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Andrea Palladio ( ; ; 30 November 1508 – 19 August 1580) was an Italian Renaissance architect active in the Venetian Republic. Palladio, influenced by Roman and
Greek architecture Ancient Greek architecture came from the Greek-speaking people (''Hellenic'' people) whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC unti ...
, primarily Vitruvius, is widely considered to be one of the most influential individuals in the
history of architecture The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates. The beginnings of all these traditions is thought to be humans satisfying the very basic need of shelt ...
. While he designed churches and palaces, he was best known for country houses and villas. His teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise, ''
The Four Books of Architecture ''I quattro libri dell'architettura'' (''The Four Books of Architecture'') is a treatise on architecture by the architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580), written in Italian. It was first published in four volumes in 1570 in Venice, illustrated wi ...
'', gained him wide recognition. The city of Vicenza, with its 23 buildings designed by Palladio, and 24 Palladian villas of the Veneto are listed by UNESCO as part of a World Heritage Site named
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto is a World Heritage Site in Italy, which protects buildings by the architect Andrea Palladio. UNESCO inscribed the site on the World Heritage List in 1994. At first the site was called " ...
. The churches of Palladio are to be found within the "Venice and its Lagoon" UNESCO World Heritage Site.


Biography and major works

Palladio was born on 30 November 1508 in Padua and was given the name Andrea di Pietro della Gondola. His father, Pietro, called "della Gondola", was a miller. From an early age, Andrea Palladio was introduced into the work of building. When he was thirteen, his father arranged for him to be an apprentice stonecutter for a period of six years in the workshop of Bartolomeo Cavazza da Sossano, a noted sculptor, whose projects included the altar in the Basilica del Carmine in Padua. Bartolomeo Cavazza is said to have imposed particularly hard working conditions: Palladio fled the workshop in April 1523 and went to Vicenza, but was forced to return to fulfil his contract. In 1524, when his contract was finished, he moved permanently to Vicenza, where he resided for most of his life. He became an assistant to a prominent stonecutter and stonemason, Giovanni di Giacomo da Porlezza in Pedemuro San Biagio, where he joined the guild of stonemasons and bricklayers. He was employed as a stonemason to make monuments and decorative sculptures. His career was unexceptional until 1538–39; when he had reached the age of thirty, he was employed by the humanist poet and scholar Gian Giorgio Trissino to rebuild his residence, the Villa Trissino at Cricoli. Trissino was deeply engaged in the study of ancient Roman architecture, particularly the work of Vitruvius, which had become available in print in 1486. In 1540, Palladio finally received the formal title of architect. In 1541, he made a first trip to Rome, accompanied by Trissino, to see the classical monuments first-hand. He took another, longer trip to Rome with Trissino from the autumn of 1545 to the first months of 1546, and then another trip in 1546–1547. He also visited and studied the Roman works in
Tivoli Tivoli may refer to: * Tivoli, Lazio, a town in Lazio, Italy, known for historic sites; the inspiration for other places named Tivoli Buildings * Tivoli (Baltimore, Maryland), a mansion built about 1855 * Tivoli Building (Cheyenne, Wyoming), a ...
, Palestrina and Albano Trissino exposed Palladio to the history and arts of Rome, which gave him inspiration for his future buildings. In 1554 he would publish guides to the city's ancient monuments and churches. Trissino also gave him the name by which he became known, Palladio, an allusion to the
Greek goddess A major branch of classical mythology, Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of Ancient Greek folklore. These stories concern the origin and nature of the world, the lives and activities of de ...
of wisdom Pallas Athene and to a character in a play by Trissino. The word ''Palladio'' means ''Wise one''.


Early villas

File:Palladio Villa Godi photo.jpg, One of the first works by Palladio,
Villa Godi A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became sm ...
(begun 1537) File:Villa godi valmarana saal.jpg, Hall of the Muses of the
Villa Godi A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became sm ...
(1537–1542) File:VillaPiovene20070707-1 rect.jpg,
Villa Piovene Villa Piovene is a Palladian villa built in Lugo di Vicenza, province of Vicenza, northern Italy. The building was commissioned in the 16th century for the aristocratic Venetian Piovene family, their architect believed to have been Andrea Pal ...
(1539) File:VillaPisani Bagnolo 2007 07 06 2.jpg, Villa Pisani, Bagnolo (1542)
His early works include a series of villas around Vicenza. These were sometimes influenced by the work of his predecessor, Giulio Romano, and were similar to the villa of his patron, Gian Giorgio Trissino, at Cricoli, for which he had built an addition before his first trip to Rome. The earliest of his villas is generally considered to be the
Villa Godi A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became sm ...
(begun 1537). This design already showed the originality of Palladio's conception. There is a central block flanked by two wings, the central block is recessed and the two wings are advanced and more prominent. Inside the central block, the ''
piano nobile The ''piano nobile'' (Italian for "noble floor" or "noble level", also sometimes referred to by the corresponding French term, ''bel étage'') is the principal floor of a palazzo. This floor contains the main reception and bedrooms of the hou ...
'' or main floor opened onto a loggia with a triple arcade, reached by a central stairway. On the reverse of building, the rounded gallery projects outward to the garden. Palladio made numerous changes and additions over the years, adding lavish frescoes framed by classical columns in the Hall of the Muses of the Villa Godi in the 1550s. In his early works in Vicenza in the 1540s, he sometimes emulated the work of his predecessor Giulio Romano, but in doing so he added his own ideas and variations. An example was the
Palazzo Thiene Palazzo Thiene is a 15th-16th-century palace in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed for Marcantonio and Adriano Thiene, probably by Giulio Romano, in 1542,Andrew Hopkins, 2002. ''Italian Architecture from Michelangelo to Borromini''; p. 21. and revi ...
in Vicenza, which Romano had begun but which, after Romano's death, Palladio completed. It was his first construction of a large town house. He used Romano's idea for windows framed by stone ''corbeaux'', a ladder of stone blocks, but Palladio gave the heavy facade a new lightness and grace. Several other villas of this time are attributed to Palladio, including the
Villa Piovene Villa Piovene is a Palladian villa built in Lugo di Vicenza, province of Vicenza, northern Italy. The building was commissioned in the 16th century for the aristocratic Venetian Piovene family, their architect believed to have been Andrea Pal ...
(1539) and Villa Pisani (1542). Of the Villa Pisani, only the central structure of the original plan remains. The loggia is opened by three arcades beneath a frieze, beneath a pediment. The interior of the main hall has a
barrel-vault A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault, wagon vault or wagonhead vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are ...
ed ceiling lavishly decorated with murals of mythological themes.


Urban palaces

One of the most important works of his early Vicenza period is the Basilica Palladiana in Vicenza (1546), the palace of the city government. Palladio called it " Basilica", explaining that the functions and form of a modern city hall resembled those of an ancient Roman Basilica. He did not construct the building from the ground up, but added two-story loggias to the exterior of an older building, which had been finished in 1459. For the facade, Palladio made harmonious use of two levels of arcades with rounded arches and columns, which opened up the exterior of the building to the interior courtyard. The arcades were divided by columns and small circular windows (''oculi''), with a variety and richness of decorative detail. The building was not completed until 1617, after Palladio's death. Its design had a notable influence on many buildings across Europe, from Portugal to Germany. File:Palazzo Thiene (Vicenza) - courtyard.jpg,
Palazzo Thiene Palazzo Thiene is a 15th-16th-century palace in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed for Marcantonio and Adriano Thiene, probably by Giulio Romano, in 1542,Andrew Hopkins, 2002. ''Italian Architecture from Michelangelo to Borromini''; p. 21. and revi ...
(1542–1558), (begun by Giulio Romano, revised and completed by Palladio) File:Basilica Palladiana (Vicenza) - facade on Piazza dei signori.jpg, Facade of the Basilica Palladiana (begun 1546) File:Basilica Palladiana 1.jpg, Ground floor and entrance stairway of the Basilica Palladiana File:Palladio Palazzo della Ragione upper.jpg, Upper level loggia of the Basilica Palladiana


