Lucknow
Lucknow (/ˈlʌknaʊ/ ( listen) Lakhna'ū) is the capital
and largest city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh[6][7][8][9] and
is also the administrative headquarters of the eponymous District and
Division. It is the eleventh most populous city and the twelfth most
populous urban agglomeration of India.
Lucknow
Lucknow has always been known
as a multicultural city that flourished as a North Indian cultural and
artistic hub, and the seat of power of Nawabs in the 18th and 19th
centuries.[10] It continues to be an important centre of governance,
administration, education, commerce, aerospace, finance,
pharmaceuticals, technology, design, culture, tourism, music and
poetry.[11]
The city stands at an elevation of approximately 123 metres
(404 ft) above sea level.
Lucknow district
Lucknow district covers an area of
2,528 square kilometres (976 sq mi).[12][13] Bounded on the
east by Barabanki, on the west by Unnao, on the south by
Raebareli
Raebareli and
in the north by
Sitapur
Sitapur and Hardoi,
Lucknow
Lucknow sits on the northwestern
shore of the Gomti River.
Hindi
Hindi is the main language of the city and
Urdu
Urdu is also widely spoken.
Lucknow
Lucknow is the centre of
Shia Islam
Shia Islam in
India
India with the highest Shia Muslim population in India.[citation
needed]
Historically, the capital of
Awadh
Awadh was controlled by the Delhi
Sultanate which later came under the Mughal rule. It was transferred
to the Nawabs of Awadh. In 1856, the British East
India
India Company
abolished local rule and took complete control of the city along with
the rest of
Awadh
Awadh and, in 1857, transferred it to the British Raj.[14]
Along with the rest of India,
Lucknow
Lucknow became independent from Britain
on 15 August 1947. It has been listed the 17th fastest growing city in
India
India and 74th in the world.[15]
Lucknow, along with
Agra
Agra and Varanasi, is in the Uttar Pradesh
Heritage Arc, a chain of survey triangulations created by the
Government of
Uttar Pradesh
.jpeg/500px-Taj_Mahal_(Edited).jpeg)
Uttar Pradesh to boost tourism in the state.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Flora and fauna
5 Economy
6 Administration and politics
6.1 Administration
6.1.1 General administration
6.1.2 Police administration
6.1.3 Infrastructure and civic administration
6.2 Central government offices
6.3 Politics
7 Transport
7.1 Roads
7.1.1 City buses
7.1.2 Inter-state buses
7.2 Railways
7.3 Air transport
7.4 Metro
7.5 Cycling
8 Demographics
9 Architecture
10 Culture
10.1 Traditional Outfit
11 Language and poetry
11.1 Cuisine
11.2 Festivals
11.3 Dance, drama and music
11.4
Lucknow
Lucknow Chikan
11.5 Quality of life
12 Education
13 Media
14 Sports
14.1 City-based clubs
15 Parks and recreation
16
Sister cities
Sister cities of Lucknow
17 Notable individuals
18 Historical places
19 See also
20 References
21 Further reading
22 External links
Etymology[edit]
"Lucknow" is the anglicised spelling of the local pronunciation
"Lakhnau". According to one legend, the city is named after Lakshmana,
a hero of the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana. The legend states that
Lakshmana
Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called
Lakshmanapuri (Sanskrit: लक्ष्मणपुरी, lit.
Lakshmana's city). However, the
Dalit
Dalit movement believes that Lakhan
Pasi, a dalit ruler, was the settler of the city and is named after
him. The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur (or Lachhmanpur) by
the 11th century, and later, Lucknow.[16][17] A similar theory states
that the city was known as Lakshmanavati (Sanskrit:
लक्ष्मणवती, fortunate) after Lakshmana. The name
changed to Lakhanavati, then Lakhnauti and finally Lakhnau.[18] Yet
another theory states that the city's name is connected with Lakshmi,
the Hindu goddess of wealth. Over time, the name changed to
Laksmanauti, Laksmnaut, Lakhsnaut, Lakhsnau and, finally, Lakhnau.[19]
History[edit]
See also:
Awadh
Awadh and Oudh State
Panorama of
Lucknow
Lucknow taken from Roshan-ud Daula Kothi
Qaiserbagh
Qaiserbagh in
1858
Nawab
Nawab Asaf-Ud-Dowlah (1775–1797)[20]
Nawab
Nawab Saadat Khan II (b. bf. 1752 – d. c. 11 July 1814)
Lucknow
Lucknow towards Cawnpore circa 1860
From 1350 onwards,
Lucknow
Lucknow and parts of the
Awadh
Awadh region were ruled by
the
Delhi
Delhi Sultanate, Sharqi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Nawabs of Awadh,
the British East
India
India Company and the British Raj.
For about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478),
Awadh
Awadh was part of the
Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. Emperor
Humayun
Humayun made it a part of the
Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor
Jahangir
Jahangir (1569–1627) granted an
estate in
Awadh
Awadh to a favoured nobleman, Sheikh Abdul Rahim, who later
built Machchi Bhawan on this estate. It later became the seat of power
from where his descendants, the Sheikhzadas, controlled the
region.[21]
The Nawabs of Lucknow, in reality, the Nawabs of Awadh, acquired the
name after the reign of the third
Nawab
Nawab when
Lucknow
Lucknow became their
capital. The city became North India's cultural capital, and its
nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles,
were patrons of the arts. Under their dominion, music and dance
flourished, and construction of numerous monuments took place.[22] Of
the monuments standing today, the Bara Imambara, the Chota Imambara,
and the
Rumi Darwaza
Rumi Darwaza are notable examples. One of the Nawab's enduring
legacies is the region's syncretic Hindu–Muslim culture that has
come to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb.[23]
Gates of the Palace at
Lucknow
Lucknow by W. Daniell, 1801
Chota Imambara
Until 1719, the subah of
Awadh
Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire
administered by a Governor appointed by the Emperor. Persian
adventurer Saadat Khan, also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed
Nizam of
Awadh
Awadh in 1722 and established his court in Faizabad, near
Lucknow.[24]
Many independent kingdoms, such as Awadh, were established as the
Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire disintegrated. The third Nawab,
Shuja-ud-Daula
Shuja-ud-Daula (r.
1753–1775), fell out with the British after aiding the fugitive
Nawab
Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim. Roundly defeated at the
Battle of Buxar
Battle of Buxar by
the East
India
India Company, he was forced to pay heavy penalties and
surrender parts of his territory.[25] Awadh's capital,
Lucknow
Lucknow rose to
prominence when Asaf-ud-Daula, the fourth Nawab, shifted his court to
the city from
Faizabad
Faizabad in 1775.[26] The British East
India
India Company
appointed a resident (ambassador) in 1773 and by early 19th century
gained control of more territory and authority in the state. They
were, however, disinclined to capture
Awadh
Awadh outright and come face to
face with the
Maratha Empire
Maratha Empire and the remnants of the Mughal Empire. In
1798, the fifth
Nawab
Nawab Wazir Ali Khan alienated both his people and the
British and was forced to abdicate. The British then helped Saadat Ali
Khan take the throne.[27] He became a puppet king, and in a treaty of
1801, yielded large part of
Awadh
Awadh to the East
India
India Company while also
agreeing to disband his own troops in favour of a hugely expensive,
British-controlled army. This treaty effectively made the state of
Awadh
Awadh a vassal of the East
India
India Company, although it continued to be
part of the
Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire in name until 1819. The treaty of 1801
proved a beneficial arrangement for the East
India
India Company as they
gained access to Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them
for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running
Awadh's armed forces brought them useful returns while the territory
acted as a buffer state. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, busy with
pomp and show. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the British had
grown impatient with the arrangement and demanded direct control over
Awadh.[28]
The ruins of the Residency at
Lucknow
Lucknow shows the gunfire it took during
the rebellion.
