The following

outline Outline or outlining may refer to: * Outline (list), a document summary, in hierarchical list format * Code folding, a method of hiding or collapsing code or text to see content in outline form * Outline drawing, a sketch depicting the outer edge ...

is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Peru:

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...

– country located in western

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...

, on the Pacific Coast, north of

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

. Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures. Ranging from the

Norte Chico civilization Caral-Supe (also known as Caral and Norte Chico) was a complex pre-Columbian-era society that included as many as thirty major population centers in what is now the Caral region of north-central coastal Peru. The civilization flourished betwee ...

in the 32nd century BC, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five

cradles of civilization A cradle of civilization is a location and a culture where civilization was created by mankind independent of other civilizations in other locations. The formation of urban settlements (cities) is the primary characteristic of a society that c ...

, to the

Inca Empire The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, ( Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The adm ...

, the largest state in

pre-Columbian America In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era spans from the original settlement of North and South America in the Upper Paleolithic period through European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492. Usually, th ...

, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE. The

Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...

conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and

fiscal crisis A budget crisis is an informal name for a situation in which the legislative and the executive in a presidential system deadlock and are unable to pass a budget. In presidential systems, the legislature has the power to pass a budget, but the e ...

as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

General reference

Pronunciation Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This may refer to generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or language in a specific dialect ("correct pronunciation") or simply the way a particular ...

: * Common English country name:

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...

* Official English country name: The

Republic of Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...

* Common endonym(s): Perú, Piruw * Official endonym(s): República del Perú, Piruw Hapan llaqta, Piruw Suyu * Adjectival(s):

Peruvian Peruvians ( es, peruanos) are the citizens of Peru. There were Andean and coastal ancient civilizations like Caral, which inhabited what is now Peruvian territory for several millennia before the Spanish conquest of Peru, Spanish conquest in th ...

* Demonym(s):

s *

Etymology Etymology ()The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the Phonological chan ...

: Name of Peru * International rankings of Peru *

ISO country codes ISO 3166-1 (''Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes'') is a standard defining codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. It ...

: PE, PER, 604 *

ISO region codes ISO 3166-2 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for identifying the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. The ...

: See ISO 3166-2:PE *

Internet The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a '' network of networks'' that consists of private, pub ...

country code top-level domain A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all ...

: .pe

Geography of Peru

Geography of Peru * Peru is: a megadiverse

country A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, while ...

* Location: ** Southern Hemisphere **

Western Hemisphere The Western Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth that lies west of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and east of the antimeridian. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere. Politically, the te ...

***

Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

****

Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, Amerik Latin, link=no * pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived f ...

*****

Time in Peru Peru Time (PET) is the official time in Peru. It is always 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC−05:00).Worldtimezone.coTime zone names - Peru Time Retrieved December 28, 2007 Peru has only one time zone and does not observe daylight ...

***

Time zone A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it ...

: UTC-05 **

Extreme points of Peru Peru is a country on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the Southern Hemisphere, its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about south of the equator. Peru shares l ...

*** High:

Huascarán Huascarán () (Quechua: Waskaran), Nevado Huascarán or Mataraju is a mountain in the Peruvian province of Yungay ( Ancash Department), situated in the Cordillera Blanca range of the western Andes. The southern summit of Huascarán (Huascará ...

– highest point in the

Tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referr ...

*** Low:

South Pacific Ocean South is one of the cardinal directions or compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both east and west. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Proto-Germanic ''*sunþaz ...

0 m ** Land boundaries: 7,461 km :: 2,995 km :: 1,800 km :: 1,420 km :: 1,075 km :: 171 km :* Coastline:

2,414 km * Population of Peru: 28,750,770 (June 30, 2007) - 40th most populous country * Area of Peru: - 20th largest country * Atlas of Peru

Environment of Peru

Climate of Peru Climate of Peru describes the diverse climates of this large South American country with an area of . Peru is located entirely in the tropics but features desert and mountain climates as well as tropical rainforests. Elevations above sea level in ...

* Environmental issues in Peru * Renewable energy in Peru *

Geology of Peru The geology of Peru includes ancient Proterozoic rocks, Paleozoic and Mesozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and numerous basins and the Andes Mountains formed in the Cenozoic. Geological history, stratigraphy & tectonics The oldest rocks in Pe ...

List of earthquakes in Peru Earthquakes in Peru are common occurrences as the country is located in a seismic zone. The interface between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates is located near the Peruvian coast. The South American Plate is moving over the Nazca Plate ...