Variations of the urban palace

Palazzo Chiericati The Palazzo Chiericati is a Renaissance palace in Vicenza (northern Italy), designed by Andrea Palladio. History Palladio was asked to design and build the palazzo by Count Girolamo Chiericati. The architect started building the palace in 1 ...
(begun in 1550) was another urban palace, built on a city square near the port in Vicenza. It was constructed after the Palazzo della Ragione, but it was very different in its plan and decoration. The two-story facade with a double loggia was divided into eleven spaces by rows of Doric columns, while a Doric
cornice In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a ...
separated the lower level from the more important ''piano nobile'' above. The original plan of Palladio had the upper level identical to the lower level, but the owners wanted more space for ceremonies, so the central section on the ''piano nobile'' was brought forward and given windows with decorative frontons, doubling the interior space. The
Palazzo del Capitaniato The palazzo del Capitaniato, also known as loggia del Capitanio or loggia Bernarda, is a palazzo in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio in 1565 and built between 1571 and 1572. It is located on the central Piazza dei Signori, f ...
, the offices of the Venetian governor of the region, is a later variation on the urban palace, built in Vicenza facing the Basilica Palladiana, and the finest of his late urban palaces. The four brick half-columns on the facade give a strong element of verticality, carefully balanced by the horizontal balustrades on the ''piano nobile'', and on the projecting cornice at the top. The red brick of the walls and columns and the white stone of the balustrades and bases of the columns give another contrast. The facade was later given
stucco Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and a ...
sculptural decoration in the Mannerist style, which has considerably deteriorated. File:Palazzo Chiericati (Vicenza).jpg,
Palazzo Chiericati The Palazzo Chiericati is a Renaissance palace in Vicenza (northern Italy), designed by Andrea Palladio. History Palladio was asked to design and build the palazzo by Count Girolamo Chiericati. The architect started building the palace in 1 ...
(1550) in Vicenza File:Palazzo del Capitanio - Vicenza.jpg,
Palazzo del Capitaniato The palazzo del Capitaniato, also known as loggia del Capitanio or loggia Bernarda, is a palazzo in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio in 1565 and built between 1571 and 1572. It is located on the central Piazza dei Signori, f ...
(1565–1572)


Classical studies

The success of the Basilica Palladiana propelled Palladio into the top ranks of the architects of Northern Italy. He had travelled to Rome in 1549, hoping to become a Papal architect, but the death of
Pope Paul III Pope Paul III ( la, Paulus III; it, Paolo III; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death in November 1549. He came to ...
ended that ambition. His patron, Gian Giorgio Trissino, died in 1550, but in the same year Palladio gained new supporter, the powerful Venetian aristocrat Daniele Barbaro. Through Barbaro he became known to the major aristocratic families of Northern Italy. In addition to the
Barbaros Hayreddin Barbarossa ( ar, خير الدين بربروس, Khayr al-Din Barbarus, original name: Khiḍr; tr, Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa), also known as Hızır Hayrettin Pasha, and simply Hızır Reis (c. 1466/1478 – 4 July 1546), was an Ot ...
, the aristocratic
Cornaro The House of Cornaro or Corner are a family in Venice who were patricians in the Republic of Venice and included many Doges and other high officials. The name ''Corner'', originally from the Venetian dialect, was adopted in the eighteenth centu ...
,
Foscari The House of Foscari () was an ancient Venetian patrician family, which reached its peak in the 14th–15th centuries, culminating in the dogeship of Francesco Foscari (1423–1457). History According to family tradition, they originated from ...
, and
Pisani Pisani may refer to: *Pisani (surname), Italian surname *Pisani family, a Venetian patrician family active in the Venetian Republic from the 12th to the 18th Centuries *Rocca Pisana *Palazzo Contarini Pisani *Palazzo Soranzo Pisani *Italian submari ...
families supported Palladio's career, while he continued to construct a series of magnificent villas and palaces in Vicenza in his new classical style, including the
Palazzo Chiericati The Palazzo Chiericati is a Renaissance palace in Vicenza (northern Italy), designed by Andrea Palladio. History Palladio was asked to design and build the palazzo by Count Girolamo Chiericati. The architect started building the palace in 1 ...
in Vicenza, the Villa Pisani in
Montagnana Montagnana is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Padova, in Veneto (northern Italy). Neighbouring communes are Borgo Veneto, Casale di Scodosia, Urbana, Bevilacqua, Pojana Maggiore, Pressana, Minerbe and Roveredo di Guà. , the popula ...
, and the
Villa Cornaro Villa Cornaro is a patrician villa in Piombino Dese, about 30 km northwest of Venice, Italy. It was designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in 1552 and is illustrated and described by him in Book Two of his 1570 masterwor ...
in Piombino Dese. Cardinal Barbaro brought Palladio to Rome and encouraged him to publish his studies of classical architecture. In 1554, he published the first of a series of books, ''Antiquities of Rome''. He continued to compile and write his architectural studies, lavishly illustrated, which were published in full form in 1570 as '' I quattro libri dell'architettura'' (''The Four Books of Architecture''), in Venice. These books, reprinted in different languages and circulated widely in Europe, secured his reputation as the most influential figure in the renewal classical architecture, a reputation which only continued to grow after his death. File:Palladio Titel 1642.jpg, The front page of '' I quattro libri dell'architettura'' (''The Four Books of Architecture)'' (1642 edition)


Rustic-suburban villas

The type of villa invented by Palladio at the
Villa Cornaro Villa Cornaro is a patrician villa in Piombino Dese, about 30 km northwest of Venice, Italy. It was designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in 1552 and is illustrated and described by him in Book Two of his 1570 masterwor ...
(begun 1553), located at Piombino Dese near Padua, was a mixture of '' villa rustica'' (country house), designed for country living, and a suburban villa, designed for entertaining and impressing. The distinction between the two parts was clearly expressed in the architecture. The central block is nearly square, with two low wings. The rear facade facing the garden has a spacious loggia, or covered terrace, supported by independent columns, on both the ground level and above on the ''piano nobile''. The front facade facing the road has the same plan but with narrower loggias. The Hall of the Four Columns, the grand salon, could be entered by a grand stairway from either the front or back of the house. It has a very high ceiling, creating a large cubic space, and a roof supported by four Doric columns. Palladio placed
niche Niche may refer to: Science *Developmental niche, a concept for understanding the cultural context of child development *Ecological niche, a term describing the relational position of an organism's species *Niche differentiation, in ecology, the ...
s in the walls of this salon, which were later filled with full-length statues of the ancestors of the owner. The more rustic functions of the house were carried on in the adjoining wings. File:VillaCornaro 2007 07 14 front 1.jpg,
Villa Cornaro Villa Cornaro is a patrician villa in Piombino Dese, about 30 km northwest of Venice, Italy. It was designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in 1552 and is illustrated and described by him in Book Two of his 1570 masterwor ...
(begun 1553) combined rustic living and an imposing space for formal entertaining File:VillaCornaro 2007 07 14 main hall.jpg, The Hall of the Four Columns File:Villa Cornaro pianta Bertotti Scamozzi 1781.jpg, Plan of the Villa Cornaro


Suburban villas

The suburban villa was a particular type of building, a house near a city designed primarily for entertaining. Villa Barbaro (begun 1557) at Maser was an imposing suburban villa, built for the brothers Marcantonio and Daniele Barbaro, who were respectively occupied with politics and religious affairs in the Veneto, or Venice region. The long facade was perfectly balanced. The interior, following the professions of the brothers, had both classical and religious motifs. The central hall, The Hall of Olympus on the ground floor, was decorated with Roman gods and goddesses, but when one mounted the stairs, the long upper floor was in the form of a cross and Christian images predominate. The villa also has a series of remarkable
fresco Fresco (plural ''frescos'' or ''frescoes'') is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaste ...
s and ceiling paintings by
Paolo Veronese Paolo Caliari (152819 April 1588), known as Paolo Veronese ( , also , ), was an Italian Renaissance painter based in Venice, known for extremely large history paintings of religion and mythology, such as ''The Wedding at Cana'' (1563) and ''The ...
combining mythical themes with scenes of everyday life. Behind the villa, Palladio created a remarkable
nymphaeum A ''nymphaeum'' or ''nymphaion'' ( grc, νυμφαῖον), in ancient Greece and Rome, was a monument consecrated to the nymphs, especially those of springs. These monuments were originally natural grottoes, which tradition assigned as habit ...
, or Roman fountain, with statues of the gods and goddesses of the major rivers of Italy. The most famous suburban villa constructed by Palladio was the Villa Capra "La Rotonda", not far from Vicenza, begun in 1566 for Count Paolo Almerico, the canon of
Pope Pius IV Pope Pius IV ( it, Pio IV; 31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 December 1559 to his death in December 1565. Born in Milan, his family considered ...
and Pope Pius V. The site is on a gentle wooded hilltop, with views of the countryside in all directions. The villa is perfectly symmetrical, with four identical facades with
portico A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cult ...
s around the domed centre. The height of the base is exactly the height of the attic, and the width of each portico exactly half the length of the facade. The interior frescos were painted by
Ludovico Dorigny Ludovico Dorigny (1654 – 17 October 1742) was a French painter and engraver. Trained in his native country, he spent most of his life and career in Verona, Italy. Life and career Born Louis Dorigny into a family of Parisian artists, Dorign ...
in 1680–1687), and were not part of Palladio's plan. The building was especially influential, particularly in England and the United States, where it inspired "Neo-Palladianist" buildings such as
Mereworth Castle Mereworth Castle is a grade I listed Neo-Palladian country house in Mereworth, Kent, England. This source attributes the plasterwork to Francesco Bagutti, but Giovanni Bagutti would appear to be more likely. History Originally the site of ...
(1724) in Kent and Thomas Jefferson's
Montecello Monticello ( ) was the primary plantation of Founding Father Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, who began designing Monticello after inheriting land from his father at age 26. Located just outside Charlottesville, Vi ...
in Virginia (1772). File:Villa Barbaro panoramica fronte Marcok.jpg, The Villa Barbaro in Maser (begun 1557) File:VillaBarbaro 2007 07 08 09.jpg, The Nymphaeum of the Villa Barbaro File:Veronese Villa Barbaro.jpg, Detail of the Hall of Olympus, with frescoes by
Paolo Veronese Paolo Caliari (152819 April 1588), known as Paolo Veronese ( , also , ), was an Italian Renaissance painter based in Venice, known for extremely large history paintings of religion and mythology, such as ''The Wedding at Cana'' (1563) and ''The ...
File:Larotonda2009.JPG, Villa Capra "La Rotonda" (begun 1566) Image:PalladioRotondaPlan.jpg, Palladio's plan of the Villa in '' I quattro libri dell'architettura'', 1570