Bada Imambada is famous for its maze called 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa' in
Hindi. It is built of identical 2.5 feet wide passageways like the one
shown in this photograph.
In 1856 the East
India
India Company first moved its troops to the border,
then annexed the state for alleged maladministration.
Awadh
Awadh was placed
under a chief commissioner – Sir Henry Lawrence. Wajid Ali Shah, the
then Nawab, was imprisoned, then exiled by the East
India
India Company to
Calcutta.[29] In the subsequent Indian Rebellion of 1857, his
14-year-old son Birjis Qadra, whose mother was Begum Hazrat Mahal, was
crowned ruler. Following the rebellion's defeat, Begum Hazrat Mahal
and other rebel leaders sought asylum in Nepal.[30]
Lucknow
Lucknow was one of the major centres of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
and actively participated in India's independence movement, emerging
as a strategically important North Indian city. During the Rebellion
(also known as the First War of Indian Independence and the Indian
Mutiny), the majority of the East
India
India Company's troops were
recruited from both the people and nobility of Awadh. The rebels
seized control of the state, and it took the British 18 months to
reconquer the region. During that period, the garrison based at the
Residency in
Lucknow
Lucknow was besieged by rebel forces during the Siege of
Lucknow. The siege was relieved first by forces under the command of
Sir
Henry Havelock
Henry Havelock and Sir James Outram, followed by a stronger force
under Sir Colin Campbell. Today, the ruins of the Residency and the
Shaheed Smarak
Shaheed Smarak offer an insight into Lucknow's role in the events of
1857.[31]
With the rebellion over, Oudh returned to British governance under a
chief commissioner. In 1877 the offices of lieutenant-governor of the
North-Western Provinces and chief commissioner of Oudh were combined;
then in 1902, the title of chief commissioner was dropped with the
formation of the United Provinces of
Agra
Agra and Oudh, although Oudh
still retained some marks of its former independence.[32]
Map of parts of the Old City and the Civil Station, ca 1914
The
Khilafat Movement
Khilafat Movement had an active base of support in Lucknow,
creating united opposition to British rule. In 1901, after remaining
the capital of Oudh since 1775, Lucknow, with a population of 264,049,
was merged into the newly formed United Provinces of
Agra
Agra and
Oudh.[33] In 1920 the provincial seat of government moved from
Allahabad
Allahabad to Lucknow. Upon Indian independence in 1947, the United
Provinces were reorganised into the state of Uttar Pradesh, and
Lucknow
Lucknow remained its capital.[34]
Lucknow
Lucknow witnessed some of the pivotal moments in the history of India.
One is the first meeting of the stalwarts Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal
Nehru & Mohd Ali Jinnah during the Indian National Congress
session of 1916 (
Lucknow
Lucknow pact was signed and moderates and extremists
came together through the efforts of Annie Besant during this session
only). The Congress President for that session, Ambica Charan Majumdar
in his address said that "If the Congress was buried at Surat, it is
reborn in
Lucknow
Lucknow in the garden of Wajid Ali Shah".
The famous
Kakori
Kakori Incident involving Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah
Khan, Rajendra Nath Lahiri, Roshan Singh and others followed by the
Kakori
Kakori trial which captured the imagination of the country also took
place in Lucknow.[35]
Culturally,
Lucknow
Lucknow has also had a tradition of courtesans,[36] with
popular culture distilling it in the avatar of the fictional Umrao
Jaan.
Geography[edit]
Map of
Lucknow
Lucknow city
Downtown New
Lucknow
Lucknow with
Gomti River
Gomti River in the Middle
The Gomti River, Lucknow's chief geographical feature, meanders
through the city and divides it into the Trans-Gomti and Cis-Gomti
regions. Situated in the middle of the Indus-Gangetic Plain, the city
is surrounded by rural towns and villages: the orchard town of
Malihabad, Kakori, Mohanlalganj, Gosainganj, Chinhat, and Itaunja. To
the east lies Barabanki, to the west Unnao, to the south Raebareli,
while to the north lie the
Sitapur
Sitapur and Hardoi.
Lucknow
Lucknow city is located
in a seismic zone III.[37]
Climate[edit]
Lucknow
Lucknow has a humid subtropical climate with cool, dry winters from
mid-November to February and dry, hot summers with thunderstorms from
late March to June. The rainy season is from July to September when
the city gets an average rainfall of 896.2 millimetres (35.28 in)
from the south-west monsoon winds, and occasionally frontal rainfall
will occur in January. In winter the maximum temperature is around
25 °C (77 °F) and the minimum is in the 3 °C
(37 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F) range.[38] Fog is quite
common from mid-December to late January. Occasionally, Lucknow
experiences colder winter spells than places like
Shimla
Shimla and Mussoorie
which are situated way high up in the Himalayas. In the extraordinary
winter cold spell of 2012–13,
Lucknow
Lucknow recorded temperatures below
freezing point on 2 consecutive days and the minimum temperature
hovered around freezing point for over a week. Summers are very hot
with temperatures rising into the 40 °C (104 °F) to
45 °C (113 °F) range, the average highs being in the high
of 30s (degree Celsius).
Climate data for
Lucknow
Lucknow (Chaudhary Charan Singh International
Airport)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
30.4
(86.7)
34.2
(93.6)
40.9
(105.6)
45.0
(113)
46.2
(115.2)
47.7
(117.9)
44.2
(111.6)
40.4
(104.7)
40.1
(104.2)
37.7
(99.9)
38.0
(100.4)
29.9
(85.8)
47.7
(117.9)
Average high °C (°F)
22.5
(72.5)
25.8
(78.4)
32.0
(89.6)
38.0
(100.4)
40.0
(104)
38.4
(101.1)
33.9
(93)
33.2
(91.8)
33.1
(91.6)
32.8
(91)
29.2
(84.6)
24.6
(76.3)
32.0
(89.6)
Average low °C (°F)
7.5
(45.5)
9.8
(49.6)
14.5
(58.1)
20.5
(68.9)
24.6
(76.3)
26.7
(80.1)
26.0
(78.8)
25.6
(78.1)
24.1
(75.4)
19.1
(66.4)
12.8
(55)
8.4
(47.1)
18.3
(64.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−1.0
(30.2)
0.0
(32)
5.4
(41.7)
10.9
(51.6)
17.0
(62.6)
19.7
(67.5)
21.5
(70.7)
22.2
(72)
17.2
(63)
10.0
(50)
3.9
(39)
0.5
(32.9)
−1.0
(30.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
20.2
(0.795)
16.0
(0.63)
10.0
(0.394)
5.0
(0.197)
100.6
(3.961)
122.9
(4.839)
511.2
(20.126)
320.5
(12.618)
211.5
(8.327)
105.9
(4.169)
7.4
(0.291)
12.6
(0.496)
1,443.8
(56.843)
Average rainy days
1.5
1.5
1.0
0.6
1.6
5.4
12.0
11.6
8.6
1.7
0.5
0.8
46.8
Source:
India
India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to
2010)[39][40]
Flora and fauna[edit]
Lucknow
Lucknow has a total of only 4.66 percent of forest cover, which is
much less than the state average of around 7 percent.[41] Shisham,
Dhak, Mahuamm, Babul, Neem, Peepal, Ashok, Khajur,
Mango
Mango and Gular
trees are all grown here.[42]
Different varieties of mangoes, especially Dasheri, are grown in the
Malihabad
Malihabad adjacent to the city and a block of the
Lucknow district
Lucknow district for
export.[43] The main crops are wheat, paddy, sugarcane, mustard,
potatoes, and vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomato, and
brinjals. Similarly, sunflowers, roses, and marigolds are cultivated
over a fairly extensive area. Many medicinal and herbal plants are
also grown here while common Indian monkeys are found in patches in
and around city forests such as Musa Bagh.[44]
The
Lucknow
Lucknow Zoo, one of the oldest in the country, was established in
1921. It houses a rich collection of animals from Asia and other
continents. The zoo also has enjoyable toy train rides for the
visitors.The city also has a botanical garden, which is a zone of wide
plant diversity.[45] It also houses the
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh State Museum. It
has sculptural masterpieces dating back to the 3rd century AD,
including intricately carved
Mathura
.jpg/500px-Barsana_(6292408890).jpg)
Mathura sculptures ranging from dancing
girls to scenes from the life of Buddha.[46]
Lucknow
Lucknow is known for its dasheri mangoes, which are exported to many
countries
Baby elephant at
Lucknow
Lucknow Zoo
Economy[edit]
Main article: Economy of Lucknow
Tata Consultancy Services
Tata Consultancy Services Campus at TCS
Awadh
Awadh Park in Vibhuti Khand,
Gomti Nagar
The major industries in the
Lucknow
Lucknow urban agglomeration include
aeronautics, automotives, machine tools, distillery chemicals,
furniture and Chikan embroidery.[47]
Lucknow
Lucknow is among the top cities of
India
India by GDP.[48]
Lucknow
Lucknow is also a
centre for research and development as home to the R&D centres of
the National Milk Grid of the National Dairy Development Board, the
Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants, the National
Handloom Development Corporation and U.P. Export Corporation.[49]
Ranked sixth in a list of the ten fastest growing job-creating cities
in
India
India according to a study conducted by Assocham Placement
Pattern,[50] Lucknow's economy was formerly based on the tertiary
sector and the majority of the workforce were employed as government
servants. Large-scale industrial establishments are few compared to
other north Indian state capitals like New Delhi. The economy is
growing with contributions from the fields of IT, manufacturing and
processing and medical/biotechnology. Business-promoting institutions
such as the CII and EDII have set up their service centres in the
city.[51]
Lucknow
Lucknow is a growing IT hub with software and IT companies resident in
the city.