Natural regions of Peru When the Spanish arrived, they divided Peru into three main regions: the coastal region (11.6% of Peru), that is bounded by the Pacific Ocean; the highlands (28.1% of Peru), that is located on the Andean Heights, and the jungle, that is located on ...

Protected areas of Peru This is a list of protected areas in Peru. Natural heritage The Constitution of Peru of 1993 recognized the natural resources and ecosystem variety of its country as a heritage. In 1990, the National System of Natural Areas that are protecte ...

** Biosphere reserves in Peru ** National parks of Peru * Wildlife of Peru **

Flora of Peru The flora of Peru is very diverse. Jungle flora The animals rainforests of Peru are the homes of many different species of trees as well as Orchidaceae flowering plants. Other plants found in the Peruvian jungles include: *''Swietenia mahagoni' ...

** Fauna of Peru ***

Birds of Peru Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight s ...

*** Mammals of Peru

Natural geographic features of Peru

* Fjords of Peru *

Glaciers of Peru A glacier ( ) or () is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly defor ...

* Islands of Peru *

Lakes of Peru The following is a list of lakes in Peru.Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI)"Compendio Estadistica 2007" page 26 Many of the names have the ending -cocha, from Quechua ''qucha'': lake. * Acucocha * Alcacocha * Arapa * A ...

Mountains of Peru A mountain is an elevated portion of the Earth's crust, generally with steep sides that show significant exposed bedrock. Although definitions vary, a mountain may differ from a plateau in having a limited summit area, and is usually higher ...

** Volcanoes in Peru *

Peru–Chile Trench The Peru–Chile Trench, also known as the Atacama Trench, is an oceanic trench in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about off the coast of Peru and Chile. It reaches a maximum depth of below sea level in Richards Deep () and is approximately long; ...

Rivers of Peru This is a list of rivers of Peru, that are at least partially in Peru. The Peruvian government has published guidelines for the preparation of river flow studies in April 2015. Longest rivers The lengths of the following 10 rivers are according to ...

Waterfalls of Peru A waterfall is a point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge of a tabular iceberg or ice shelf. Waterfalls can be formed in several ...

* Valleys of Peru * World Heritage Sites in Peru

Regions of Peru

Administrative divisions of Peru

Administrative divisions of Peru The administrative divisions of Peru have changed from time to time since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. The old territorial subdivisions have split or merged due to several reasons, the most common ones being ...

* Regions of Peru ** Provinces of Peru ***

Districts of Peru The districts of Peru () are the third-level country subdivisions of Peru. They are subdivisions of the provinces, which in turn are subdivisions of the larger regions or departments. There are 1,838 districts in total. Overview A 1982 law requ ...

**** Populated centers of Peru ** Former regions of Peru *

Municipalities of Peru Municipalities, in Peru, are the government organizations that govern the provinces and districts of that country. __TOC__ Classification According to the Base law of Municipalities, these entities are classified in to Provincial Municipalities ...

= Regions of Peru

= Regions of Peru Peru is divided into 25 regions and the

province of Lima Lima Province is located in the central coast of Peru and is the only province in the country not belonging to any of the twenty-five regions. Its capital is Lima, which is also the nation's capital. Despite its small area, this province is the ...

= Provinces of Peru

= Districts of Peru

= Municipalities of Peru

* Capital of Peru:

Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of ...

* Cities of Peru

Demography of Peru

Demographics of Peru This is a demography of the population of Peru including population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Peru is a multiethnic country, w ...

Census in Peru A census in Peru is an enumeration of the Peruvian population made by the Peru government. The full name of a census in Spanish is like ''X Censo de Población y V de Vivienda'' in which ''X'' en ''V'' are Roman numerals for the tenth populatio ...

Neighbours of Peru

Peru is bordered by: * Bolivia *

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

* Colombia *

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...

Government and politics of Peru

Politics of Peru The politics of the Republic of Peru takes place in a framework of a Unitary state, unitary Semi-presidential system, semi-presidential Representative democracy, representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Peru is both head of st ...

** Form of government:

unitary Unitary may refer to: Mathematics * Unitary divisor * Unitary element * Unitary group * Unitary matrix * Unitary morphism * Unitary operator * Unitary transformation * Unitary representation * Unitarity (physics) * ''E''-unitary inverse semigrou ...

semi-presidential A semi-presidential republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state. It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a ...

representative democratic republic ** Capital of Peru:

Communism in Peru Several different far-left-oriented organizations in Peru refer to themselves as communist (''comunista'') parties, movements, organizations, groups, etc. Some are still active, under their original or other appellation, some have merged or spli ...