Suburban villas

Villa Foscari, also known as "La Malcontenta" for the name of the suburban village near
Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400  ...
where it is located, faces the
Brenta Canal Brenta may refer to: * Brenta (river), Italy * Brenta, Lombardy, a commune (municipality) * Brenta Group, mountain * Brenta (Milan Metro), a metro station * Brenta Valley * Brenta (surname) Brenta is a surname. Notable people with the surname inc ...
and for this reason, unlike his other villas, it faces south to the canal. The villa is set upon a large base, and the central portico is flanked by two stairways. The upper and lower borders of the ''piano nobile'' clearly indicated on the facade by darker reddish bands of stone. The same reddish border outlines the pediment over the portico and the attic, and appears on the rear facade. In another departure from traditional villas, the front doors lead directly into the main salon. The salon is let by a virtual wall of glass around the doorway of the south facade. The exterior and interior are closely integrated; the same classical elements own the facade, the columns and pediments, reappear in the interior, decorated with '' trompe-l'œil'' murals on the walls and ceiling. File:Villa Foscari 20070710-1.jpg, North facade of Villa Foscari, facing the Brenta Canal File:Malcontenta grotesque.jpg, Interior decoration of grotesques on salon ceiling of Villa Foscari File:VillaFoscari20070710-06.jpg, South facade of Villa Foscari, with the large windows that illuminate the main salon


Churches

Daniele Barbaro and his younger brother Marcantonio introduced Palladio to Venice, where he developed his own style of religious architecture, distinct from and equally original as that of his villas. His first project in Venice was the cloister of the church of Santa Maria della Carità (1560–61), followed by the refectory and then the interior of the
San Giorgio Monastery The San Giorgio Monastery (St. George Monastery) was a Benedictine monastery in Venice, Italy, located on the island of San Giorgio Maggiore. It stands next to the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, which serves the monastic community. The old monas ...
(1560–1562), His style was rather severe compared with the traditional lavishness of Venetian Renaissance architecture. San Georgio Maggiore was later given a new facade by Vincenzo Scamozzi (1610), which integrated it more closely into the Venetian skyline. The original rigorous, perfectly balanced interior is the original work of Palladio. In 1570, he was formally named "Proto della Serenissima" (chief architect of the Republic of Venice), following
Jacopo Sansovino Jacopo d'Antonio Sansovino (2 July 1486 – 27 November 1570) was an Italian Renaissance sculptor and architect, best known for his works around the Piazza San Marco in Venice. These are crucial works in the history of Venetian Renaissance archi ...
. File:Nave - San Giorgio Maggiore - Venice 2016 (2).jpg, Nave of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice (1565) File:Chiesa del Santissimo Redentore, Venice, Italy.jpg, '' Il Redentore'' Church in Venice (1576) File:Chiesa del Redentore (Venice) Interior.jpg, Interior of ''Il Redentore'' Church in Venice (1576)


Last church

The Tempieto Barbaro, built at the end of his life, was one of his most accomplished works. It was begun in 1580 as an addition to the Villa Barbaro at Maser. It unites two classical forms, a circle and a Greek cross. The facade features a particularly imposing classical portico, like that of the
Pantheon Pantheon may refer to: * Pantheon (religion), a set of gods belonging to a particular religion or tradition, and a temple or sacred building Arts and entertainment Comics *Pantheon (Marvel Comics), a fictional organization * ''Pantheon'' (Lone St ...
in Rome, placed before two tall
bell tower A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Such a tower commonly serves as part of a Christian church, and will contain church bells, but there are also many secular bell tower ...
s, before an even higher cupola, which covers the church itself. The effect is to draw the eye upward, level by level. Inside, the circular interior is surrounded by eight half columns and niches with statues. An open balustrade runs around the top of the interior wall, concealing the base of the dome itself, making it appear that the
dome A dome () is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere. There is significant overlap with the term cupola, which may also refer to a dome or a structure on top of a dome. The precise definition of a dome has been a m ...
is suspended in the air. This idea would be adopted frequently in later Baroque churches. He achieves a perfect balance between the circle and the cross, and the horizontal and vertical elements, both on the facade and in the interior. File:Tempietto Barbaro - plan de Bertotti Scamozzi.JPG, Plan by Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi File:TempiettoBarbaro 2007 07 08 01.jpg, Facade of the Tempietto Barbaro File:Tempietto Villa Barbaro sezione Bertotti Scamozzi 1783.jpg, Section of the Tempietto Barbaro, drawn by Scamozzi (1783)


Last work

The final work of Palladio was the Teatro Olimpico in the Piazza Matteotti in Vicenza, built for the theatrical productions of the Olympic Society of Vicenza, of which Palladio was a member. He was asked to produce a design and model, and construction began in February 1580. The back wall of the stage was in the form of an enormous triumphal arch divided into three levels, and three portals through which actors could appear and disappear. This wall was lavishly decorated with columns and niches filled with statuary. The view through the arches gave the illusion of looking down classical streets. The painted ceiling was designed to give the illusion of sitting under an open sky. Behind the hemicycle of seats Palladio placed a row of Corinthian columns. Palladio died on 19 August 1580, not long after the work was begun. It was completed, with a number of modifications, by Vincenzo Scamozzi and inaugurated in 1584 with a performance of the tragedy ''
Oedipus Rex ''Oedipus Rex'', also known by its Greek title, ''Oedipus Tyrannus'' ( grc, Οἰδίπους Τύραννος, ), or ''Oedipus the King'', is an Athenian tragedy by Sophocles that was first performed around 429 BC. Originally, to the ancient Gr ...
'' by Sophocles. File:Interior of Teatro Olimpico (Vicenza) scena .jpg, Stage with scenery designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi, who completed the theatre after the death of Palladio File:Interior of Teatro Olimpico (Vicenza) - Gradinata.jpg, Stage and seating of his last work, the Teatro Olimpico (1584)


Personal life

Very little is known of Palladio's personal life. Documents show that he received a dowry in April 1534 from the family of his wife, Allegradonna, the daughter of a carpenter. They had four sons: Leonida, Marcantonio, Orazio and Silla, and a daughter, Zenobia. Two of the sons, Leonida and Orzzio, died during a short period in 1572, greatly affecting their father. He died on 19 August 1580 at either Vicenza or Maser, and was buried in the church of Santa Corona in Vicenza. In 1844, a new tomb was built in a chapel dedicated to him in that cemetery. Although all of his buildings are found in relatively small corner of Italy, they had an influence far beyond. They particularly inspired neoclassical architects in Britain and in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries. While he designed churches and urban palaces, his plans for villas and country houses were particularly admired and copied. His books with their detailed illustrations and plans were especially influential. His first book, ''L'Antichida di Roma'' (''Antiquities of Rome'') was published in 1554. He then made architectural drawings to illustrate a book by his patron, Daniele Barbaro, a commentary on Vitruvius. His most famous work was '' I quattro libri dell'architettura'' (''The Four Books of Architecture''), published in 1570, which set out rules others could follow. The first book includes studies of decorative styles, classical orders, and materials. He illustrated a rich variety of columns, arcades, pediments, pilasters and other details which were soon adapted and copied. The second book included Palladio's town and country house designs and classical reconstructions. The third book had bridge and basilica designs, city planning designs, and classical halls. The fourth book included information on the reconstruction of ancient Roman temples. The books were translated into many languages, and went through many editions, well into the eighteenth and nineteenth century.