Tata Consultancy Services
Tata Consultancy Services is one of the major companies with
its campus in Gomti Nagar, which also is the second-largest such
establishment in Uttar Pradesh.
HCL Technologies
HCL Technologies also started its
training program with 150 candidates in April 2016 at HCL Lucknow
campus.[52] There are many local open source technology companies.[53]
The city is also home to a number of important national and state
level headquarters for companies including Sony Corporation and
Reliance Retail. A sprawling 100 acres (40 ha) IT city costing 15
billion Rupees is planned by the state government at the Chak Ganjaria
farms site on the road to Sultanpur and they have already approved
special economic zone status for the project, which is expected to
create thousands of job opportunities in the state.[54][55][56]
The city has potential in the handicrafts sector and accounts for 60
percent of total exports from the state.[57] Major export items are
marble products, handicrafts, art pieces, gems, jewellery, textiles,
electronics, software products, computers, hardware products, apparel,
brass products, silk, leather goods, glass items and chemicals.
Lucknow
Lucknow has promoted public-private partnerships in sectors such as
electricity supply, roads, expressways, and educational ventures.[58]
To promote the textile industry in the city, the Indian government has
allocated Rs. 200 crore (2000 million rupees) to set up a textile
business cluster in the city.[59]
Administration and politics[edit]
Administration[edit]
General administration[edit]
Lucknow division
Lucknow division which consists of six districts, and is headed by the
Divisional Commissioner
Divisional Commissioner of Lucknow, who is an IAS officer of high
seniority, the Commissioner is the head of local government
institutions (including Municipal Corporations) in the division, is in
charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also
responsible for maintaining law and order in the
division.[60][61][62][63][64] The
District Magistrate
District Magistrate of Lucknow
reports to the Divisional Commissioner. The current Commissioner is
Anil Garg.[65][66]
Lucknow district
Lucknow district administration is headed by the District Magistrate
of Lucknow, who is an IAS officer. The DM is in charge of property
records and revenue collection for the central government and
oversees the elections held in the city. The DM is also
responsible for maintaining law and order in the city, hence the SSP
of
Lucknow
Lucknow also reports to the DM of Lucknow.[60][67][68][69][70] The
District Magistrate
District Magistrate is assisted by a Chief Development Officer (CDO),
eight Additional District Magistrates (ADM) (Finance/Revenue, East,
West Trans-Gomti, Executive, Land Acquisition-I, Land Acquisition-II,
Civil Supply), one City Magistrate (CM) and seven Additional City
Magistrates (ACM).[71] The district has five tehsils, viz. Sadar,
Mohanlalganj, Bakshi ka Talab,
Malihabad
Malihabad and Sarojini Nagar, each
headed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate.[71] The current DM is Kaushal
Raj Sharma.[65][66][71]
Police administration[edit]
Lucknow district
Lucknow district comes under the
Lucknow
Lucknow Police Zone and Lucknow
Police Range,
Lucknow
Lucknow Zone is headed by an Additional Director General
ranked IPS officer, and the
Lucknow
Lucknow Range is headed Inspector General
ranked IPS officer. The current ADG,
Lucknow
Lucknow Zone is Abhay Kumar
Prasad,[72] and IG,
Lucknow
Lucknow Range is Ajay Narain Singh.[73]
The district police is headed by a Senior Superintendent of Police
(SSP), who is an IPS officer, and is assisted by ten Superintendents
of Police (SP)/Additional Superintendents of Police (Addl. SP) (East,
West, North, Trans-Gomti, Rural Area, Crime, Traffic, Security,
Protocol and Modern Control Room), who are either IPS officers or PPS
officers.[74] Each of the several police circles is headed by a Circle
Officer (CO) in the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.[74] The
current SSP is Deepak Kumar.[74]
The district police keeps the citizens under watch through
high-technology control rooms and all important streets and
intersections are under surveillance with the help of CCTVs and drone
cameras.[75] Mob controlling is carried out with the help of pepper
spraying drones.[76] There are more than 10,000 CCTV cameras deployed
by the
Lucknow
Lucknow Police Department across the city roads and
trijunctions, making
Lucknow
Lucknow the first city in the country to do
so.[77] The
Lucknow
Lucknow Modern Police Control Room (abbreviated as MCR) is
India's biggest 'Dial 100' service centre with 300 communication
officers to receive distress calls from all over the state and 200
dispatch officers to rush for police help.[78] It is billed as the
India's most hi-tech police control room.[79]
Lucknow
Lucknow is also the
center for 1090 Women Power line, a call center based service directed
at dealing with eve-teasing. An Integrated 'Dial 100' Control Room
building is also under construction which when completed will be the
world's biggest modern Police Emergency Response System (PERS).[80]
The
Lucknow
Lucknow Fire Brigade department is headed by the Chief Fire
Officer, who is subordinate to the
District Magistrate
District Magistrate and is assisted
by a Deputy Chief Fire Officers and Divisional Officers.