** Decentralization process in Peru **

Elections in Peru In Peru, the people directly elect a head of state (the president) as well as a legislature. The president is elected by the people for a five-year term. The unicameral Congress (''Congreso'') has 130 members, also elected for a five-year term by p ...

*** Peruvian electoral system **** Voting in Peru is compulsory (until the age of 70) *** Peruvian presidential elections:

1895 Events January–March * January 5 – Dreyfus affair: French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island. * January 12 – The National Trust for Places of Histor ...

1899 Events January 1899 * January 1 ** Spanish rule ends in Cuba, concluding 400 years of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. ** Queens and Staten Island become administratively part of New York City. * January 2 – **Bolivia sets up a c ...

2000 File:2000 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Protests against Bush v. Gore after the 2000 United States presidential election; Heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; The International Space Station in its infant form as seen from S ...

- 2001 - 2006 - ''2011'' *** Peruvian parliamentary elections: 1978 - 1992 -

- 2001 - 2006 - ''2011'' ** Liberalism in Peru **

Political parties in Peru Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies ...

2009 Peruvian political crisis The 2009 Peruvian political crisis resulted from the ongoing opposition to oil development in the Peruvian Amazon by local Indigenous peoples; they protested Petroperú and confronted the National Police. At the forefront of the movement to re ...

** Taxation in Peru

Branches of the government of Peru

Government of Peru , border = Central , image = , caption = Logo of the Government of Peru , date = 1990 , state = Peru , address = Government Palace , leader_title = President of PeruWhile there i ...

Executive branch of the government of Peru

Head of state A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ...

and

head of government The head of government is the highest or the second-highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, ...

President of Peru The president of Peru ( es, link=no, presidente del Perú), officially called the president of the Republic of Peru ( es, link=no, presidente de la República del Perú), is the head of state and head of government of Peru. The president is th ...

Martín Vizcarra Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo (; born 22 March 1963) is a Peruvian engineer and politician who served as President of Peru from 2018 to 2020. Vizcarra previously served as Governor of the Department of Moquegua (2011–2014), First Vice P ...

Vice Presidents of Peru A vice is a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered immoral, sinful, criminal, rude, taboo, depraved, degrading, deviant or perverted in the associated society. In more minor usage, vice can refer to a fault, a negative character tra ...

: Mercedes Aráoz * Cabinet:

Council of Ministers of Peru The Cabinet of Peru (also called the Presidential Cabinet of Peru or the Council of Ministers) is composed of all the Ministers of State. The cabinet is presided by the President of the Council of Ministers, a position likened to that of a prime ...

* Ministries of Peru **

Prime Minister of Peru The president of the Council of Ministers of Peru ( es, link=no, presidente del Consejo de Ministros del Perú), informally called Premier (form of address) or Prime Minister, is the head of the cabinet as the most senior member of the Council ...

, Fernando Zavala ** Ministry of Agriculture of Peru ** Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru ** Ministry of Defense of Peru ** Ministry of Education of Peru ** Ministry of Energy and Mines of Peru ** Ministry of Environment of Peru ** Ministry of Foreign Commerce and Tourism of Peru **

Ministry of Foreign Relations of Peru The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru is the government ministry in charge of foreign policy and international relations and international cooperation. It works in coordination with Peruvian ambassadors and consuls with accrediting in differ ...

** Ministry of Health of Peru ** Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation of Peru ** Ministry of the Interior of Peru **

Ministry of Justice of Peru The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights of Peru ( es, Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos) is the government ministry charged with advising the President of Peru in judicial matters. The ministry is responsible of the National Penitentiary ...

** Ministry of Labor and Promotion of Employment of Peru ** Ministry of Production of Peru ** Ministry of Transportation and Communication of Perú ** Ministry of Women and Social Development of Peru

Legislative branch of the government of Peru

* Parliament of Peru: Congress of the Republic (

unicameral Unicameralism (from ''uni''- "one" + Latin ''camera'' "chamber") is a type of legislature, which consists of one house or assembly, that legislates and votes as one. Unicameral legislatures exist when there is no widely perceived need for multi ...

) **

Members of Congress A Member of Congress (MOC) is a person who has been appointed or elected and inducted into an official body called a congress, typically to represent a particular constituency in a legislature. The term member of parliament (MP) is an equivalen ...