Influence


France and Germany

Palladio's style inspired several works by Claude Nicolas Ledoux in France, including the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, begun in 1775. In Germany,
Johann von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as trea ...
in his '' Italian Journey'' described Palladio as a genius, declaring that his unfinished Convent of Santa Maria della Carità was the most perfect existing work of architecture. The German architects
David Gilly David Gilly (7 January 1748 – 5 May 1808) was a German architect and architecture-tutor in Prussia, known as the father of the architect Friedrich Gilly. Life Born in Schwedt, Gilly was the son of a French-born Huguenot immigrant named Jacques ...
and his son
Friedrich Gilly Friedrich David Gilly (16 February 1772 – 3 August 1800) was a German architect and the son of the architect David Gilly. His works are influenced by revolutionary architecture (''Revolutionsarchitektur''). Born in Altdamm, Pomerania, (today ...
were also admirers of Palladio, and constructed palaces for the German Emperor
Frederick-William III Frederick William III (german: Friedrich Wilhelm III.; 3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was King of Prussia from 16 November 1797 until his death in 1840. He was concurrently Elector of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire until 6 August 1806, wh ...
in the style, including the
Paretz Palace Paretz is a village in the German state of Brandenburg in the district of Havelland, west of Berlin. Recently, a district reform made Paretz into a borough of the city of Ketzin. It has a population of approximately 400. In the late 18th and early ...
. Friedrich Gilly's work, the National Theatre in Berlin (1798), built for Frederick the Great. Most of his buildings were destroyed during World War II. File:France arc et senas saline royal main building 1.jpg, House of the Director of the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, by Claude Nicolas Ledoux (1775) File:Parc Monceau - La Rotonde 02-03-06.jpg, La Rotonde customs barrier,
Parc Monceau Parc Monceau () is a public park situated in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France, at the junction of Boulevard de Courcelles, Rue de Prony and Rue Georges Berger. At the main entrance is a rotunda. The park covers an area of 8.2 hectares (20 ...
, by Claude Nicolas Ledoux File:Schloss Steinhöfel 14-07-2010 75.jpg, Palladian garden structure at
Steinhöfel Steinhöfel is a municipality in the Oder-Spree district, in Brandenburg, Germany. Since the beginning of 2019 it belongs to the collective municipality " Amt Odervorland" In 1774, the Prussian Minister of War and Treasury Joachim von Blumenthal p ...
by
David Gilly David Gilly (7 January 1748 – 5 May 1808) was a German architect and architecture-tutor in Prussia, known as the father of the architect Friedrich Gilly. Life Born in Schwedt, Gilly was the son of a French-born Huguenot immigrant named Jacques ...
(1798)


England

Palladio's work was especially popular in England, where the villa style was adapted for country houses. The first English architect to adapt Palladio's work was
Inigo Jones Inigo Jones (; 15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was the first significant architect in England and Wales in the early modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings. As the most notable archit ...
, who made a long trip to Vicenza and returned full of Palladian ideas. His first major work in the style was the Queen's House at Greenwich (1616–1635), modelled after Palladio's villas. Wilton House is another adaptation of Palladio's villa plans. It had a particularly famous feature, the Palladio Bridge, designed around 1736. The bridge was extremely popular, and copies were made for other houses, including
Stowe House Stowe House is a grade I listed country house in Stowe, Buckinghamshire, England. It is the home of Stowe School, an independent school and is owned by the Stowe House Preservation Trust who have to date (March 2013) spent more than £25m on th ...
. Another variation, the Marble Bridge, was made for Empress
Catherine the Great , en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes , house = , father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst , mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp , birth_date = , birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anhal ...
of Russia for her gardens at Tsarskoe Selo near Saint Petersburg, Russia. Other English architects, including Elizabeth Wilbraham, and
Christopher Wren Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (; – ) was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches ...
also embraced the Palladian style. Another English admirer was the architect, Richard Boyle, 4th Earl of Cork, also known as Lord Burlington, who, with William Kent, designed Chiswick House. The Italian-born Giacomo Leoni also constructed Palladian houses in England. File:Queens House 2006.jpg, The Queen's House, Greenwich by
Inigo Jones Inigo Jones (; 15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was the first significant architect in England and Wales in the early modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings. As the most notable archit ...
(1616–1635) File:Chiswick House.jpg, Chiswick House by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and William Kent (completed 1729) File:Wilton House.jpg, Wilton House south front by
Inigo Jones Inigo Jones (; 15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was the first significant architect in England and Wales in the early modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings. As the most notable archit ...
(1650) File:Wilton House bridge over creek.jpg, Palladio Bridge at Wilton House (1736–37) File:Stourhead House - geograph.org.uk - 31721.jpg,
Stourhead Stourhead () is a 1,072-hectare (2,650-acre) estate at the source of the River Stour in the southwest of the English county of Wiltshire, extending into Somerset. The estate is about northwest of the town of Mere and includes a Grade I listed ...
House by
Colen Campbell Colen Campbell (15 June 1676 – 13 September 1729) was a pioneering Scottish architect and architectural writer, credited as a founder of the Georgian style. For most of his career, he resided in Italy and England. As well as his architectural ...
(1721–24), inspired by Villa Capra


United States

The influence of Palladio also reached to the United States, where the architecture and symbols of the Roman Republic were adapted for the architecture and institutions of the newly independent nation. The Massachusetts governor and architect
Thomas Dawes Thomas Dawes (August 5, 1731 – January 2, 1809) was a patriot who served as a Massachusetts militia colonel during the American Revolution and afterward assumed prominent positions in Massachusetts's government. His positions included membe ...
also admired the style, and used it when rebuilding Harvard Hall at Harvard University in 1766. Palladio's villas inspired Monticello, the residence of the third U.S. President, Thomas Jefferson, himself an architect. Jefferson organized a competition for the first United States Capitol building. It was won by William Thornton with a design inspired in part Palladio and
La Rotonda Villa La Rotonda is a Renaissance villa just outside Vicenza in northern Italy designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. The villa's correct name is Villa Almerico Capra Valmarana, but it is also known as "La Rotonda", "Villa Rot ...
. The One Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America called him the "Father of American Architecture" (Congressional Resolution no. 259 of 6 December 2010). His influence can also be seen in American plantation buildings. File:Harvard Hall (Harvard University) - DSC00058.JPG, Harvard Hall at Harvard University by
Thomas Dawes Thomas Dawes (August 5, 1731 – January 2, 1809) was a patriot who served as a Massachusetts militia colonel during the American Revolution and afterward assumed prominent positions in Massachusetts's government. His positions included membe ...
(1766) File:Thomas Jefferson's Monticello (cropped).JPG, Monticello, residence of Thomas Jefferson (1772) File:Flickr - USCapitol - Thornton Capitol Winning Design.jpg, Winning design for the first United States Capitol by William Thornton (1793)


Archives

More than 330 of Palladio's original drawings and sketches still survive in the collections of the Royal Institute of British Architects, most of which originally were owned by Inigo Jones. Jones collected a significant number of these on his Grand Tour of 1613–1614, while some were a gift from Henry Wotton.
The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc. The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc. (CPSA) engages in research and other activities relating to the work of architect Andrea Palladio. CPSA was founded as a national non-profit membership corporation in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 1 ...
, a nonprofit membership organization, was founded in 1979 to research and promote understanding of Palladio's influence in the architecture of the United States.


