The following

outline Outline or outlining may refer to: * Outline (list), a document summary, in hierarchical list format * Code folding, a method of hiding or collapsing code or text to see content in outline form * Outline drawing, a sketch depicting the outer edge ...

is provided as an overview of and topical guide to public relations: Public relations practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public.

Nature of public relations

Public relations can be described as all of the following: * Academic discipline – branch of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined (in part), and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong. * Communication – activity of conveying information * Marketing – process which creates, communicates, and delivers value to the customer, and maintains the relationship with customers.

Essence of public relations

* To create and sustain "shared meaning" or "common understanding" - NB this may be and usually is different from "shared beliefs" *

Propaganda Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded ...

: the general propagation of information for a specific purpose * Psychological warfare: **

Psyops Psychological warfare (PSYWAR), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations (PsyOp), have been known by many other names or terms, including Military Information Support Operations (MISO), Psy Ops, political warfare, "Hearts and Mi ...

* Public relations: techniques used to influence the publics' perception of an organization *

Publicity In marketing, publicity is the public visibility or awareness for any product, service, person or organization (company, charity, etc.). It may also refer to the movement of information from its source to the general public, often (but not always) ...

: PR techniques used to promote a specific product or brand ** Spin (public relations) **

Spin Spin or spinning most often refers to: * Spinning (textiles), the creation of yarn or thread by twisting fibers together, traditionally by hand spinning * Spin, the rotation of an object around a central axis * Spin (propaganda), an intentionally b ...

: both the objective of a PR campaign and the act of obtaining that objective

Public relations methods and approaches

Airborne leaflet propaganda Airborne leaflet propaganda is a form of psychological warfare in which leaflets ( flyers) are scattered in the air. Military forces have used aircraft to drop leaflets to attempt to alter the behavior of combatants and non-combatants in enemy- ...

Astroturfing Astroturfing is the practice of masking the sponsors of a message or organization (e.g., political, advertising, religious or public relations) to make it appear as though it originates from and is supported by grassroots participants. It is a p ...

and Astroturf PR: fake grassroots *

Atrocity story Atrocity propaganda is the spreading of information about the crimes committed by an enemy, which can be factual, but often includes or features deliberate fabrications or exaggerations. This can involve photographs, videos, illustrations, intervie ...

* Bandwagon effect * Big lie * Black propaganda *

Buzzword A buzzword is a word or phrase, new or already existing, that becomes popular for a period of time. Buzzwords often derive from technical terms yet often have much of the original technical meaning removed through fashionable use, being simply used ...

Card stacking Cherry picking, suppressing evidence, or the fallacy of incomplete evidence is the act of pointing to individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position while ignoring a significant portion of related and similar cases or data th ...

* Code word * Communist propaganda * Corporate image * Corporate propaganda *

Cult of personality A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader, Mudde, Cas and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) ''Populism: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63. is the result of an effort which is made to create an id ...

Demonization Demonization or demonisation is the reinterpretation of polytheistic deities as evil, lying demons by other religions, generally by the monotheistic and henotheistic ones. The term has since been expanded to refer to any characterization of individ ...

* Disinformation: providing false information * Dog-whistle politics * Doublespeak * Enterperience: fusing entertainment and experience together *

Euphemism A euphemism () is an innocuous word or expression used in place of one that is deemed offensive or suggests something unpleasant. Some euphemisms are intended to amuse, while others use bland, inoffensive terms for concepts that the user wishes ...

s, as done deliberately to advance a cause or position (see also

Political correctness ''Political correctness'' (adjectivally: ''politically correct''; commonly abbreviated ''PC'') is a term used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in socie ...

) * Factoid * Fedspeak *

Front organization A front organization is any entity set up by and controlled by another organization, such as intelligence agencies, organized crime groups, terrorist organizations, secret societies, banned organizations, religious or political groups, advocacy gro ...

* Glittering generality *

Homophobic propaganda Homophobic propaganda (or anti-gay propaganda) is propaganda based on homonegativity and homophobia towards homosexual and sometimes other non-heterosexual people. Such propaganda supports anti-gay prejudices and stereotypes, and promotes social ...

* Indoctrination * Information warfare: the practice of disseminating information in an attempt to advance your agenda relative to a competing viewpoint * Junk science * Lesser of two evils principle * Loaded language * Marketing: commercial and business techniques * Media bias *

Media manipulation Media manipulation is a series of related techniques in which partisans create an image or argument that favors their particular interests. Such tactics may include the use of logical fallacies, manipulation, outright deception (disinformation) ...