Judicial branch of the government of Peru

Judicial system of Peru The judiciary of Peru is a branch of the government of Peru that interprets and applies the laws of Peru to ensure equal justice under law and provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. Organization The Peruvian judiciary is a hierarchical syste ...

Constitutional Court of Peru The Peruvian Constitutional Court or Constitutional Tribunal is an independent constitutional agency of Peru. Its historical headquarters are located in the city of Arequipa but its national operative headquarters are located in the capital city ...

- interprets the constitution on matters of individual rights ** Supreme Court of Peru - located in the Palace of Justice *** Superior Courts of Justice of Peru preside over the

Judicial Districts of Peru The Judicial Districts of Peru are subdivisions of the Judicial System of Peru. There are 34 Judicial Districts in Peru: See also * Judicial System of Peru * Subdivisions of Peru * Superior Courts of Peru References {{DEFAULTSORT:Judicial ...

****

Courts of First Instance of Peru The Courts of First Instance are the third hierarchic level organized in the judiciary of Peru. Each province has a Court of First Instance. Courts of First Instance are subdivided according to their specialty. The specialties that the courts ar ...

hold jurisdiction over each

province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman '' provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...

***** Courts of Peace of Peru each have jurisdiction over a single

district A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or county, counties, several municipality, municipa ...

Foreign relations of Peru

Foreign relations of Peru Peru is an important first-tier state in South America,Schenoni, Luis (2017) "Subsystemic Unipolarities?" in Strategic Analysis, 41(1): 74-8/ref> Peru has been a member of the United Nations since 1949, and Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar serve ...

** Diplomatic missions in Peru **

Diplomatic missions of Peru This is a list of diplomatic missions of Peru, excluding honorary consulates. Current missions Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Multilateral organizations Gallery File:Berlin, Mitte, Mohrenstrasse 42, Botschaftsgebaeude.jpg, Embas ...

Chile–Peru relations Chilean-Peruvian relations refers to the historical and current bilateral relationship between the adjoining South American countries of the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Peru. Peru and Chile have shared diplomatic relations since at lea ...

International organization membership

The Republic of Peru is a member of: * Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) * Andean Community of Nations (CAN) *

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC ) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.

(APEC) *

Food and Agriculture Organization The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)french: link=no, Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture; it, Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'Alimentazione e l'Agricoltura is an intern ...

(FAO) *

Group of 15 The Group of 15 (G-15)Thofficial website adopts the "G-15" orthography (with a hyphen) in order to distinguish an abbreviated reference to this group -- contrasts with other similarly named entities. is an informal forum set up to foster coopera ...

(G15) *

Group of 24 The Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs and Development, or The Group of 24 (G-24) was established in 1971 as a chapter of the Group of 77 in order to help coordinate the positions of developing countries on ...

(G24) * Group of 77 (G77) * Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) * International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) * International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) *

International Civil Aviation Organization The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates the principles and techniques of international air navigation, and fosters the planning and development of international a ...

(ICAO) *

International Criminal Court The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands. It is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals f ...

(ICCt) *

International Criminal Police Organization The International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO; french: link=no, Organisation internationale de police criminelle), commonly known as Interpol ( , ), is an international organization that facilitates worldwide police cooperation and cri ...

(Interpol) * International Development Association (IDA) * International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) *

International Finance Corporation The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers investment, advisory, and asset-management services to encourage private-sector development in less developed countries. The IFC is a member of ...

(IFC) * International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) *

International Hydrographic Organization The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental organisation representing hydrography. , the IHO comprised 98 Member States. A principal aim of the IHO is to ensure that the world's seas, oceans and navigable waters a ...

(IHO) *

International Labour Organization The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labour standards. Founded in October 1919 under the League of Nations, it is the first and o ...

(ILO) * International Maritime Organization (IMO) *

International Mobile Satellite Organization The International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) is the intergovernmental organization that oversees certain public satellite safety and security communication services provided via the Inmarsat satellites. Some of these services concern: ...

(IMSO) *

International Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution, headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 190 countries. Its stated mission is "working to foster glo ...

(IMF) *

International Olympic Committee The International Olympic Committee (IOC; french: link=no, Comité international olympique, ''CIO'') is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is constituted in the form of an association under the Swiss ...

(IOC) *

International Organization for Migration The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is a United Nations agency that provides services and advice concerning migration to governments and migrants, including internally displaced persons, refugees, and migrant workers. The IOM w ...