Palladian style

Palladio is known as one of the most influential architects in Western architecture. His architectural works have "been valued for centuries as the quintessence of High Renaissance calm and harmony". The basic elements of Italian Renaissance architecture, including Doric columns,
lintels A lintel or lintol is a type of beam (a horizontal structural element) that spans openings such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. In the case of w ...
, cornices, loggias, pediments and
domes A dome () is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere. There is significant overlap with the term cupola, which may also refer to a dome or a structure on top of a dome. The precise definition of a dome has been a m ...
had already been used in the 15th century or earlier, before Palladio. They had been skilfully brought together by Brunelleschi in the Pazzi Chapel (1420) and the
Medici-Riccardi Palace The Palazzo Medici, also called the Palazzo Medici Riccardi after the later family that acquired and expanded it, is a Renaissance palace located in Florence, Italy. It is the seat of the Metropolitan City of Florence and a museum. Overview T ...
(1444–1449). At the beginning of the High Renaissance in the early 16th century, Bramante used these elements together in the
Tempietto Tempietto (Italian: "small temple") generally means a small temple-like or pavilion-like structure and is a name of many places in Italy: * San Pietro in Montorio#The Tempietto in Rome, a tomb by Donato Bramante * Villa Barbaro#Church (Tempietto ...
in Rome (1502), which combined a dome and a central plan based on a Greek Cross. The architect
Baldassare Peruzzi Baldassare Tommaso Peruzzi (7 March 1481 – 6 January 1536) was an Italian architect and painter, born in a small town near Siena (in Ancaiano, ''frazione'' of Sovicille) and died in Rome. He worked for many years with Bramante, Raphael, and la ...
had introduced the first Renaissance suburban villas, based on a Roman model and surrounded by gardens. The Farnese Palace in Rome (1530–1580) by Sangallo introduced a new kind of Renaissance palace, with monumental blocks, ornate cornices, lateral wings and multiple stairways.
Michelangelo Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known as Michelangelo (), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was insp ...
had made a plan for a central dome at Saint Peter's Basilica and added a new loggia to the facade of the Farnese Palace. All of these plans already existed before Palladio; his contribution was to refine, simplify, and use them in innovative ways. The style of Palladio employed a classical repertoire of elements in new ways. He clearly expressed the function of each part of the building by its form, particularly elevating giving precedence to the ''
piano nobile The ''piano nobile'' (Italian for "noble floor" or "noble level", also sometimes referred to by the corresponding French term, ''bel étage'') is the principal floor of a palazzo. This floor contains the main reception and bedrooms of the hou ...
'', the ceremonial floor, of his villas and palaces. As much as possible he simplified the forms, as he did at Villa Capra "La Rotonda", surrounding a circular dome and interior with perfectly square facades, and placing the building pedestal to be more visible and more dramatic. Palladio was inspired by classical Roman architecture, but he did not slavishly imitate it. He chose elements and assembled them in innovative ways appropriate to the site and function of the building. His buildings were very often placed on pedestals, raise them up and make them more visible, and so they could offer a view. The villas very often had loggias, covered arcades or walkways on the outside of upper levels, which gave a view of the scenery or city below, and also gave variety to the facade. When he designed his rustic villas and suburban villas, he paid particular attention to the site, integrating them as much as possible into nature, either by sites on hilltops or looking out at gardens or rivers. The Sarlian window, or Venetian window, also known as a Palladian window, was another common feature of his style, which he used both for windows and the arches of the loggias of his buildings. It consists of an arched window flanked by two smaller square windows, divided by two columns or
pilasters In classical architecture, a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wall ...
and often topped by a small
entablature An entablature (; nativization of Italian , from "in" and "table") is the superstructure of moldings and bands which lies horizontally above columns, resting on their capitals. Entablatures are major elements of classical architecture, and ...
and by a small circular window or hole, called an
oculus Oculus (a term from Latin ''oculus'', meaning 'eye'), may refer to the following Architecture * Oculus (architecture), a circular opening in the centre of a dome or in a wall Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Oculus'' (film), a 2013 American ...
. These particular features originally appeared in the triumphal arches of Rome, and had been used in the earlier Renaissance by Bramante, but Palladio used them in novel ways, particularly in the facade of the Basilica Palladiana and in the Villa Pojana. They also became a common feature of later Palladian buildings in England and elsewhere. In his later work, particularly the Palazzo Valmarana and the
Palazzo del Capitaniato The palazzo del Capitaniato, also known as loggia del Capitanio or loggia Bernarda, is a palazzo in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio in 1565 and built between 1571 and 1572. It is located on the central Piazza dei Signori, f ...
in Vicenza, his style became more ornate and more decorative, with more sculptural decoration on the facade, tending toward
Mannerism Mannerism, which may also be known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Italy, ...
. His buildings in this period were examples of the transition beginning to what would become Baroque architecture. File:Villa Badoer Fratta Polesine facciata by Marcok 2009-08-16 n08.jpg, Clarity and harmony. Villa Badoer (1556–1563), an early use by Palladio of the elements of a Roman temple File:2017 vicenza 022.jpg, The Basilica Palladiana, Vicenza, (begun 1546) with arched
Palladian window Palladian architecture is a European architectural style derived from the work of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts of symmetry, perspective and ...
and round
oculi An oculus (; ) is a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall. Originating in antiquity, it is a feature of Byzantine and Neoclassical architecture. It is also known as an '' œil-de-boeuf'' from the French, or simply a "bull's-e ...
to the loggia. File:Villa Pojana photo by Marcok 2009-08-08 n06.jpg, A variation of the Palladian or Venetian window, with round
oculi An oculus (; ) is a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall. Originating in antiquity, it is a feature of Byzantine and Neoclassical architecture. It is also known as an '' œil-de-boeuf'' from the French, or simply a "bull's-e ...
, at Villa Pojana (1548–49) File:Stemma del palazzo del Capitaniato.JPG, Late Palladio style, Mannerist decoration on the facade of the Palazzo del Capitanio (1565–1572)


Characteristics

Palladio's architecture was not dependent on expensive materials, which must have been an advantage to his more financially pressed clients. Many of his buildings are of brick covered with
stucco Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and a ...
. Stuccoed brickwork was always used in his villa designs in order to give the appearance of a classical Roman structure. His success as an architect is based not only on the beauty of his work, but also for its harmony with the culture of his time. His success and influence came from the integration of extraordinary aesthetic quality with expressive characteristics that resonated with his clients' social aspirations. His buildings served to communicate, visually, their place in the social order of their culture. This powerful integration of beauty and the physical representation of social meanings is apparent in three major building types: the urban palazzo, the agricultural villa, and the church. Relative to his trips to Rome, Palladio developed three main palace types by 1556. In 1550, the
