having a "cult like" atmosphere.


Other

Aharon Lichtenstein, during a eulogy for the Rebbe at Yeshivat Har Etzion, spoke of the fact that people hoped that Schneerson could be the ''mashiach'', by saying how "it never occurred to anyone to declare that Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, Rabbi
Aharon Kotler Aharon Kotler (1892–1962) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi and a prominent leader of Orthodox Judaism in Lithuania and the United States; the latter being where he founded Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood Township, New Jersey. Early life Kotler w ...
, or the
Joseph B. Soloveitchik Joseph Ber Soloveitchik ( he, יוסף דב הלוי סולובייצ׳יק ''Yosef Dov ha-Levi Soloveychik''; February 27, 1903 – April 9, 1993) was a major American Orthodox rabbi, Talmudist, and modern Jewish philosopher. He was a scion o ...
(the Rav) was the messiah. And did they not have followers? Did they not have a tradition? Were they not part of a long dynasty? They certainly did." Lichtenstein continued and said that it seemed to him that "at the root of the matter, the concept of Messianism attached itself to the Rebbe because of his image and status – their positive aspects. The Rebbe embodied – and in a powerful way – a certain combination in which one who wished to could see the reflection of a reflection of the Messiah King." Norman Lamm said of Schneerson that "If eoplebelieve the Rebbe could have been Moshiach, fine, I agree... He had a far better chance than most." Although once the Rebbe died, he did not see that as a possibility. Lamm also argued that messianists had misinterpreted Schneerson's statements to create a "distortion" leading to "moral nihilism." According to Lamm, open efforts to declare Schneerson the messiah were not tolerated before his death: "When he was alive, no one would have dared to discuss this. But now it is easy for the messianically-oriented to distort the Rebbe's teachings".


Israeli Chief Rabbinate

Two incidents concern the Chief Rabbinate of Israel and the topic of Chabad messianism: * 2000 pronouncement – In January 2000, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel released a statement regarding the issue of Schneerson being worthy of being the ''mashiach'', and declarations made by messianists, saying that such declarations "confuse and mislead simple people". The statement continued to mention that the Chief Rabbinate " asno intention, God forbid, of diminishing the greatness and the global activities of the Rebbe of blessed memory." * 2007 conversion case – A conversion case in 2007 of a man educated by Chabad messianists who wished to convert led to controversy, with two Israeli rabbis saying the messianic views were "beyond the pale of normative Judaism" and the man should therefore not be allowed to convert. The Chief Rabbinate ruled in favor of the conversion.


Position of Chabad organizational leadership

A 1996 statement from Agudas Chasidei Chabad said: It continues: A statement from
Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch is an executive committee of Chabad-Lubavitch rabbis which oversees Halachic and Jewish legal decisions in Chabad. Its headquarters is in Brooklyn, New York Brooklyn () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with King ...
said:


Treatment in scholarship

Within sociology and anthropology, the Chabad identification of Schneerson as messiah can be analyzed in terms of charismatic authority, a type of leadership developed by
Max Weber Maximilian Karl Emil Weber (; ; 21 April 186414 June 1920) was a German sociologist, historian, jurist and political economist, who is regarded as among the most important theorists of the development of modern Western society. His ideas profo ...
. The process of identification of Schneerson as the messiah may also be thought of as a contributing factor to the rationalization of the collective life of the Chabad community. Chabad messianism prompts community members to achieve the outreach goals set by the seventh rebbe, and it likely supports the Chabad's success as a modern charismatic enterprise that operates within a competitive market of religious goods. Chabad messianism is also a key factor to understanding the use of various digital and non-digital media by Chabad in religious outreach contexts. The group's use of digital media is described as an important ambition for its potential to reach global Jewish audiences, with the intention of rejuvenating religious observance among Jews around the world, itself a prerequisite for the Jewish messianic redemption. Within
Jewish studies Jewish studies (or Judaic studies; he, מדעי היהדות, madey ha-yahadut, sciences of Judaism) is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. Jewish studies is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of history (esp ...
, the notion of messianism in Hasidism has been identified with a process of neutralization, where the more pronounced varieties of messianism that predated the Hasidic movement are tempered in Hasidic thought. In this context, Chabad messianism is possibly a neutralized form of messianism rather than an entirely radical form of the messianic idea in Judaism. Despite the controversy within the Jewish community, Chabad messianism may indicate a normalization of Jewish messianic expression. Opposition to Chabad messianism may stem from the discomfort that the Jewish diaspora would face if a free and meaningful Jewish life were declared inadequate without the coming of a messiah. This opposition appears constrained by the Jewish community's lack of hegemony in the areas of belief and heresy, and by Chabad and Hasidism's prior neutralization of the messianic impulse by focusing on individual spiritual fulfilment and redemption. Despite the controversy, Chabad messianism, whether it is deemed as heretical or not, does not appear to have resulted in the type of trauma or damage to the Jewish people as with the Sabbatean movement. Opposition to Chabad messianism on theological grounds may also be traced to a tension within the Jewish tradition over the definition of Judaism as either a religion or an ethnicity. Orthodox Jewish polemics that challenge Chabad messianism on these grounds may be understood as an effort to revive the self-definition of Judaism as a religion and to impose a theological approach that emphasizes the categories of
orthodoxy Orthodoxy (from Greek: ) is adherence to correct or accepted creeds, especially in religion. Orthodoxy within Christianity refers to acceptance of the doctrines defined by various creeds and ecumenical councils in Antiquity, but different Churc ...
and heresy. While these efforts attempt to strengthen the border around Jewish identity, it is likely that once the initial phase passes, characterized by acute anxiety, the dogmatic formulations will begin to dissipate and the Jewish community returns to defining itself as something between a religion and an ethnicity.


Comparison to early Christianity

Some scholars of religion have made comparison with the development of early Christianity.Arnold Jacob Wol
"Habad’s dead Messiah: A review of The Rebbe, the Messiah and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference, by David Berger"
''Judaism'' magazine - Winter, 2002, Retrieved 24 December 2014
Anthropologist Joel Marcus writes: Such comparisons make many Orthodox Jews uncomfortable.
Mark Winer Rabbi Mark Leonard Winer (16 December 1942) is an American interfaith activist and scholar. In the 2014 UK Honours List published in the ''London Gazette'' on December 30, 2013, it was announced that Queen Elizabeth II had appointed Rabbi Winer ...
has noted that "The Lubavitcher movement's suggestions that their late Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson is the Messiah, reflect Christian millenarianism.""Be Ready When the Great Day Comes", Mark L. Winer; ''European Judaism'', Vol. 37, 2004 Anthropologist Simon Dein noted: Jacob Neusner writes:


Notes


References


Further reading

* ''The Jewish Messiahs: From the Galilee to Crown Heights'', Harris Lenowitz, University of Utah, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2001). * ''Salvation or Destruction? The Meaning and Consequences of Lubavitch Messianism'', Kraut, B., Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, Volume 20, Number 4, Summer 2002, pp. 96–108. * ''Jewish Messianism Lubavitch-Style — an interim report'', William Shaffir, Jewish Journal of Sociology 35 (1993) 115–128. * ''The Rebbe The Messiah and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference'', David Berger (The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2008 ) * ''The Messiah Problem: Berger, the Angel and the Scandal of Reckless Indiscrimination'', Rabbi Chaim Rapoport (Ilford, 2002)


External links


Beis Moshiach Magazine

Chabad.net

My Jewish Learning: Chabad Messianism

"Halachic Ruling"
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chabad messianism Messianism Chabad-Lubavitch related controversies Jewish messianism Menachem Mendel Schneerson