(IOM) *

International Organization for Standardization The International Organization for Standardization (ISO ) is an international standard development organization composed of representatives from the national standards organizations of member countries. Membership requirements are given in Art ...

(ISO) * International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) *

International Telecommunication Union The International Telecommunication Union is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for many matters related to information and communication technologies. It was established on 17 May 1865 as the International Telegraph Unio ...

(ITU) *

International Telecommunications Satellite Organization The International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) is an intergovernmental organization charged with overseeing the public service obligations of Intelsat, which was privatized in 2001. It incorporates the principle set forth ...

(ITSO) *

International Trade Union Confederation The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC); german: Internationaler Gewerkschaftsbund (IGB), link=no; es, Confederación Sindical Internacional (CSI), link=no. is the world's largest trade union federation. History The federation w ...

(ITUC) * Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) *

Latin American Economic System The Latin American and the Caribbean Economic System, officially known as Sistema Económico Latinoamericano y del Caribe (SELA), is an organization founded in 1975 to promote economic cooperation and social development between Latin American and th ...

(LAES) *

Latin American Integration Association The Latin American Integration Association / Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración / Associação Latino-Americana de Integração (LAIA / ALADI) is an international and regional scope organization. It was created on 12 August 1980 by the ...

(LAIA) *

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) is an international financial institution which offers political risk insurance and credit enhancement guarantees. These guarantees help investors protect foreign direct investments against ...

(MIGA) * Nonaligned Movement (NAM) *

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an intergovernmental organisation and the implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which entered into force on 29 April 1997. The OPCW, with its 193 member ...

(OPCW) * Organization of American States (OAS) *

Permanent Court of Arbitration The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is a non-UN intergovernmental organization located in The Hague, Netherlands. Unlike a judicial court in the traditional sense, the PCA provides services of arbitral tribunal to resolve disputes that aris ...

(PCA) *

Rio Group The Rio Group (G-Rio) was a permanent association of political consultation of Latin America and Caribbean countries, created in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on December 18, 1986 with the purpose of creating a better political relationship among the cou ...

(RG) * Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur) (associate) *'' Unión Latina'' *

Union of South American Nations The Union of South American Nations (USAN; es, links=no, Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, UNASUR; pt, links=no, União de Nações Sul-Americanas, UNASUL; nl, links=no, Unie van Zuid-Amerikaanse Naties, UZAN; French: ''Union des nations s ...

(UNASUR) *

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...

(UN) *

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is an intergovernmental organization within the United Nations Secretariat that promotes the interests of developing countries in world trade. It was established in 1964 by the ...

(UNCTAD) *

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...

(UNESCO) *

United Nations Industrial Development Organization The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (French: Organisation des Nations unies pour le développement industriel; French/Spanish acronym: ONUDI) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that assists countries in ...

(UNIDO) *

United Nations Mission in Liberia The United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) was a peacekeeping operation established in September 2003 to monitor a ceasefire agreement in Liberia following the resignation of President Charles Taylor and the conclusion of the Second Liberia ...

(UNMIL) *

United Nations Mission in the Sudan The United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) was established by the UN Security Council under Resolution 1590 of 24 March 2005, in response to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the government of the Sudan and the Suda ...

(UNMIS) *

United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire United may refer to: Places * United, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community * United, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Arts and entertainment Films * ''United'' (2003 film), a Norwegian film * ''United'' (2011 film), a BBC Two fi ...

(UNOCI) * United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) *

United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti ) , leader_title = Head , leader_name = Sandra Honoré (Special Representative of the Secretary-General) , status = Replaced by MINUJUSTH , formation = 1 June 2004 , websiteUN Peacekeeping: MINUSTAH

(MINUSTAH) *

Universal Postal Union The Universal Postal Union (UPU, french: link=no, Union postale universelle), established by the Treaty of Bern of 1874, is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to ...

(UPU) *

World Confederation of Labour The World Confederation of Labour (WCL) was an international labour organization founded in 1920 and based in Europe. Totalitarian governments of the 1930s repressed the federation and imprisoned many of its leaders, limiting operations until the ...

(WCL) *

World Customs Organization The World Customs Organization (WCO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. The WCO works on customs-related matters including the development of international conventions, instruments, and tools on topics su ...

(WCO) *

World Federation of Trade Unions The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) is an international federation of trade unions established in 1945. Founded in the immediate aftermath of World War Two, the organization built on the pre-war legacy of the International Federation o ...