Palazzo Chiericati The Palazzo Chiericati is a Renaissance palace in Vicenza (northern Italy), designed by Andrea Palladio. History Palladio was asked to design and build the palazzo by Count Girolamo Chiericati. The architect started building the palace in 1 ...
was completed. The proportions for the building were based on musical ratios for adjacent rooms. The building was centralized by a tripartite division of a series of columns or colonnades. In 1552, the Palazzo Porto located in Vicenza was rebuilt incorporating the Roman Renaissance element for façades. A colonnade of
Corinthian columns The Corinthian order (Greek: Κορινθιακός ρυθμός, Latin: ''Ordo Corinthius'') is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of Ancient Greek architecture and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order w ...
surrounded a main court. The
Palazzo Antonini Palazzo Antonini also known as Palazzo Palladio and Palazzo Antonini-Maseri (after 2018), is a ''palazzo'' in Udine, northern Italy. It was designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in the middle of the 16th century for the Antonin ...
in Udine, constructed in 1556, had a centralized hall with four columns and service spaces placed relatively toward one side. He used styles of incorporating the six columns, supported by pediments, into the walls as part of the façade. This technique had been applied in his villa designs as well. Palladio experimented with the plan of the Palazzo Porto by incorporating it into the
Palazzo Thiene Palazzo Thiene is a 15th-16th-century palace in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed for Marcantonio and Adriano Thiene, probably by Giulio Romano, in 1542,Andrew Hopkins, 2002. ''Italian Architecture from Michelangelo to Borromini''; p. 21. and revi ...
. It was an earlier project from 1545 to 1550 and remained uncompleted due to elaborate elevations in his designs. He used Mannerist elements such as stucco surface reliefs and large columns, often extending two stories high. File:Palazzo Strozzi - panoramio.jpg, Palazzo Strozzi courtyard File:Villa rotonda.JPG, Villa Capra "La Rotonda" outside Vicenza File:San Francesco della vigna.jpg, San Francesco della Vigna in Venice In his urban structures he developed a new improved version of the typical early Renaissance palazzo (exemplified by the Palazzo Strozzi). Adapting a new urban palazzo type created by Bramante in the
House of Raphael Palazzo Caprini was a Renaissance palazzo in Rome, Italy, in the Borgo rione between Piazza Scossacavalli and via Alessandrina (also named Borgo Nuovo). It was designed by Donato Bramante around 1510, or a few years before. It was also known ...
, Palladio found a powerful expression of the importance of the owner and his social position. The main living quarters of the owner on the second level were clearly distinguished in importance by use of a pedimented classical
portico A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cult ...
, centered and raised above the subsidiary and utilitarian ground level (illustrated in the Palazzo Porto and the Palazzo Valmarana). The tallness of the portico was achieved by incorporating the owner's sleeping quarters on the third level, within a giant two-story classical colonnade, a motif adapted from
Michelangelo Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known as Michelangelo (), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was insp ...
's Capitoline buildings in Rome. The elevated main floor level became known as the ''piano nobile'', and is still referred to as the "first floor" in Europe. Palladio also established an influential new building format for the agricultural villas of the Venetian aristocracy. Palladio's approach to his villa designs was not relative to his experience in Rome. His designs were based on practicality and employed few reliefs. He consolidated the various stand-alone farm outbuildings into a single impressive structure, arranged as a highly organized whole, dominated by a strong centre and symmetrical side wings, as illustrated at Villa Barbaro. In the project of the Villa Barbaro, Palladio most likely was also engaged in the interior decoration. Alongside the painter
Paolo Veronese Paolo Caliari (152819 April 1588), known as Paolo Veronese ( , also , ), was an Italian Renaissance painter based in Venice, known for extremely large history paintings of religion and mythology, such as ''The Wedding at Cana'' (1563) and ''The ...
, he invented the complex and sophisticated
illusionistic An illusion is a distortion of the senses, which can reveal how the mind normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Although illusions distort the human perception of reality, they are generally shared by most people. Illusions may o ...
landscape paintings that cover the walls of various rooms. The Villa Capra "La Rotonda" of 1552, outside Vicenza, was constructed as a summer house with views from all four sides. The plan has centralized circular halls with wings and porticos expanding on all four sides. Palladio began to implement the classical temple front into his design of façades for villas. He felt that to make an entry appear grand, the Roman temple front would be the most suitable style. The Palladian villa configuration often consists of a centralized block raised on an elevated podium, accessed by grand steps, and flanked by lower service wings, as at Villa Foscari and Villa Badoer. This format, with the quarters of the owners at the elevated centre of their own world, found resonance as a prototype for Italian villas and later for the country estates of the British nobility (such as Lord Burlington's Chiswick House, Vanbrugh's Blenheim, Walpole's Houghton Hall, and Adam's Kedleston Hall an
Paxton House
in Scotland). His villas were used by a capitalist gentry who developed an interest in agriculture and land. The configuration was a perfect architectural expression of their world view, clearly expressing their perceived position in the social order of the times. His influence was extended worldwide into the British colonies. Palladio developed his own prototype for the plan of the villas that was flexible to moderate in scale and function. The Palladian villa format was easily adapted for a democratic world view, as may be seen at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello and his arrangement for the University of Virginia. It also may be seen applied as recently as 1940 in Pope's National Gallery in Washington D.C., where the public entry to the world of high culture occupies the exalted centre position. The rustication of exposed
basement A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that are completely or partly below the ground floor. It generally is used as a utility space for a building, where such items as the furnace, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, ...
walls of Victorian residences is a late remnant of the Palladian format, clearly expressed as a podium for the main living space for the family. Similarly, Palladio created a new configuration for the design of Catholic churches that established two interlocking architectural orders, each clearly articulated, yet delineating a hierarchy of a larger order overriding a lesser order. This idea was in direct coincidence with the rising acceptance of the theological ideas of St. Thomas Aquinas, who postulated the notion of two worlds existing simultaneously: the divine world of faith, and the earthly world of humans. Palladio created an architecture which made a visual statement communicating the idea of two superimposed systems, as illustrated at San Francesco della Vigna. In a time when religious dominance in Western culture was threatened by the rising power of science and secular humanists, this architecture found great favor with the Catholic Church as a clear statement of the proper relationship of the earthly and the spiritual worlds. Aside from Palladio's designs, his publications further contributed to Palladianism. During the second half of his life, Palladio published many books on architecture, most famously, '' I quattro libri dell'architettura'' (''The Four Books of Architecture'', Venice, 1570).