Infrastructure and civic administration[edit]
The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Lucknow
Development Authority (LDA), which comes under the Housing Department
of
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh government. The
Divisional Commissioner
Divisional Commissioner of Lucknow
acts as the ex-officio Chairman of LDA, whereas a Vice Chairman, a
government-appointed IAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the
authority. The current Vice-Chairman of
Lucknow
Lucknow Development Authority
is Prabhu Narayan Singh.[81][82]
The
Lucknow
Lucknow Municipal Corporations oversees civic activities in the
city, the head of the corporation is the Mayor, but the executive and
administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the
Municipal Commissioner, who is a
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh government-appointed
Provincial Civil Service (PCS) officer of high seniority. The post
Mayor of
Lucknow
Lucknow is currently vacant and the Municipal Commissioner is
Udairaj Singh.[83][84]
Central government offices[edit]
Since 1 May 1963,
Lucknow
Lucknow has been the headquarters of the Central
Command of the Indian Army, before which it was the headquarters of
Eastern Command.[85]
Lucknow
Lucknow also houses a branch office of National Investigation Agency
which is responsible for combating terrorist activities in India.[86]
It oversees five states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh for Naxal and terrorist activities.[87]
The Commission of Railway Safety of India, under the Ministry of Civil
Aviation, has its head office in the Northeast Railway Compound in
Lucknow.[88]
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha
Politics[edit]
As the seat of the government of Uttar Pradesh,
Lucknow
Lucknow is the site of
the
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha, a bench of the
Allahabad
Allahabad High Court
and numerous government departments and agencies.[89]
The city spans an area stretching from the Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha
constituency) in the south to
Bakshi Ka Talab in the north and Kakori
in the east.
Lucknow
Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (LUA) includes Lucknow
Municipal Corporation[90] and
Lucknow
Lucknow Cantonment with executive power
vested in the municipal commissioner of Lucknow, who is PCS officer.
The corporation comprises elected members (corporators elected from
the wards directly by the people) with the city mayor as its head. An
assistant municipal commissioner oversees each ward for administrative
purposes. The city elects members to the Lok Sabha as well as the
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Sabha (State Assembly). As of 2008[update], there
were 110 wards in the city. Morphologically, three clear demarcations
exist; the Central business district, which is a fully built up area,
comprises Hazratganj, Aminabad and Chowk A middle zone surrounds the
inner zone with cement houses while the outer zone consists of
slums.[91]
Lucknow
Lucknow has two Lok Sabha Constituencies
Lucknow
Lucknow and
Mohanlalganj and nine Vidhan Sabha
constituencies.[92][better source needed]
The current Member of Parliament from
Lucknow
Lucknow is Rajnath Singh.
Transport[edit]
Roads[edit]
The roads of
Lucknow
Lucknow (
Gomti Nagar
Gomti Nagar in picture)
Two major Indian National Highways have their intersection at
Lucknow's
Hazratganj
Hazratganj intersection: NH-24 to Delhi, NH-30 to Allahabad
via Raebareli, NH-27 to
Porbandar
Porbandar via
Jhansi
Jhansi and
Silchar
Silchar via
Gorakhpur.[93] Multiple modes of public transport are available such
as metro rail, taxis, city buses, cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws and
compressed natural gas (CNG) low floor buses with and without air
conditioning. CNG was introduced as an auto fuel to keep air pollution
under control. Radio Taxis are operated by several major companies
like Ola and Uber
City buses[edit]
See also:
Lucknow
Lucknow Mahanagar Parivahan Sewa
Lucknow
Lucknow city's bus service is operated by
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh State Road
Transport Corporation (UPSRTC), a public sector passenger road
transport corporation headquartered in Mahatma Gandhi road. It has 300
CNG buses operating in the city. There are around 35 routes in the
city.[94] Terminals for city buses are located in Gudamba, Viraj
Khand, Alambagh, Scooter India, Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Babu Banarasi Das University, Safedabad, Pasi qila,
Charbagh, Andhe Ki Chowki, and the Budheshwar Intersection. There are
four bus depots in Gomti Nagar, Charbagh, Amausi, and Dubagga.[95]
Inter-state buses[edit]
See also:
Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service and
Lucknow
Lucknow Upnagariya
Parivahan Sewa
The major Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Inter-state Bus Terminal (ISBT) in
Alambagh
Alambagh provides the main inter and intrastate bus lines in Lucknow.
Located on National Highway 25, it provides adequate services to
ongoing and incoming customers. There is a smaller bus station at
Qaiserbagh. The bus terminal formally operated at Charbagh, in front
of the main railway station, has now been re-established as a city bus
depot. This decision was taken by the state government and UPSRTC to
decongest traffic in the railway station area.
Kanpur
Kanpur
Lucknow
Lucknow Roadways
Service is a key service for daily commuters who travel back and forth
to the city for business and educational purposes. Air conditioned
"Royal Cruiser" buses manufactured by Volvo are operated by UPSRTC for
inter state bus services. Main cities served by the UPSRTC intrastate
bus service are Allahabad, Varanasi, Jaipur, Agra, Delhi, Gorakhpur.
The cities outside
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh that are covered by inter-state bus
services are Jaipur, New Delhi, Gwalior, Bharatpur, Singrauli,
Faridabad, Gurgaon, Dausa, Ajmer, Dehradun, and Haridwar.[96]
Railways[edit]
See also:
Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway and Barabanki-Lucknow
Suburban Railway
Lucknow
Lucknow Railway Station
Lucknow
Lucknow is served by several railway stations in different parts of
the city. The main long-distance railway station is
Lucknow
Lucknow Railway
Station located at Charbagh. It has an imposing structure built in
1923 and acts as the divisional headquarters of the Northern Railway
division. Its neighbouring and second major long-distance railway
station is
Lucknow Junction railway station
Lucknow Junction railway station operated by the North
Eastern Railway. The city is an important junction with links to all
major cities of the state and country such as New Delhi, Mumbai,
Hyderabad, Kolkata, Chandigarh, Amritsar, Jammu, Chennai, Bangalore,
Ahmedabad, Pune, Indore, Bhopal, Jhansi, Jabalpur,
Jaipur
Jaipur and Siwan.
The city has a total of fourteen railway stations[97] with meter gauge
services originating at Aishbagh and connecting to
Lucknow
Lucknow city,
Daliganj and Mohibullapur. Except for Mohibullapur, all stations are
connected to broad gauge and metre gauge railways. All stations lie
within the city limits and are well interconnected by bus services and
other public road transport. Suburban stations include Bakshi Ka Talab
and Kakori. The
Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway was started in 1867
to cater for the needs of commuters travelling between
Lucknow
Lucknow and
Kanpur. Trains running on this service also stop at numerous stations
at different locations in the city forming a suburban rail
network.[98]
Air transport[edit]
See also: Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport
Terminal-2, CCS International Airport
Terminal-2, CCS International Airport
Direct air connections are available in
Lucknow
Lucknow to New Delhi, Patna,
Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Chennai, Guwahati
and other major cities via Chaudhary Charan Singh International
Airport. The airport has been ranked the second best in the world in
small airport category.[99] The airport is suitable for all-weather
operations and provides parking facilities for up to 50 aircraft. At
present, Air India, Air
India
India Express, Jet Air, GoAir, IndiGo, Saudi
Airlines, Flydubai, Oman Air and Air Vistara operate domestic and
international flights to and from Lucknow. Covering 1,187 acres
(480 ha), with Terminal 1 for international flights and Terminal
2 for domestic flights, the airport can handle
Boeing 767
,_Santa_Barbara_Airlines_(SmartLynx_Airlines)_JP6680977.jpg/440px-Boeing_767-3Y0(ER),_Santa_Barbara_Airlines_(SmartLynx_Airlines)_JP6680977.jpg)
Boeing 767 to Boeing
747-400 aircraft allowing significant passenger and cargo
traffic.[100][101] International destinations include Abu Dhabi,
Dubai, Muscat, Riyadh, Singapore, Bangkok, Dammam and Jeddah.[102]
The Planned expansion of the airport will allow
Airbus A380
Airbus A380 jumbo jets
to land at the airport; the Airport Authority of
India
India is also
planning to expand the international terminal to increase passenger
traffic capacity. There is also a plan for runway expansion. It is the
10th-busiest airport in India, busiest in Uttar Pradesh, and
second-busiest in North India.
Metro[edit]
See also:
Lucknow
Lucknow Metro
Lucknow Metro
Lucknow Metro is a rapid transit system which started its operations
from 6 September 2017.