(WFTU) *

World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of ...

(WHO) *

World Intellectual Property Organization The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO; french: link=no, Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle (OMPI)) is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN). Pursuant to the 1967 Convention Establishi ...

(WIPO) *

World Meteorological Organization The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics. The WMO originated from the Intern ...

(WMO) *

World Tourism Organization The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the United Nations specialized agency entrusted with the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. Its headquarters are in Madrid, Spain. UNWTO is the leading internati ...

(UNWTO) *

World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade. With effective cooperation in the United Nations System, governments use the organization to establish, revise, and ...

(WTO)

Law and order in Peru

* Capital punishment in Peru *

Constitution of Peru The Constitution of Peru is the supreme law of Peru. The current constitution, enacted on 31 December 1993, is Peru's fifth in the 20th century and replaced the 1979 Constitution. The Constitution was drafted by the Democratic Constituent Congres ...

Crime in Peru Crime in Peru has steadily decreased since the 2010s and into the 2020s. Peru's main indicators of crime are the homicide rate and the victimization rate; the victimization rate dropped from forty percent in 2011 to under twenty five percent in 2 ...

** Domestic violence in Peru * Human rights in Peru ** Abortion in Peru ** LGBT rights in Peru ** Freedom of religion in Peru *

Law enforcement in Peru Law enforcement in Peru is carried out by two organizations under the direction of the Ministry of the Interior (Peru), Ministry of the Interior: * The Peruvian National Police ( es, Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP), which acts as the national poli ...

National Police of Peru The Peruvian National Police ( es, Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) is the national police force of Peru. Its jurisdiction covers the nation's land, sea, and air territories. Formed from the merge of the Investigative Police, the Civil Guard, a ...

* Nationality law of Peru

Military of Peru

Military of Peru The Peruvian Armed Forces ( es, Fuerzas Armadas del Perú) are the military services of Peru, comprising independent Army, Navy and Air Force components. Their primary mission is to safeguard the country's independence, sovereignty and territoria ...

** Command *** Commander-in-chief: **** Ministry of Defense of Peru *****

Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru The Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru (CCFFAA) ( es, Comando Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas del Perú) is the executive agency of the Ministry of Defence of Peru in charge of the Armed Forces. The current President of the Joint Command ...

** Forces *** Army of Peru ***

Navy of Peru The Peruvian Navy ( es, link=no, Marina de Guerra del Perú, abbreviated MGP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to from the Peruvian littoral. Addi ...

***

Air Force of Peru The Peruvian Air Force ( es, link=no, Fuerza Aérea del Perú, FAP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with defending the nation and its interests through the use of air power. Additional missions include assistance in safeguard ...

*** Special forces of Peru ** Military history of Peru ** Military ranks of Peru

Local government in Peru

* Regional Governments of Peru

History of Peru

By period

* Ancient civilizations of Peru **

Cultural periods of Peru This is a chart of cultural periods of Peru and the Andean Region developed by John Rowe and Edward Lanning and used by some archaeologists studying the area. An alternative dating system was developed by Luis Lumbreras and provides different dat ...

Spanish conquest of Peru The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru, was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish s ...

Neo-Inca State The Neo-Inca State, also known as the Neo-Inca state of Vilcabamba, was the Inca state established in 1537 at Vilcabamba by Manco Inca Yupanqui (the son of Inca emperor Huayna Capac). It is considered a rump state of the Inca Empire (1438–15 ...

Viceroyalty of Peru The Viceroyalty of Peru ( es, Virreinato del Perú, links=no) was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed fro ...

Peruvian War of Independence The Peruvian War of Independence ( es, Guerra de Independencia del Perú, links=no) consisted in a series of military conflicts in Peru beginning with viceroy Abascal military victories in the south frontier in 1809, in La Paz revolution an ...

* Guano era in Peru *

War of the Pacific The War of the Pacific ( es, link=no, Guerra del Pacífico), also known as the Saltpeter War ( es, link=no, Guerra del salitre) and by multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought ...

* Colombia-Peru War *

Ecuadorian–Peruvian War The Ecuadorian–Peruvian War, known locally as the War of '41 ( es, link=no, Guerra del 41), was a South American border war fought between 5–31 July 1941. It was the first of three military conflicts between Ecuador and Peru during the 20th ...

Internal conflict in Peru The internal conflict in Peru is an ongoing armed conflict between the Government of Peru and the Maoist guerilla group Shining Path. The conflict began on 17 May 1980, and from 1982 to 1997 the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement waged its ow ...