Chronology of the works

Note: The first date given is the beginning of the project, not its completion.Source:


Villas

*1534 (built 1534–1538): Villa Trissino a Cricoli, Vicenza (once traditionally attributed, but probably designed by Gian Giorgio Trissino) *1537 (built 1539–1557):
Villa Godi A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became sm ...
, for Girolamo, Pietro and Marcantonio Godi, Lonedo di
Lugo di Vicenza Lugo di Vicenza is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. It is east of SP349 provincial road. Main sights *Villa Godi, designed by Andrea Palladio, in the locality of Lonedo * Villa Piovene, another Palladian villa I ...
*c. 1539 (built 1539–1587):
Villa Piovene Villa Piovene is a Palladian villa built in Lugo di Vicenza, province of Vicenza, northern Italy. The building was commissioned in the 16th century for the aristocratic Venetian Piovene family, their architect believed to have been Andrea Pal ...
, Lonedo di
Lugo di Vicenza Lugo di Vicenza is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. It is east of SP349 provincial road. Main sights *Villa Godi, designed by Andrea Palladio, in the locality of Lonedo * Villa Piovene, another Palladian villa I ...
, Province of Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * Before 1542 (built 1542–c. 1550):
Villa Gazzotti The Villa Gazzotti Grimani (1542) is a Renaissance villa, an early work of architect Andrea Palladio, located in the village of Bertesina, near Vicenza in the Veneto region of northern Italy. In 1994 UNESCO designated Villa Gazzotti Grimani as par ...
, for Taddeo Gazzotti,
Bertesina Vicenza ( , ; ) is a city in northeastern Italy. It is in the Veneto region at the northern base of the ''Monte Berico'', where it straddles the Bacchiglione River. Vicenza is approximately west of Venice and east of Milan. Vicenza is a thr ...
, Vicenza * 1542 (built 1542–1560): Villa Valmarana, for Giuseppe and Antonio Valmarana, Vigardolo di
Monticello Conte Otto Monticello Conte Otto is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. It is east of the SP248 provincial road. The main attraction is the Villa Valmarana Bressan, attributed to Andrea Palladio Andrea Palladio ( ; ; 30 Nove ...
, Province of Vicenza * 1542 (built 1542–1545): Villa Pisani, for Vettore, Marco and Daniele Pisani, Bagnolo di Lonigo, Province of Vicenza * 1542 ? (built before 1545–1550):
Villa Thiene Villa Thiene is a 16th-century villa at Quinto Vicentino in the province of Vicenza. The building as it stands today is the work of several architects one of whom was Andrea Palladio. Like several other projects on which Palladio worked, it was ...
, for Marcantonio e Adriano Thiene,
Quinto Vicentino Quinto Vicentino is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. It is east of A31. The town is the birthplace of Urbano Lazzaro, the Italian partisan who identified and arrested Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea M ...
, Province of Vicenza (probably a re-elaboration of a project by Giulio Romano) * c. 1546: Villa Contarini degli Scrigni, for Paolo Contarini and brothers, Piazzola sul Brenta, Province of Padua (attributed) * 1547 (built 1547, 1565):
Villa Arnaldi Villa Arnaldi is an historical edifice in Meledo di Sarego, Province of Vicenza, northern Italy, designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in 1547. It remains unfinished. The modest, incomplete Villa Arnaldi may seem like an unusu ...
, for Vincenzo Arnaldi, Meledo di
Sarego Sarego is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, north-eastern Italy. It is southwest of Vicenza. SP500 goes through the town of Sarego. Main sights In the ''frazione'' of Meledo, there are two incomplete villas designed by A ...
, Province of Vicenza (unfinished) * c. 1548 (built 1548–before 1555):
Villa Saraceno Villa Saraceno is a Palladian Villa in Agugliaro, Province of Vicenza, northern Italy. It was commissioned by the patrician Saraceno family. History Villa Saraceno has been dated to the 1540s, which makes it one of Andrea Palladio's earlier w ...
, for Biagio Saraceno, Finale di Agugliaro, Province of Vicenza * 1548 (built 1554–1556): Villa Angarano, for Giacomo Angarano, Bassano del Grappa, Province of Vicenza (main body of the villa later rebuilt by Baldassarre Longhena; the ''barchesse'' are part of the original) * 1549 (built 1549–1563): Villa Pojana, for Bonifacio Pojana,
Pojana Maggiore Pojana Maggiore is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, north-eastern Italy. It is the site of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Villa Pojana, designed by the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. The town has reputation for its ...
, Province of Vicenza * After 1550 (built c. 1555–1584):
Villa Chiericati Villa Chiericati (also known as Villa Chiericati-Rigo) is a villa at Vancimuglio in the Veneto, northern Italy. It was designed for Giovanni Chiericati by the architect Andrea Palladio in the early 1550s. Palladio also designed the family's t ...
, for Giovanni Chiericati, Vancimuglio di
Grumolo delle Abbadesse Grumolo delle Abbadesse is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, north-eastern Italy. It is on SP24 provincial road. The ''frazione'' (hamlet) of Vancimuglio is home to Andrea Palladio Andrea Palladio ( ; ; 30 November 1508 ...
, Province of Vicenza (completed in 1584 by Domenico Groppino after Palladio's death) * 1552 (built 1552; 1569; 1588):
Villa Cornaro Villa Cornaro is a patrician villa in Piombino Dese, about 30 km northwest of Venice, Italy. It was designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in 1552 and is illustrated and described by him in Book Two of his 1570 masterwor ...
, for Giorgio Cornaro, Piombino Dese, Province of Padua * c. 1552 (built 1552–1555): Villa Pisani, for
Francesco Pisani Francesco Pisani (1494 – 28 June 1570) was an Italian Cardinal, born in Venice, the son of Alvise Pisani the noted banker, who was Procurator of S. Mark's, a member of the Council of Ten, and a Councilor of the Doge of Venice; and Cecilia Giust ...
,
Montagnana Montagnana is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Padova, in Veneto (northern Italy). Neighbouring communes are Borgo Veneto, Casale di Scodosia, Urbana, Bevilacqua, Pojana Maggiore, Pressana, Minerbe and Roveredo di Guà. , the popula ...
, Province of Padua * c. 1553: Villa Ragona Cecchetto, per Girolamo Ragona, Ghizzole di
Montegaldella Montegaldella is a city in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, northern Italy. The highway SP16 runs through the town. Main sights The Villa Conti-Lampertico "La Deliziosa" (Delightful one) was built in the early 17th century; its garden features sta ...
, Province of Padua (unbuilt project) * c. 1553 (built 1553–1554; 1575): Villa Trissino, Meledo di
Sarego Sarego is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, north-eastern Italy. It is southwest of Vicenza. SP500 goes through the town of Sarego. Main sights In the ''frazione'' of Meledo, there are two incomplete villas designed by A ...
, Province of Vicenza (only partially realized) * 1554 (built 1554–1558): Villa Porto, for Paolo Porto, Vivaro di
Dueville Dueville () is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. It is south of SP50. As of 2007 Dueville had an estimated population of 13,988. Twin towns – sister cities Dueville is twinned with: * Calatayud, Spain (1989) * S ...
, Province of Vicenza (attributed) * c. 1554 (built 1554–1558): Villa Barbaro, for
Daniele Daniele is an Hebrew male given name, the cognate of the English name Daniel. Danièle is a French female given name, an alternative spelling of Danielle. Men with the given name Daniele * Daniele Bracciali (born 1978), Italian tennis player * ...
and Marcantonio Barbaro, Maser, Province of Treviso * 1554 ? (built 1560–1565): Villa Foscari called "La Malcontenta", for Nicolò and Alvise Foscari, Malcontenta di Mira, Province of Venice * 1554 ? (built: 1555 ?):
Villa Zeno Villa Zeno is a patrician villa at Cessalto, Veneto, northern Italy, and is the most easterly villa designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. The building is near the highway between Venice and Trieste, but was built to face a can ...
, for Marco Zeno, Donegal di
Cessalto Cessalto is a ''comune'' in the province of Treviso, Veneto, northern Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean ...
, Province of Treviso * 1554 ? (built 1560–1564): Villa Mocenigo "sopra la Brenta", Dolo, Province of Venice) (demolished) * 1554 – c. 1555 (built before 1556): Villa Badoer called "La Badoera", for Francesco Badoer, Fratta Polesine,
Province of Rovigo The Province of Rovigo (''Provincia di Rovigo'') is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Rovigo. It borders on the north with the provinces of Verona, Padua and Venice, on the south with the province of Ferrara, o ...
* before 1556 (built 1559–1565): Villa Emo, for Leonardo Emo, Fanzolo di Vedelago, Province of Treviso * 1556 (built 1563–1567):
Villa Thiene Villa Thiene is a 16th-century villa at Quinto Vicentino in the province of Vicenza. The building as it stands today is the work of several architects one of whom was Andrea Palladio. Like several other projects on which Palladio worked, it was ...
, for Francesco Thiene and sons, Cicogna di
Villafranca Padovana Villafranca Padovana is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about west of Venice and about northwest of Padua. Villafranca Padovana borders the following municipalities: Campodoro, Limena, M ...
, Province of Padua (unfinished; only a ''barchessa'' remaining) * 1560 ? (built after 1563–before 1565; after 1570 ?):
Villa Repeta Villa Repeta is a patrician villa in Campiglia dei Berici, province of Vicenza, northern Italy. It was built in 1672, substituting a pre-existing villa designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio about 1557 and destroyed by a fire. ...
, for Mario Repeta, Piazza Vecchia,
Campiglia dei Berici Campiglia dei Berici is a town in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. It is west of SP247 provincial road. It originated in the Middle Ages around a castle, destroyed in the 1310s. Sights include a parish church (13th century, rebuilt in 1679) ...
, Province of Vicenza (destroyed by a fire, then rebuilt in other shape in 1672) * c. 1561 (built before 1569): Big ''barchesse'' of villa Pisani, Bagnolo di Lonigo, Province of Vicenza (attributed; destroyed) * 1562 (built 1564–1566): Villa Sarego called "La Miga", for Annibale Serego, Miega di Cologna Veneta,
Province of Verona The Province of Verona ( it, Provincia di Verona) is a province in the Veneto administrative region of Italy. On its northwestern border, Lake GardaItaly's largestis divided between Verona and the provinces of Brescia (Lombardy region) and Trenti ...
(unfinished, demolished in the 1920s) * c 1563 (built 1564–1566): Villa Valmarana, for Gianfrancesco Valmarana, Lisiera di
Bolzano Vicentino Bolzano Vicentino is a city and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, in the northern Italian region of Veneto. It lies east of the A31 highway, with a population of 5,455. The main attraction is Palladio's Villa Valmarana Scagnolari Zen, situa ...
, Province of Vicenza * After 1564 (built 1565–1570):
Villa Forni Cerato The Villa Forni Cerato is a 16th-century villa in Montecchio Precalcino, Province of Vicenza, northern Italy. Its design is attributed to Andrea Palladio and his client is assumed to have been Girolamo Forni, a wealthy wood merchant who supplied ...
, for Girolamo Forni,
Montecchio Precalcino Montecchio Precalcino is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. It is situated on the west side of the Astico creek. The main attraction is the patrician Villa Forni Cerato, attributed by some scholars to Andrea Palladio. ...
, Province of Vicenza * 1565 (built 1565–c. 1585):
Villa Serego Villa Serego or Villa Sarego is a Palladian villa at Santa Sofia di Pedemonte, San Pietro in Cariano in the province of Verona, northern Italy. It was built for the aristocratic Sarego family, and designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea ...
, for Marcantonio Serègo, Santa Sofia di Pedemonte di
San Pietro in Cariano San Pietro in Cariano ( vec, San Piero in Carian) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto, located about west of Venice and about northwest of Verona. It is located in the geographical region of Valp ...
, Province of Verona * 1566 – 1567 (built 1567–1605): Villa Almerico Capra called "La Rotonda", for Paolo Almerico, Vicenza (completed in 1585 by Vincenzo Scamozzi after Palladio's death) * 1570 (built 1572–1580): Villa Porto, for Iseppo da Porto, Molina di Malo, Province of Vicenza (unfinished) File:Villa Porto (Vivaro di Dueville) 20081204-1.jpg, Villa Porto File:VillaValmaranaScagnolariZen 2007 07 16 01.jpg, Villa Valmarana File:Villa Emo in Fanzolo.jpg, Villa Emo File:VillaSaraCeno2007 07 11 1.jpg,
Villa Saraceno Villa Saraceno is a Palladian Villa in Agugliaro, Province of Vicenza, northern Italy. It was commissioned by the patrician Saraceno family. History Villa Saraceno has been dated to the 1540s, which makes it one of Andrea Palladio's earlier w ...
File:VillaCornaroPiombino.jpg,
Villa Cornaro Villa Cornaro is a patrician villa in Piombino Dese, about 30 km northwest of Venice, Italy. It was designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in 1552 and is illustrated and described by him in Book Two of his 1570 masterwor ...