: the attempt to influence broadcast media decisions in an attempt to present your view to a mass audience * Misuse of statistics * News management: PR techniques concerned with the

news News is information about current events. This may be provided through many different Media (communication), media: word of mouth, printing, Mail, postal systems, broadcasting, Telecommunications, electronic communication, or through the tes ...

media * News propaganda * Newspeak *

Plain folks "Plain folks" is a form of propaganda and a logical fallacy. A plain folks argument is one in which the speaker presents themselves as an average Joe — a common person who can understand and empathize with a listener's concerns. The most import ...

* Propaganda film * Public service announcement * Revolutionary propaganda * Self propaganda *

Social marketing Social marketing is a marketing approach which focuses on influencing behavior with the primary goal of achieving "common good." It utilizes the elements of commercial marketing and applies them to social concepts. However, to see social marke ...

: techniques used in behavioral change, such as health promotion *

Sound science The expression junk science is used to describe scientific data, research, or analysis considered by the person using the phrase to be spurious or fraudulent. The concept is often invoked in political and legal contexts where facts and scientifi ...

* Rebuttal: a type of news management technique *

Rhetoric Rhetoric () is the art of persuasion, which along with grammar and logic (or dialectic), is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric aims to study the techniques writers or speakers utilize to inform, persuade, or motivate parti ...

Slogan A slogan is a memorable motto or phrase used in a clan, political slogan, political, Advertising slogan, commercial, religious, and other context as a repetitive expression of an idea or purpose, with the goal of persuading members of the publi ...

Transfer (propaganda) Transfer is a technique used in propaganda and advertising. Also known as association, this is a technique of projecting positive or negative qualities (praise or blame) of a person, entity, object, or value (an individual, group, organization, nat ...

Video news release A video news release (VNR) is a video segment made to look like a news report, but is instead created by a PR firm, advertising agency, marketing firm, corporation, government agency, or non-profit organization. They are provided to television ne ...

* Weasel Word * White propaganda * Yellow journalism

Theory of public relations

Agenda-setting theory Agenda setting describes the "ability (of the news media) to influence the importance placed on the topics of the public agenda". The study of agenda-setting describes the way media attempts to influence viewers, and establish a hierarchy of news ...

Framing (social sciences) In the social sciences, framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies organize, perceive, and communicate about reality. Framing can manifest in thought or interpersonal communicati ...

* Propaganda model: a model developed by Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman to explain how propaganda functions in democracies

History of public relations

History of public relations Most textbooks date the establishment of the "Publicity Bureau" in 1900 as the start of the modern public relations (PR) profession. Of course, there were many early forms of public influence and communications management in history. Basil Clarke ...

Historical uses of propaganda

By country

Propaganda in India Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded ...

* Propaganda in the People's Republic of China *

Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland Communist propaganda played an important role in the Polish People's Republic, one of the largest and most important satellite states of the Soviet Union following WWII. Together with the use of force and terror it was instrumental in keeping the ...

Propaganda in the Republic of China Propaganda in the Republic of China refers to propaganda used by the Republic of China government and has been an important tool since its inception in 1912. The term '' xuanchuan'' ( "propaganda; publicity") can have either a neutral connota ...

Propaganda in Rwanda Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded ...

* Propaganda in the Soviet Union * Propaganda in the United States

Miscellany

* Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples * Department for Agitation and Propaganda *

Operation Mockingbird Operation Mockingbird is an alleged large-scale program of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that began in the early years of the Cold War and attempted to manipulate domestic American news media organizations for propaganda p ...

Propaganda during the Reformation Propaganda during the Protestant Reformation (or the Protestant Revolution of 16th century), was helped by the spread of the printing press throughout Europe and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrine to be made avai ...

* Propaganda in the War in Somalia * Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq *

Role of the media in the Yugoslav wars During the Yugoslav Wars (1991–2001), propaganda was widely used in the media of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, of Croatia and (to an extent) of Bosnia. Throughout the conflicts, all sides used propaganda as a tool. The media in the former ...

Socialist Propaganda League The Socialist Propaganda League was a tiny socialist group active in London from about 1911 to 1951. History The League was formed as a result of an early dispute in the Socialist Party of Great Britain and of the optimistic belief of the Pa ...

World War II

* American propaganda during World War II *

British propaganda during World War II Britain re-created the World War I Ministry of Information for the duration of World War II to generate propaganda to influence the population towards support for the war effort. A wide range of media was employed aimed at local and overseas ...

* Soviet propaganda during World War II * Walt Disney's World War II Propaganda Production

=Britain

= * ** List of British propaganda films of World War II * Fougasse * Ministry of Information

=Nazi Germany

People

Norman Baillie-Stewart Norman Baillie-Stewart (15 January 1909 – 7 June 1966) was a British army officer known as The Officer in the Tower when he was imprisoned in the Tower of London. An active sympathiser of Nazi Germany, he took part in German-produced propagan ...