By subject

Agricultural history of Peru The agricultural history of Peru includes agriculture, cultivation of plants and herbs and general changes in the history of farming in Peru or its historical regions. Pre-history Much of the pre-history of Peru was driven by the location of ...

* Demographic history of Peru * Economic history of Peru * Homosexuality in ancient Peru * Military history of Peru

By type of event

Massacres in Peru A massacre is the killing of a large number of people or animals, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves. A massacre is generally considered to be morally unacceptable, especially when per ...

Culture of Peru

Culture of Peru * Architecture of Peru **

Inca architecture Inca architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. The Incas inherited an architectural legacy from Tiwanaku, founded in the 2nd century B.C.E. in present-day Bolivia. A core characteristic of the architectur ...

Peruvian colonial architecture The Peruvian colonial architecture, developed in the Viceroyalty of Peru between the 16th and 19th centuries, was characterized by the importation and adaptation of European architectural styles to the Peruvian reality, yielding an original archite ...

** Peruvian Viceroyal architecture *

Cuisine of Peru Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients including influences mainly from the indigenous population, including the Inca, and cuisines brought by immigrants from Europe (Spanish cuisine, Italian cuisine); Asia ( Japanese cuisin ...

Festivals in Peru A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival con ...

* Languages of Peru * Media in Peru * Metrication in Peru *

National symbols of Peru National symbols of Peru are the symbols that are used in Peru to represent what is unique about the nation, reflecting different aspects of the cultural life and history. The national symbols of Peru are established by law and part of the Politica ...

Coat of arms of Peru The Coat of arms of Peru is the national symbolic emblem of Peru. Four variants are used: the Coat of arms ''per se'' ('); the National Coat of arms, or National Shield ('); the Great Seal of the State ('); and the Naval Coat of arms ('). Offic ...

** Flag of Peru **

National anthem of Peru The "" ("National Anthem of Peru"; also known as "", or "National March of Peru"; "", or "We are free!") is the national anthem of Peru. It was composed by José Bernardo Alcedo, and its lyrics were written by José de la Torre Ugarte in 1821. ...

** Cockade of Peru (unofficial national symbol) * People of Peru **

Indigenous peoples in Peru The Indigenous peoples of Peru, or Native Peruvians, comprise a large number of ethnic groups who inhabit territory in present-day Peru. Indigenous cultures developed here for thousands of years before the arrival of the Spanish in 1532. In 201 ...

Prostitution in Peru Prostitution in Peru is legal and regulated. UNAIDS estimate there to be 67,000 prostitutes in the country. Adult prostitution Prostitution between adults is legal for women and men over 18 years of age if they register with municipal authorities a ...

Public holidays in Peru The following is a list of public holidays in Peru. Former holidays References {{South America in topic, Public holidays in Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.s ...

* Records of Peru *

Scouting and Guiding in Peru The Scout and Guide movement in Peru is served by * Asociación Nacional de Guías Scouts del Perú, member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts * Asociación de Scouts del Perú, member of the World Organization of the Scout Mo ...

Television in Peru Television in Peru has a history of more than 60 years. There are 105 television broadcasters in Peru, 22 of which are in Lima. In regard to television receivers, in 2003 there were 5,470,000 — that is 200 televisions for every thousand inhabit ...

* World Heritage Sites in Peru

Art in Peru

* Art in Peru * Cinema of Peru * Literature of Peru *

Music of Peru The Music of Peru is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on Peru's Andean, Spanish, and African roots. Andean influences can perhaps be best heard in wind instruments and the shape of the melodies, while the African influences can be h ...

* Theatre in Peru

Religion in Peru

Religion in Peru * Christianity in Peru **

Roman Catholicism in Peru The Catholic Church in Peru is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, the curia in Rome, and the Peruvian Episcopal Conference. Catholics compose an estimated 74% of Peru's population. It has produced ...

***

Roman Catholic dioceses in Peru {{short description, None The Catholic Church in Peru comprises seven ecclesiastical provinces each headed by an archbishop. The provinces are in turn subdivided into 19 dioceses and seven archdioceses each headed by a bishop or an archbishop. Ther ...

* Hinduism in Peru * Islam in Peru * Judaism in Peru * Sikhism in Peru

Sports in Peru

Sports in Peru *

Football in Peru Football is the most popular sport in Peru. Football/soccer in Peru was introduced by British immigrants, Peruvians returning from Great Britain, and by English sailors in the later half of the 19th century during their frequent stops at the p ...