Lucknow Metro
Lucknow Metro system is the fastest built metro
system in the world[103] and most economical high-speed rapid transit
system project in India.[104] The commencement of civil works started
on 27 September 2014.[105]
Charbagh
Charbagh Metro Station
In February, Chief Minister
Akhilesh Yadav
Akhilesh Yadav gave the approval to set up
a metro rail system for the state capital. It is divided into two
corridors with the North-South corridor connecting Munshipulia to CCS
International Airport and the East-West corridor connecting Charbagh
Railway Station to Vasant Kunj. This will be the most expensive public
transport system in the state but will provide a rapid means of mass
transport to decongest traffic on city roads. Construction of the
first phase will be complete by March'17. The completion of metro rail
project is the primary object of
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh government currently
headed by the chief minister Yogi Adityanath[106]
On 5 September 2017, Home Minister
Rajnath Singh
Rajnath Singh and CM Yogi
Adityanath showed green flag to the
Lucknow
Lucknow Metro.[107]
Cycling[edit]
Lucknow
Lucknow is among the most bicycle-friendly cities in Uttar Pradesh.
Bike-friendly tracks have been established near the Chief Minister's
residence in the city. The four-and-a-half-kilometre track encompasses
La-Martiniere College Road next to Golf Club on Kalidas Marg, where
the Chief Minister resides, and Vikramaditya Marg, which houses the
office of the ruling party. The dedicated four-metre-wide lane for
cyclists is separate from the footpath and the main road. With
Amsterdam
Amsterdam as the inspiration, new cycle tracks are to be constructed
in the city to make it more cycle-friendly, with facilities like bike
rental also in the works.[108][109] In the year 2015,
Lucknow
Lucknow also
hosted a national level cycling event called 'The
Lucknow
Lucknow Cyclothon'
in which professional and amateur cyclists took part.[110] An
under-construction cycle track network by the Government Of Uttar
Pradesh is set to make
Lucknow
Lucknow the city with India's biggest cycle
network.[111]
Demographics[edit]
Population growth
Census
Pop.
%±
1871
284,800
—
1881
261,300
-8.3%
1891
273,000
4.5%
1901
264,000
-3.3%
1911
259,800
-1.6%
1921
240,600
-7.4%
1931
274,700
14.2%
1941
387,177
40.9%
1951
496,900
28.3%
1961
595,400
19.8%
1971
814,000
36.7%
1981
1,007,604
23.8%
1991
1,669,204
65.7%
2001
2,245,509
34.5%
2011
2,902,601
29.3%
source:[112]
Religion in
Lucknow
Lucknow (2011)[113][114]
Religion
Percent
Hinduism
71.71%
Islam
26.36%
Sikhism
0.76%
Christianity
0.58%
Others
0.59%
The population of
Lucknow
Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (LUA) rose above one
million in 1981, while the 2001 census estimated it had risen to 2.24
million. This included about 60,000 people in the
Lucknow
Lucknow Cantonment
and 2.18 million in
Lucknow
Lucknow city and represented an increase of 34.53%
over the 1991 figure.[115]
According to the provisional report of 2011 Census of India, Lucknow
city had a population of 2,815,601, of which 1,470,133 were men and
1,345,468 women.[116][117] This was an increase of 25.36% compared to
the 2001 figures.
Between 1991 and 2001, the population registered growth of 32.03%,
significantly lower than the 37.14% which was registered between 1981
and 1991.[118] The initial provisional data suggests a population
density of 1,815 per km2 in 2011, compared to 1,443 in 2001.[118]
As the total area covered by the
Lucknow district
Lucknow district is only about 2,528
square kilometres (976 sq mi), the population density was
much than the 690 persons per km2 recorded at the state level.
The Scheduled Caste population of the state represented 21.3% of the
total population, a figure higher than the state average of
21.15%.[119][120]
The sex ratio in
Lucknow
Lucknow city stood at 915 females per 1000 males in
2011, compared to the 2001 census figure of 888. The average national
sex ratio in
India
India is 940 according to the Census 2011
Directorate.[116] The city has a total literacy level in 2011 of
84.72% compared to 56.3% for
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh as a whole.[116] In 2001
these same figures stood at 75.98% and 60.47%. In
Lucknow
Lucknow city, the
total literate population totalled 2,147,564 people of which 1,161,250
were male and 986,314 were female.[116][121] Despite the fact that the
overall work participation rate in the district (32.24%) is higher
than the state average (23.7%), the rate among females in
Lucknow
Lucknow is
very low at only 5.6% and shows a decline from the 1991 figure of
5.9%.[122][123]
Architecture[edit]
Main article: Architecture of Lucknow
Skyline of
Lucknow
Lucknow as seen from Gomti Nagar
Ghanta Ghar, the tallest clock tower in India
Multi-storey apartments
Lucknow's buildings show different styles of architecture with the
many iconic buildings built during the British and Mughal era. More
than half of these buildings lie in the old part of the city. The
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department organises a "Heritage Walk" for
tourists covering the popular monuments.[124] Among the extant
architecture, there are religious buildings such as Imambaras,
mosques, and other Islamic shrines as well as secular structures such
as enclosed gardens, baradaris, and palace complexes.[125]
Bara Imambara
Bara Imambara in Hussainabad is a colossal edifice built in 1784 by
the then
Nawab
Nawab of Lucknow, Asaf-ud-Daula. It was originally built to
provide assistance to people affected by the deadly famine, which
struck the whole of
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh in the same year.[126] It is the
largest hall in Asia without any external support from wood, iron or
stone beams.[127] The monument required approximately 22,000 labourers
during construction.[128]
The 60 feet (18 m) tall Rumi Darwaza, built by Nawab
Asaf-ud-daula (r. 1775–1797) in 1784, served as the entrance to the
city of Lucknow. It is also known as the Turkish Gateway, as it was
erroneously thought to be identical to the gateway at Constantinople.
The edifice provides the west entrance to the Great Imambara and is
embellished with lavish decorations.[129]
Styles of architectures from various cultures can be seen in the
historical places of Lucknow. The
University of Lucknow
University of Lucknow shows a huge
inspiration from the European style while Indo-Saracenic Revival
architecture is prominently present in the
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha
building and
Charbagh
Charbagh Railway station.
Dilkusha Kothi
Dilkusha Kothi is the remains
of a palace constructed by the British resident Major Gore Ouseley
around 1800 and showcases an example of
English Baroque
English Baroque architecture.
It served as a hunting lodge for the
Nawab
Nawab of Awadhs and as a summer
resort.[130]
The Chattar Manzil, which served as the palace for the rulers of Awadh
and their wives is topped by an umbrella-like dome and so named on
account of Chattar being the
Hindi
Hindi word for "umbrella". Opposite
Chattar Manzil
Chattar Manzil stands the 'Lal Baradari' built by
Nawab
Nawab Saadat Ali
Khan I between 1789 and 1814. It functioned as a throne room at
coronations for the royal courts. The building is now used as a museum
and contains delicately executed portraits of men who played major
roles in the administration of the kingdom of Oudh.