(Radio broadcaster, 1939-1942) *

Robert Henry Best Robert Henry Best (April 16, 1896 – December 16, 1952) was an American foreign correspondent who covered events in Europe for American media outlets during the Interwar period. Later he became a Nazi supporter and well known broadcaster of Na ...

(Radio broadcaster, 1942) * Elsa Bruckmann (Propagandist to industrialists) *

Hugo Bruckmann Hugo Bruckmann (13 October 1863, in Munich – 3 September 1941, in Munich) was a German publisher. Bruckmann was the younger son of the publisher Friedrich Bruckmann. After his father's death in 1898 Hugo and his brother Alphons became the owner ...

Franz Burri Franz Burri (1901–1987) was a Swiss political figure who, from his base in Germany, became the leading disseminator of Nazi propaganda in the country. Born in Lucerne, to a half-German working-class family, Burri was a supporter of Nazi Germany f ...

(Disseminator of Nazi propaganda in Switzerland) *

Otto Dietrich Jacob Otto Dietrich (31 August 1897 – 22 November 1952) was a German SS officer during the Nazi era, who served as the Press Chief of the Nazi regime and was a confidant of Adolf Hitler. Biography Otto Dietrich was born in Essen, he served a ...

(Press chief) *

Constance Drexel Constance Drexel (c. November 24, 1884 or c. November 28, 1894 (possible; disputed) – August 28, 1956), a naturalized United States citizen,John Carver Edwards, ''Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich'', Praeger ...

(Radio broadcaster) *

Hermann Esser Hermann Esser (29 July 1900 – 7 February 1981) was an early member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). A journalist, Esser was the editor of the Nazi paper, ''Völkischer Beobachter'', a Propaganda Leader, and a Vice President of the Reichstag. In the ...

(First Nazi Chief of Propaganda) * Arnold Fanck (Film director) *

Paul Ferdonnet Paul Ferdonnet (28 April 1901 – 4 August 1945), dubbed "the Stuttgart traitor" (french: le traître de Stuttgart) by the French press, was a French journalist and Nazi sympathizer, who was executed for treason in 1945. Biography A Nazi sym ...

(Radio broadcaster) *

Walter Frentz Walter Frentz (; 21 August 1907 – 6 July 2004) was a German cameraman, film producer and photographer, who was considerably involved in the picture propaganda of Nazi Germany. Frentz was born at Heilbronn. During the Nazi regime in Germany, ...

(Photographer and film producer) *

Hans Fritzsche August Franz Anton Hans Fritzsche (21 April 1900 – 27 September 1953) was the ''Ministerialdirektor'' at the Propagandaministerium (Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) of Nazi Germany. He was the preeminent German broadcaste ...

(Holder of various posts in the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) * Walther Funk (State Secretary for the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, 1933–1938) *

Hermann Gauch Hermann Gauch (6 May 1899 – 7 November 1978) was a Nazi race theorist noted for his dedication to Nordic theory to an extent that embarrassed the Nazi leadership when he claimed that Italians were "half ape". Briefly adjutant to Heinrich Himmler, ...

Herbert Gerdes Nazism created an elaborate system of Nazi propaganda, propaganda, which made use of the new technologies of the 20th century, including film, cinema. Nazism courted the masses by the means of slogans that were aimed directly at the instincts an ...

Karl Gerland Karl Gerland (14 July 1905 – 21 April 1945) was a Nazism, Nazi ''Gauleiter'' of Gau Electoral Hesse, Gau Kurhessen and ''Oberpräsident'' of the Prussian Province of Kurhessen. On 21 April 1945, Gerland was killed in action against the Soviet R ...

* Mildred Gillars *

Joseph Goebbels Paul Joseph Goebbels (; 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician who was the ''Gauleiter'' (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 19 ...

Hans F. K. Günther Hans Friedrich Karl Günther (16 February 1891 – 25 September 1968) was a German writer, an advocate of scientific racism and a eugenicist in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. He was also known as "''Rassengünther''" ("Race Günther") ...

* Eugen Hadamovsky * Ernst Hanfstaengl * Karl Hanke * Thea von Harbou * Veit Harlan *

Fritz Hippler Fritz Hippler (17 August 1909 – 22 May 2002) was a German filmmaker who ran the film department in the Propaganda Ministry of Nazi Germany, under Joseph Goebbels. He is best known as the director of the propaganda film '' Der Ewige Jude (The ...

Heinrich Hoffmann Heinrich Hoffmann or Hoffman may refer to: Hoffmann * Heinrich Hoffmann (photographer) (1885–1957), German photographer *Heinrich Hoffmann (author) (1809–1894), German psychiatrist and author * Heinrich Hoffmann (sport shooter) (1869–?), Germ ...