** Chile and Peru football rivalry **

Football clubs in Peru Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...

** Football stadiums in Peru **

Peru national football team The Peru national football team represents Peru in men's international football. The national team has been organised, since 1927, by the Peruvian Football Federation (FPF). The FPF constitutes one of the ten members of FIFA's South America ...

* Peru at the Olympics * Tennis in Peru ** Peru Davis Cup team * Rugby union in Peru * Surfing in Peru

Economy and infrastructure of Peru

Economy of Peru The economy of Peru is an Emerging economy, emerging, social market economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and an upper middle income economy as classified by the World Bank. Peru has the forty-seventh largest economy in the wor ...

* Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 54th (fifty-fourth) *

Agriculture in Peru The agricultural history of Peru includes agriculture, cultivation of plants and herbs and general changes in the history of farming in Peru or its historical regions. Pre-history Much of the pre-history of Peru was driven by the location of ...

* Banking in Peru **

National Bank of Peru The Bank of the Nation, known in Spanish as the ''Banco de la Nación'', is the bank which represents the Peruvian government in financial transactions in both the public and private sectors, as well as at both domestic and international levels. ...

Central Reserve Bank of Peru The Central Reserve Bank of Peru ( es, Banco Central de Reserva del Perú; BCRP) is the Peruvian central bank. It mints and issues metal and paper money, the sol. Its branch in Arequipa was established in 1871, and it served the city by issuing ...

Communications in Peru Telecommunications in Peru include radio and television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Regulation The technical regulator of communications in Peru is the Presidency of the Minister Council, through the ''Organismo Supervisor de l ...

** Internet in Peru ** Media in Peru *** Newspapers in Peru **

List of postal codes in Peru A Peruvian postal code ( Peruvian Spanish: ''codigo postal'') is a five-digit string that comprises part of a postal address in Peru. Prior to 2011, only the major cities of Lima and Callao used postal codes. However, in February 2011 a nationwid ...

** Telephone numbers in Peru * Companies of Peru * Currency of Peru: Sol ** ISO 4217: PEN * Economic history of Peru * Energy in Peru ** Electric power in Peru ** Energy policy of Peru ** Oil industry in Peru * Health care in Peru ** HIV/AIDS in Peru ** Hospitals in Peru *

Mining in Peru The mineral industry provides a major source of economic growth in Peru's national development. In 2019, the country was the 2nd largest world producer of copper and silver, 8th largest world producer of gold, 3rd largest world producer of lead, 2n ...

* Peru Stock Exchange *

Tourism in Peru Since the 2000s, Tourism in Peru makes up the nation's third largest industry, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is directed towards archaeological monuments, ecotourism in the Peruvian Amazon, cultural tourism in colonial cities, gastronomi ...

Transport in Peru This article describes the transport in Peru. Railways total: 2,374 km standard gauge: 1,608 km, gauge narrow gauge: 380 km, gauge There are two unconnected principal railways in Peru. The Ferrocarril Central Andino (FCC ...

Airports in Peru This is a list of airports in Peru, sorted by location. Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country located in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia ...

Rail transport in Peru Rail transport in Peru has a varied history. Peruvian rail transport has never formed a true network, primarily comprising separate lines running inland from the coast and built according to freight need rather than passenger need. Many Peruvia ...

Roads in Peru A road is a linear way for the conveyance of traffic that mostly has an road surface, improved surface for use by vehicles (motorized and non-motorized) and pedestrians. Unlike streets, the main function of roads is transportation. There are ro ...

*** Highways in Peru * Water resources management in Peru **

Irrigation in Peru Water resources and irrigation infrastructure in Peru vary throughout the country. The coastal region, an arid but fertile land, has about two-thirds of Peru’s irrigation infrastructure due to private and public investment aimed at increasing ...

Water supply and sanitation in Peru The water and sanitation sector in Peru has made important advances in the last two decades, including the increase of water coverage from 30% to 85% between 1980 and 2010. Sanitation coverage has also increased from 9% to 37% from 1985 to 2010 in ...

Education in Peru

Education in Peru Education in Peru is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, which oversees formulating, implementing and supervising the national educational policy. According to the Constitution of Peru, education is compulsory and free in pu ...

References

External links

; Government *
Web portal
of the Peruvian Government *
Directory
of Peruvian Government websites ; General reference *

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