Another example of mixed architectural styles is La Martiniere
College, which shows a fusion of Indian and European ideas. It was
built by Major-General
Claude Martin
Claude Martin who was born in
Lyon
Lyon and died in
Lucknow
Lucknow on 13 September 1800. Originally named "Constantia", the
ceilings of the building are domed with no wooden beams used for
construction.[131] Glimpses of
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture can also be seen in
the college building.[132]
Lucknow's Asafi Imambara exhibits vaulted halls as its architectural
speciality. The Bara Imambara,
Chhota Imambara
Chhota Imambara and
Rumi Darwaza
Rumi Darwaza stand
in testament to the city's Nawabi mixture of Mughlai and Turkish style
of architecture while La Martiniere college bears witness to the
Indo-European style. Even the new buildings are fashioned using
characteristic domes and pillars, and at night these illuminated
monuments become the city's main attractions.[133]
Around Hazratganj, the city's central shopping area, there is a fusion
of old and modern architecture. It has a multi-level parking lot in
place of an old and dilapidated police station making way for
extending the corridors into well-aligned pebbled pathways, adorned
with piazzas, green areas and wrought-iron Tall, beautifully crafted
cast-iron lamp-posts, reminiscent of the Victorian era, flank both
sides of the street.[134]
Culture[edit]
See also: Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb
Brijesh Pathak, Minister of Law & Justice and Additional Energy
Resources in Uttar Pradesh, inaugurating the bada mangal festivities
at UPNEDA office in Vibhuti Khand (May 2017)
Free food being distributed on a
Bada Mangal
Bada Mangal (May 2017). Bada Mangal
is a ritual specific only to Lucknow.
In common with other metropolitan cities across India,
Lucknow
Lucknow is
multicultural and home to people who use different dialects and
languages.[135][136] Many of the cultural traits and customs peculiar
to
Lucknow
Lucknow have become living legends today. The city's contemporary
culture is the result of the amalgamation of the Hindu and Muslim
rulers who ruled the place simultaneously. The credit for this goes to
the secular and syncretic traditions of the Nawabs of Awadh, who took
a keen interest in every walk of life and encouraged these traditions
to attain a rare degree of sophistication. Modern day Lucknowites are
known for their polite and polished way of speaking which is noticed
by visitors. The residents of
Lucknow
Lucknow call themselves Lucknowites or
Lakhnavi.[137] It also represents the melting pot of globalization
where the legacy of Nawab's culture continues to be reflected in the
traditional vocabulary of the
Hindi
Hindi language of the city along with
better avenues for modernization present here.
Traditional Outfit[edit]
Lucknow
Lucknow is famous for its shararas. It is a traditional women's outfit
that originated from the Nawabs of Awadh.[138] It is a pair of loose
trousers with pleats below the knee worn with a kurta (shirt) and a
dupatta (veil). It is embroidered with zari and zardozi along with
gota (decorative lace on knee area). This dress is made from over 24
metres of fabric, mostly silk, brocade and kamkhwab.
Language and poetry[edit]
Although Uttar Pradesh's primary official language is Hindi, the most
commonly spoken language is colloquial Hindustani.[139] Indian English
is also well understood and is widely used for business and
administrative purposes, as a result of India's British heritage and
Commonwealth tradition, as well as globalisation. The
Urdu
Urdu language is
also a part of Lucknowi culture and heritage. It is mostly used by
wealthier families, the remaining members of the royal family as well
as in
Urdu
Urdu poetry and on public signs. The government has taken many
innovative steps to promote Urdu.[140] Awadhi, a dialect of the Hindi
dialect continuum, has played an important role in Lucknow's history
and is still used in the city's rural areas and by the urban
population on the streets.[141]
Historically,
Lucknow
Lucknow was considered one of the great centres of
Muslim culture.[142][143] Two poets,
Mir Babar Ali Anis
Mir Babar Ali Anis and Mirza
Dabeer, became legendary exponents of a unique genre of Muslim
elegiacal poetry called marsiya centred on Imam Husain's supreme
sacrifice in the Battle of Karbala, which is commemorated during the
annual observance of Muharram.[144]
The revolutionary Ram Prasad Bismil, who was hanged by the British at
Gorakhpur
Gorakhpur jail, was largely influenced by the culture of
Lucknow
Lucknow and
remembered its name in his poetry.[145] Surrounding towns such as
Kakori, Daryabad, Fatehpur, Barabanki, Rudauli, and
Malihabad
Malihabad produced
many eminent
Urdu
Urdu poets and litterateurs including Mohsin Kakorvi,
Majaz,
Khumar Barabankvi
Khumar Barabankvi and Josh Malihabadi.[146]
Cuisine[edit]
Main articles: Awadhi cuisine, Mughlai cuisine, and Cuisine of Uttar
Pradesh
Tunday's Gelawati Kababs, Lucknow's speciality
The
Awadh
Awadh region has its own distinct "Nawabi"-style cuisine. The
best-known dishes of this area consist of biryanis, kebabs and breads.
Kebabs are served in a variety of styles; kakori, galawati, shami,
boti, patili-ke, ghutwa and seekh are among the available
varieties.[147]
Tunde ke kabab
Tunde ke kabab restaurants are popular for a type of
soft kebab developed for a
Nawab
Nawab who had lost his teeth.[148] The
reputation of Lucknow's kebabs is not limited to the local population
and the dish attracts people not only from other cities but also from
other countries.[149]
Lucknow
Lucknow is also famous for its delicious chaats, street food, kulfi,
paan and sweets. Nahari, a dish prepared using mutton, is very popular
among non-vegetarians. Sheermal is a type of sweet bread (paratha)
prepared in Lucknow. Some restaurants in the city are around 100 years
old; there are also many high-end restaurants, bakeries, lounges and
pubs which cater to the affluent class and foreign travellers.
Festivals[edit]
Common Indian Festivals such as Christmas, Diwali, Durga Puja, Eid,
Holi, Raksha Bandhan,
Vijayadashami
Vijayadashami are celebrated with great pomp and
show in the city.[150] Some of the other festivals or processions are
as follows:
Lucknow
Lucknow Mahotsav
Lucknow
Lucknow Festival is organised every year to showcase
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh art
and culture and to promote tourism.[151] With 1975–76 designated
South Asian Tourism Year,
Lucknow
Lucknow took the opportunity to promote the
city's art, culture and tourism to national and international
tourists. The first
Lucknow
Lucknow Festival was staged as a part of this
promotion and ever since, with some exceptions,
Lucknow
Lucknow Mahotsava has
taken place annually.[152]
Lucknow
Lucknow Literature Festival
This is an annual literature festival held in the month of November
every year since 2013.
Lucknow
Lucknow LitFest is India's second largest
literature festival featuring some of the greatest writers &
thinkers from across the globe.[153]
Muharram
Main article: Azadari in Lucknow
Lucknow
Lucknow is known as a seat of
Shia Islam
Shia Islam and the epitome of Shia
culture in India. Muslims observe Muharram, the first month of the
Islamic calendar
Islamic calendar and on Ashura (the 10th day of the month) mourn the
memory of Imam Husain, grandson of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.[154]
Muharram
Muharram processions in
Lucknow
Lucknow have a special significance and began
during the reign of the
Awadh
Awadh Nawabs.
Processions such as Shahi Zarih, Jaloos-e-Mehndi, Alam-e-Ashura and
Chup Tazia had special significance for the Shia community and were
affected with great religious zeal and fervour until in 1977 the
government of
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh banned public Azadari processions. For the
following twenty years, processions and gatherings took place in
private or community spaces including Talkatora karbala, Bara Imambara
(Imambara Asifi),
Chota Imambara
Chota Imambara (Imambara Husainabad),
Dargah
Dargah Hazrat
Abbas, Shah Najaf and Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab. The ban was partially
lifted in 1997 and Shias were successful in taking out the first
Azadari procession in January 1998 on the 21st of Ramadan, the Muslim
fasting month. The Shias are authorised to stage nine processions out
of the nine hundred that are listed in the register of the Shias.[155]
Chup Tazia
The procession originated in
Lucknow
Lucknow before spreading to other parts
of South Asia. Dating back to the era of the Nawabs, it was started by
Nawab
Nawab Ahmed Ali Khan Sahukat Yar Jung a descendant of Bahu Begum.