* Raymond Davies Hughes * Emil Jannings * William Joyce *

Fred W. Kaltenbach Frederick Wilhelm Kaltenbach (March 29, 1895 – October 1945) was an American of German ancestry who broadcast Nazi propaganda from Germany during World War II. Early life Kaltenbach was born in Dubuque, Iowa, Dubuque, Iowa, and was raised ...

(Radio broadcaster) *

Emil Kirdorf Emil or Emile may refer to: Literature *''Emile, or On Education'' (1762), a treatise on education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau *Émile (novel), ''Émile'' (novel) (1827), an autobiographical novel based on Émile de Girardin's early life *''Emil an ...

Fritz Julius Kuhn Fritz Julius Kuhn (May 15, 1896 – December 14, 1951) was a German Nazi activist who served as elected leader of the German American Bund before World War II. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1934, but his citizenship was can ...

Johann von Leers Omar Amin (born Johann Jakob von Leers; 25 January 19025 March 1965) was an ''Alter Kämpfer'' and an honorary ''Sturmbannführer'' in the ''Waffen-SS'' in Nazi Germany, where he was also a professor known for his anti-Jewish polemics. He was on ...

* Wolfgang Liebeneiner * Lord Haw-Haw *

Horst von Möllendorff Horst von Möllendorff (26 April 1906 – 17 December 1992) was a German cartoonist who was "drafted" to work for the Nazi Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ...

Martin James Monti Martin James Monti (October 24, 1921 – September 11, 2000) was a United States Army Air Forces pilot who defected to Nazi Germany in October 1944 and worked as a propagandist and writer. After the end of World War II, he was tried and sentenced ...

* Werner Naumann *

Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann (19 December 1916 – 25 March 2010) was a German political scientist. Her most famous contribution is the model of the spiral of silence, detailed in ''The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion – Our Social Skin''. The mo ...

Wilfred von Oven Wilfred von Oven (4 May 1912 – 13 June 2008) was a German journalist, publicist and civil servant who served as the Press Adjutant of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels between 1943 and the German capitulation in 1945. Biography Wilfred vo ...

* Leni Riefenstahl * Alfred Rosenberg *

Fritz Rössler Fritz Rössler (17 January 1912 – 11 October 1987) was a low-level official in the Nazi Party who went on to become a leading figure in German neo-Nazism, neo-Nazi politics. In his later life he was more commonly known as Dr. Franz Richter. N ...

Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch (born 1 December 1883, d. after 1945) was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany. He was a German-Russian author in the völkisch movement and became SS-Standartenführer in 1944. Life Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch was a ...

Albert Speer Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer (; ; 19 March 1905 – 1 September 1981) was a German architect who served as the Minister of Armaments and War Production in Nazi Germany during most of World War II. A close ally of Adolf Hitler, he ...

* Julius Streicher *

Eberhard Taubert Eberhard Taubert (11 May 1907 in Kassel – 2 November 1976 in Cologne) was a lawyer and anti-Semitic Nazi propagandist. He joined the Nazi party in 1931, and quickly became involved in both anti-Communist and anti-Jewish propaganda. From 1933 t ...

Organisations

* Charlie and his Orchestra *

Department of Film The Department of Film was one of five departments that comprised the Central Party Propaganda Office of the German Nazi Party (NDSAP), established by Adolf Hitler in 1933 as part of the Party's ''Reichspropagandaleitung''. The Central Party Propag ...

* Gaubildstelle (Office of Slides) * Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda or Propagandaministerium, or RNVP)

Campaigns and events

* Operation Himmler * Nuremberg Rallies * Sportpalast speech

Media

* '' The Eternal Jew'' (

, 1940) * ''

Triumph of the Will ''Triumph of the Will'' (german: Triumph des Willens) is a 1935 German Nazi propaganda film directed, produced, edited and co-written by Leni Riefenstahl. Adolf Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer; his na ...

'' ( Leni Riefenstahl, 1935)

Films

Public relations organizations

* Ad Council *

Bureau of International Information Programs ' The U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP) supports the department's public diplomacy efforts by providing and supporting the places, content, and infrastructure needed for sustained conversations with fo ...

* Institute for Propaganda Analysis * Ministry of propaganda * United States Information Agency *

Shared values initiative The Shared Values Initiative was a public relations campaign created by the U.S. State Department and directed by Charlotte Beers, a former Madison Avenue advertising executive, to persuade viewers to be more aware, open and accepting of America by ...

- Council of American Muslims for Understanding

Public relations media

* "

Al Fateh ''Al-Fateh'' ( ar, الفاتح, "the Conqueror") is an Islamic children's magazine in Arabic. It is published biweekly in London, and is also posted online. It began publication in September 2002, and its 108th issue was released in mid-Septembe ...

" * '' America's Army'', video game produced by the U.S. government with the stated aim of encouraging players to become interested in joining the U.S. Army.