It has become one of the most important Azadari processions in Lucknow
and one of the nine permitted by the government. This last mourning
procession takes place on the morning of the 8th of Rabi' al-awwal,
the third Muslim month and includes alam (flags),
Zari
,_silk_and_gold-wrapped_silk_yarn_with_supplementary_weft_brocade.jpg/500px-'Sari'_from_Varanasi_(north-central_India),_silk_and_gold-wrapped_silk_yarn_with_supplementary_weft_brocade.jpg)
Zari and a ta'zieh
(an imitation of an imitation of the mausoleums in Karbala). It
originates at the Imambara Nazim Saheb in Victoria Street then moves
in complete silence through Patanala until it terminates at the
Karbala
Karbala Kazmain, where the colossal black ta'zieh is buried.[156]
Bada Mangal
Bada Mangal festival is celebrated in the month of May as a birthday
of ancient Hanuman temple known as Purana Mandir. In this festival
fair conducted by the local public in the whole city. It is celebrated
in the name of Hindu God Lord Hanuman.[156]
Dance, drama and music[edit]
A dancer posing during a kathak dance sequence. The dance has its
origins in Northern
India
India and especially Lucknow.
The classical Indian dance form
Kathak
Kathak took shape in Lucknow.[157]
Wajid Ali Shah, the last
Nawab
Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a
passionate champion of Kathak. Lachhu Maharaj, Acchchan Maharaj,
Shambhu Maharaj, and
Birju Maharaj
Birju Maharaj have kept this tradition
alive.[158][159]
Lucknow
Lucknow is also the home city of the eminent ghazal singer Begum
Akhtar. A pioneer of the style, "Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya"
is one of her best known musical renditions.[160] Bhatkande Music
Institute University at
Lucknow
Lucknow is named after the musician Vishnu
Narayan Bhatkhande[161] Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts (BNA), also
known as Bhartendu Natya Academy, is a theatre training institute
situated at Gomti Nagar. It is a deemed university and an autonomous
organisation under the Ministry of Culture, Government of Uttar
Pradesh. It was set up in 1975 by the Sangeet Natak Akademy
(Government of Uttar Pradesh), and became an independent drama school
in 1977.[162] Apart from government institutes, there are many private
theatre groups including IPTA, Theatre Arts Workshop (TAW), Darpan,
Manchkriti and the largest youth theatre group, Josh. This is a group
for young people to experience theatre activities, workshops and
training.[163]
Lucknow
Lucknow is also the birthplace of musicians including Naushad, Talat
Mahmood, Anup Jalota, and
Baba Sehgal
Baba Sehgal as well as British pop celebrity
Sir Cliff Richard.[164]
Lucknow
Lucknow Chikan[edit]
Lucknow
Lucknow is known for embroidery works including chikankari, zari,
zardozi, kamdani, and gota making (gold lace weaving).[165]
Chikankari is a popular embroidery work well known all over India.
This 400-year-old art in its present form was developed in
Lucknow
Lucknow and
it remains the only location where the skill is practised today.
Chikankari constitutes 'shadow work' and is a very delicate and
artistic hand embroidery done using white thread on fine white cotton
cloth such as fine muslin or chiffon. Yellowish muga silk is sometimes
used in addition to the white thread. The work is done on caps,
kurtas, saris, scarfs, and other vestments.[166] The chikan industry,
almost unknown under the Nawabs, has not only survived but is
flourishing. About 2,500 entrepreneurs are engaged in manufacturing
chikan for sale in local, national and international markets with
Lucknow
Lucknow the largest exporter of chikan embroidered garments.[167]
As a sign of recognition, in December 2008, the Indian Geographical
Indication Registry (GIR) accorded Geographical Indication (GI) status
for chikankari, recognising
Lucknow
Lucknow as the exclusive hub for its
manufacture.[168]
Quality of life[edit]
Lucknow
Lucknow was ranked "India's second happiest city" in a survey
conducted by
IMRB International
IMRB International and LG Corporation, after only
Chandigarh. It fared better than other metropolitan cities in India
including New Delhi,
Bangalore
Bangalore and Chennai.
Lucknow
Lucknow was found to be
better than other cities in areas such as food, transit and overall
citizen satisfaction.[169][170]
Education[edit]
See also: List of educational institutions in Lucknow
Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow
La Martiniere College
Lucknow
Lucknow is home to a number of prominent educational and research
organisations including Indian Institute of Management Lucknow
(IIM-L),
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Lucknow (IIIT-L),
Central Drug Research Institute
Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Indian Institute of Toxicology
Research,
National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Institute of
Engineering and Technology (IET Lko), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National
Law University (RMNLU), Institute of Hotel Management, Lucknow(IHM),
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Dr.
Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences and King George's
Medical University (KGMU).[171] The National P. G. College, affiliated
to the University of Lucknow, is ranked as the second best college
imparting formal education in the country by the National Assessment
and Accreditation Council.[172]
Educational institutions in the city include seven universities
including the University of Lucknow, a Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University, a technical university (
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Technical
University), a law university (RMLNLU) and a large number of
polytechnics, engineering institutes and industrial training
institutes.[173] Other research organisations in the state include the
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Central Food
Technological Research Institute, and the Central Glass and Ceramic
Research Institute.[174][175]
Some of Uttar Pradesh's major schools are located in
Lucknow
Lucknow including
Delhi
Delhi Public School having its branches in Eldeco, Indiranagar. City
Montessori School, Colvin Taluqdars' College, Centennial Higher
Secondary School, St. Francis' College, Loreto Convent Lucknow,
St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Kendriya Vidyalaya,
Lucknow
Lucknow Public
School, Stella Maris Inter College, Seth M.R. Jaipuria School,
Cathedral School, Mary Gardiner's Convent School, Modern School, Amity
International School, St. Agnes, Army Public School, Mount Carmel
College, Study Hall, Christ Church College, Rani Laxmi Bai School and
Central Academy.
City Montessori School, with over 20 branches spread throughout the
city, is the only school in the world to have been awarded a UNESCO
Prize for Peace Education.[176] CMS also holds a Guinness World Record
for being the largest school in the world with over 40,000
pupils.[177] The school consistently ranks among the top schools of
India.[178]
La Martiniere Lucknow, founded in 1845, is the only school in the
world to have been awarded a battle honour.[179] It is one of the
oldest and most reputed schools in India, often ranked among the top
ten schools in the country.[180][181]
Lucknow
Lucknow also has a sports
college named Guru Gobind Singh Sports College.
Central Drug Research Institute
Amity University
Lucknow
Lucknow Campus, also known as
Mango
Mango Orchard Campus
Media[edit]
Lucknow
Lucknow has had an influence on the
Hindi
Hindi film industry as the
birthplace of poet, dialogue writer and script writer K. P. Saxena,
Suresh Chandra Shukla born 10 February 1954[182] along with veteran
Bollywood
Bollywood and Bengali film actor Pahari Sanyal, who came from the
city's well known Sanyal family.[183][184] Several movies have used
Lucknow
Lucknow as their backdrop including Shashi Kapoor's Junoon, Muzaffar
Ali's Umrao Jaan and Gaman, Satyajit Ray's Shatranj ke khiladi. Ismail
Merchant's Shakespeare Wallah, PAA and Shailendra Pandey's
JD.[185][186][187] In the movie Gadar: Ek Prem Katha
Lucknow
Lucknow was used
to depict Pakistan,[188] with locations including Lal Pul, the Taj
Hotel and the
Rumi Darwaza
Rumi Darwaza used in Tanu Weds Manu.[189] Some parts of
Ladies vs Ricky Bahl, Bullett Raja,[190] Ishaqzaade[191]
Ya Rab
Ya Rab and
Dabangg 2
Dabangg 2 were shot in
Lucknow
Lucknow or at other sites nearby.[192] A major
section of the
Bollywood
Bollywood movie,
Daawat-e-Ishq
Daawat-e-Ishq starring Aditya Roy
Kapur and
Parineeti Chopra
.jpg)
Parineeti Chopra was shot in the city[193] as was Baawre, an
Indian TV drama, airing on the
Life OK
Life OK channel. The government has
announced to develop two film cities in Lucknow.[194] Here are some
newspaper companies working and give online news services to the news
readers including Amar Ujala,[195]
Dainik Jagran
Dainik Jagran and Dainik Bhaskar.
The Pioneer newspaper, headquartered in
Lucknow
Lucknow and started in 1865,
is the second oldest English language newspaper in
India
India still in
production.[196] The country's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru
founded The National Herald in the city prior to World War II with
Manikonda Chalapathi Rau as its editor.[197]
One of the earliest All
India
India Radio stations has been operational in
Lucknow
Lucknow since 1938.[198]
FM radio transmission started in
Lucknow
Lucknow in 2000. The city has the
following FM radio stations:[199]
Radio City 91.1 MHz
Red FM 93.5 MHz
Radio Mirchi
Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz
AIR FM Rainbow 100.7 MHz
Fever 104 FM 104.0 MHz
Gyan Vani 105.6 MHz (Educational)
AIR FM Vividh Bharti 101.6 MHz
CMS FM 90.4 MHz (Educational)
Mirchi Love 107.2 FM
BBDU FM 90.8 MHz (Babu Banarsi Das University broadcast station)
"My
Lucknow
Lucknow My Pride" is a mobile app launched by the district
administration of
Lucknow
Lucknow circa December 2015 in efforts to preserve
"the cultural heritage of Lucknow" and to encourage
tourism.[200][201][202][203]
Sports[edit]
K. D. Singh
K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow
Today cricket, association football, badminton, golf and hockey are
among the most popular sports in the city.
The main sports hub is the
K. D. Singh
K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, which also has a
swimming pool and indoor games complex. The other stadiums are Dhyan
Chand Astroturf Stadium,
Mohammed Shahid Synthetic
Hockey
Hockey Stadium, Dr.
Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium at Northern
India
India Engineering College,[204]
Babu Banarsi Das UP
Badminton
Badminton Academy, Charbagh, Mahanagar, Chowk and
the Sports College near the Integral University.
An international-level cricket stadium and academy project is under
construction in
Gomti Nagar
Gomti Nagar and is expected to host its first
international match in 2017.[205] In September 2017, Ekana
International Cricket Stadium was opened to public as it hosted
2017-18 Duleep Trophy. It is the second largest stadium in
India
India by
capacity after Kolkata's Eden Gardens.[206][207] For decades Lucknow
hosted the Sheesh Mahal Cricket Tournament.
Lucknow
Lucknow is the Headquarter for the
Badminton
Badminton Association of India.
Located in Gomti Nagar, It was formed in 1934 and has been holding
national-level tournaments in
India
India since 1936. Syed Modi Grand Prix
is an international
Badminton
Badminton competition held here. Junior level
Badminton
Badminton players receive their training in
Lucknow
Lucknow after which they
are sent to Bangalore.[208][209]
The
Lucknow
Lucknow Race Course in
Lucknow
Lucknow Cantonment is spread over 70.22
acres (28.42 ha); the course's 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) long
race track is the longest in India.[210]
The
Lucknow
Lucknow Golf Club is on the sprawling greens of La Martinière
College.
The city has produced several national and world-class sporting
personalities.
Lucknow
Lucknow sports hostel has produced international-level
cricketers Mohammad Kaif, Piyush Chawla, Anurag Singh, Suresh Raina,
Gyanendra Pandey,
Praveen Kumar
Praveen Kumar and R. P. Singh. Other notable sports
personalities include hockey Olympians K. D. Singh, Jaman Lal Sharma,
Mohammed Shahid and Ghaus Mohammad, the tennis player who became the
first Indian to reach the quarter finals at Wimbledon.[211]
City-based clubs[edit]
Club
Sport
Team
Homeground
Founded
Awadhe Warriors
Badminton
Premier
Badminton
Badminton League
Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium
2015
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Wizards
Field hockey
Hockey
Hockey
India
India League
Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow
2012
Parks and recreation[edit]
Man made lake in Janeshwar Mishra Park
The city has parks and recreation areas managed by the Lucknow
Development Authority. These[212] include Kukrail Reserve Forest,
Qaisar Bagh, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park, the
Ambedkar Memorial
Ambedkar Memorial and
Janeshwar Mishra park, the largest park in Asia. It boasts of lush
greenery, a man-made lake, India's longest cycling and jogging track
and a variety of flora. The Plan is also to set up a giant Ferris
wheel inside the park on the lines of London Eye, which would provide
a panoramic view of the city.[213] Kukrail Picnic Spot (Crocodile
Breeding sanctuary) Located at Area near to
Lucknow
Lucknow Indiranagar Area.
This is the Asia's Largest Crocodile breeding center. This along with
small zoological Zoo and ample open space makes it unique for picnic
and dating purposes.
Sister cities
Sister cities of Lucknow[edit]
Lucknow
Lucknow has sister city relationship with two cities: Brisbane,
Australia[214] and Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[citation needed] The
relation has enabled exchange for developing commercial, cultural,
sporting and other mutually beneficial exchanges.[citation needed]
Country
City
State / region
Australia
Brisbane
Queensland
Canada
Montreal
Quebec
Notable individuals[edit]
Main article: List of people from Lucknow
Historical places[edit]
Bara Imambara
Chhota Imambara
Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab
Aminabad
Colvin Taluqdars' College
La Martiniere Lucknow
Isabella Thoburn College
Qaisar Bagh
Rumi Darwaza
Shah Najaf Imambara
Dargah
Dargah of Hazrat Abbas
Dilkusha
Dilkusha Kothi
Karbala
Karbala of Dayanat-ud-Daulah
Tomb of Mir Babar Ali Anis
Imambara Sibtainabad (
Maqbara
Maqbara of Amjad Ali Shah)
Rauza
-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg/300px-Israel-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg)
Rauza Kazmain
Residency
All Saints Garrison Church, Lucknow
Alambagh
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Begum Hazrat Mahal Park
See also[edit]
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh portal
Amir-ud-daula Public Library
List of shopping malls in Lucknow
List of tallest buildings in Lucknow
List of cities in
India
India by population
List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India
List of twin towns and sister cities in India
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'ईडन गार्डन',
अंतर्राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट
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Lucknow
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Further reading[edit]
Poorno Chunder Mookherji (1883). The Pictorial Lucknow. P.C.
Mookherji.
Veena Talwar Oldenburg (1984). The Making of Colonial Lucknow,
1856–1877. Princeton University Press.
ISBN 978-0-691-06590-8.
Violette Graff (13 November 1997). Lucknow : Memories of a City.
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563790-8.
Amaresh Misra (1998). Lucknow, Fire of Grace: The Story of its
Renaissance, Revolution and the Aftermath. HarperCollins Publishers
India. ISBN 978-81-7223-288-7.
Rosie Llewellyn-Jones; Ravi Kapoor (2003). Lucknow, Then and Now. Marg
Publications. ISBN 978-81-85026-61-9.
Rosie Llewellyn-Jones (2006). Lucknow: City of Illusion. Prestel
Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7913-3130-0.
Shamim A. Aarzoo (2014). Discovering Lucknow.
Lucknow
Lucknow Society.
ISBN 978-81-928747-0-8. ASIN 8192874702.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutLucknowat's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
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Lucknow
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"Things To Do in Lucknow", Tripoto, retrieved 2 November 2014
Lucknow
Lucknow at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Official Site of Lucknow
The
India
India of the Nawabs, The New York Times, Published: 25 February
1990
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