Palaces

* 1540 (built 1540–1542):
Palazzo Civena Palazzo Civena is a Renaissance palace in Vicenza, Italy, dating to 1540. It was the first palace designed by Andrea Palladio for Giovanni Civena. History The date "1540" engraved on the foundation medal, preserved in the Museo Civico di Vicen ...
, for Giovanni Giacomo, Pier Antonio, Vincenzo and Francesco Civena, Vicenza (rebuilt in 1750 and after World War II) * 1542 (built 1542–1558):
Palazzo Thiene Palazzo Thiene is a 15th-16th-century palace in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed for Marcantonio and Adriano Thiene, probably by Giulio Romano, in 1542,Andrew Hopkins, 2002. ''Italian Architecture from Michelangelo to Borromini''; p. 21. and revi ...
, for Marcantonio and Adriano Thiene, Vicenza (probably on a project by Giulio Romano) * 1545: Palazzo Garzadori in contra' Piancoli, for Girolamo Garzadori, Vicenza (unbuilt, uncertain attribution) * 1546–1549 (built 1549–1614): Loggias of the Palazzo della Ragione (then called Basilica Palladiana), Vicenza (completed in 1614 after Palladio's death) * c. 1546 (built: 1546–1552): Palazzo Porto, for Iseppo da Porto, Vicenza * 1548 (built 1548–1552): Palazzo Volpe in contra' Gazzolle, for Antonio Volpe, Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * 1550 (built 1551–1557; c. 1680):
Palazzo Chiericati The Palazzo Chiericati is a Renaissance palace in Vicenza (northern Italy), designed by Andrea Palladio. History Palladio was asked to design and build the palazzo by Count Girolamo Chiericati. The architect started building the palace in 1 ...
, for Girolamo Chiericati, Vicenza (completed about 1680 after Palladio's death) * c. 1555–c. 1566:
Palazzo Pojana Palazzo Pojana (also written Poiana) is a patrician palace in Vicenza, northern Italy, attributed to the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, about 1560. Architecture The palace we see today was created from two buildings separated by t ...
, for Vincenzo Pojana, Vicenza (attributed) * c. 1555:
Palazzo Dalla Torre Palazzo Dalla Torre is a patrician palace in Verona, northern Italy, designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio for Giambattista Dalla Torre. The ''palazzo'' was probably built from 1555, but remained unfinished. Allied bombardmen ...
, for Giambattista Dalla Torre, Verona (only partially realized; partially destroyed by a bombing in 1945) * 1555 ?: Palazzo Poiana in contra' San Tomaso, for Bonifacio Pojana, Vicenza (unfinished) * 1555–1556 ?: Palazzo Garzadori, for Giambattista Garzadori, Polegge, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * c. 1556 (built 1556–1595):
Palazzo Antonini Palazzo Antonini also known as Palazzo Palladio and Palazzo Antonini-Maseri (after 2018), is a ''palazzo'' in Udine, northern Italy. It was designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in the middle of the 16th century for the Antonin ...
, for Floriano Antonini, Udine (altered by later arrangements) * After 1556:
Loggia Valmarana The Loggia Valmarana located inside the Salvi gardens, also called Valmarana Salvi gardens, was probably built in 1591 by a student of Andrea Palladio by the will of Gian Luigi Valmarana himself, who wanted this place become a meeting point betwee ...
in the
Giardini Salvi Giardini is a suburb of Palermo, Sicily. It is further off from the central city. It was important in the history of the Cosa Nostra The Sicilian Mafia, also simply known as the Mafia and frequently referred to as Cosa nostra (, ; "our thing") ...
, for Gian Luigi Valmarana, Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * 1557 – 1558: Palazzo Trissino in contra' Riale, for Francesco and Ludovico Trissino, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * 1559 (built 1559–1562):
Casa Cogollo Casa Cogollo is a small palazzo in Vicenza built in 1559 and attributed to architect Andrea Palladio. Since 1994 it has formed part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site " City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto". Though known as the ...
, for Pietro Cogollo, traditionally known as ''Casa del Palladio'' ("Palladio's home"), Vicenza (attributed) * 1560 (built 1560–1565; 1574 – 1575):
Palazzo Schio Palazzo Schio (also known as Palazzo Schio Vaccari Lioy Angaran) is a patrician palace of the 16th century in Vicenza, northern Italy, whose facade was designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in 1560. History In 1560, Pal ...
, for Bernardo Schio, Vicenza (façade) * After 1561: Palazzo Della Torre ai Portoni della Bra', for Giambattista Della Torre, Verona (unbuilt project) * 1564 (built 1565–1586): Palazzo Pretorio, for the town council, Cividale del Friuli,
Province of Udine The province of Udine ( it, provincia di Udine, fur, provincie di Udin, sl, videmska pokrajina, Resian dialect, Resian: , german: Provinz Weiden) was a Provinces of Italy, province in the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia of Italy, borderi ...
(project, attributed) * 1564 ?: Palazzo Angaran, for Giacomo Angaran, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * After 1564: Palazzo Capra al Corso, for Giulio Capra, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * 1565 (built 1571–1572):
Palazzo del Capitaniato The palazzo del Capitaniato, also known as loggia del Capitanio or loggia Bernarda, is a palazzo in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio in 1565 and built between 1571 and 1572. It is located on the central Piazza dei Signori, f ...
(or Loggia del Capitanio), for the town council, Vicenza * 1565 (built 1566–1580): Palazzo Valmarana, for Isabella Nogarola Valmarana, Vicenza * 1569 (built 1570–1575):
Palazzo Barbaran da Porto Palazzo Barbaran da Porto is a '' palazzo'' in Vicenza, Italy designed in 1569 and built between 1570 and 1575 by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. Since 1994 the palace is part of the "City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of th ...
, for Montano Barbarano, Vicenza * 1571 ? (built 1572–1585):
Palazzo Porto in Piazza Castello The Palazzo Porto is a palace in Piazza Castello, Vicenza, northern Italy. It is one of two palazzi in the city designed by Andrea Palladio for members of the Porto family (the other is Palazzo Porto, for Iseppo Porto, in contrà Porti). Only tw ...
, for Alessandro Porto, Vicenza (unfinished; partially completed in 1615 by Vincenzo Scamozzi) * 1572 ? (built before 1586–1610s):
Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare is a patrician palace in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, probably in 1572, and built after Palladio's death by Vincenzo Scamozzi. It is one of the city '' palazzi'' ...
, for Francesco Thiene, Vicenza (progetto; costruito da Vincenzo Scamozzi) * 1574: Rooms of
Palazzo Ducale Several palaces are named Ducal Palace (Italian: ''Palazzo Ducale'' ) because it was the seat or residence of a duke. Notable palaces with the name include: France * Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy, Dijon * Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine, Nancy * ...
, Venice Basilica Palladiana (Vicenza) - facade on Piazza dei signori.jpg, Basilica Palladiana, Vicenza Palazzo del Capitanio (Vicenza).jpg,
Palazzo del Capitaniato The palazzo del Capitaniato, also known as loggia del Capitanio or loggia Bernarda, is a palazzo in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio in 1565 and built between 1571 and 1572. It is located on the central Piazza dei Signori, f ...
, Vicenza Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare Vicenza centro storico.jpg,
Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare is a patrician palace in Vicenza, northern Italy, designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, probably in 1572, and built after Palladio's death by Vincenzo Scamozzi. It is one of the city '' palazzi'' ...
, Vicenza


Church architecture

*1531: Portal for the church of Santa Maria dei Servi, Vicenza (attributed; with Girolamo Pittoni and Giacomo da Porlezza) * 1537: Monument to
Girolamo Schio Girolamo is an Italian variant of the name Hieronymus. Its English equivalent is Jerome. It may refer to: * Girolamo Cardano (1501–1576), Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler * Girolamo Cassar (c. 1520 – after ...
, Bishop of Vaison in the
Cathedral of Vicenza Vicenza Cathedral ( it, Cattedrale di Santa Maria Annunziata, ''Duomo di Vicenza'') is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Vicenza, Veneto, northern Italy. It is the seat of the Bishop of Vicenza, and is dedicated to the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary ...
(with Girolamo Pittoni, attributed) * 1558 (built 1558–1559; 1564 – 1566): Dome of the Cathedral, Vicenza (destroyed in a bombing during World War II, then rebuilt) * 1559: Façade for the Basilica of San Pietro di Castello, Venice (completed after Palladio's death) * 1560 (built 1560–1563): Refectory of the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venezia *1560 (built 1561–1562): Convento della Carità, Venice (only the cloister and the atrium destroyed in 1630 in a fire) * 1560: Monument to Giano Fregoso in the church of Santa Anastasia of the Dominicans, for Ercole Fregoso, Verona (uncertain attribution; with
Danese Cattaneo Danese Cattaneo (c1512? - 1572) was an Italian sculptor and medallist, active mainly in the Veneto Region. Danese was Tuscan in origin, born in either Massa di Carrara or Colonnata. He produced primarily sculptures of religious and historical ...
) * After 1563: Funeral monument to Luigi Visconti in the cloister of the Chapter in the Basilica of Saint Anthony, Padua (attributed) * 1564 (built 1564–1565): North portal and Almerico Chapel in the Vicenza Cathedral, for Paolo Almerico, Vicenza *1564: Façade for the church of San Francesco della Vigna, for Giovanni Grimani, Venice * 1565 (built 1565–1576):
Church of San Giorgio Maggiore San Giorgio Maggiore (San Zorzi Mazor in Venetian) is a 16th-century Benedictine church on the island of the same name in Venice, northern Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio, and built between 1566 and 1610. The church is a basilica in the class ...
, for the Congregation of Santa Giustina, Venice (completed between 1607 and 1611, after Palladio's death, with a different façade, by Vincenzo Scamozzi) *1574: Façade for
San Petronio Basilica The Basilica of San Petronio is a minor basilica and church of the Archdiocese of Bologna located in Bologna, Emilia Romagna, northern Italy. It dominates Piazza Maggiore. The basilica is dedicated to the patron saint of the city, Saint Petronius ...
, Bologna (studies) * 1574 or 1579 ?: Church of
Le Zitelle Le Zitelle (officially Santa Maria della Presentazione) is a church in Venice, Italy. It is part of a former complex which gave shelter to young maidens ("zitelle" in Italian) who had no dowry, and is in the easternmost part of the Giudecca isla ...
, Venice (uncertain attribution) * c. 1576 (built 1576–1580): Valmarana Chapel in the Church of
Santa Corona Santa Corona is a Gothic-style, Roman Catholic church located in Vicenza, region of Veneto, Italy. The church contains the Valmarana chapel (circa 1576), whose design is attributed to the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. Palladio himself w ...
, for Isabella Nogarola Valmarana, Vicenza * 1576 (built 1577–1586): Church of Il Redentore, Venice * 1578 (built 1588–1590): Church of Santa Maria Nova, Vicenza (project attributed, completed after Palladio's death) *1580: Church of Santa Lucia, Venice (drawings for the interior; demolished) *1580 (built 1580–1584): Church of Villa Barbaro (Tempietto Barbaro), for Marcantonio Barbaro, Maser, Province of Treviso


Other

* 1536: Portal of the Domus Comestabilis, Vicenza (attributed) * 1550 (built 1550–1552): Bridge on Cismon,
Cismon del Grappa Cismon del Grappa is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. It is east of SS47 state road. Twin towns Cismon del Grappa is twinned with: * Giarre Giarre ( scn, Giarri) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropoli ...
, Province of Vicenza (destroyed) * 1556:
Arco Bollani ARCO ( ) is a brand of gasoline stations currently owned by Marathon Petroleum after BP sold its rights. BP commercializes the brand in Northern California, Oregon and Washington, while Marathon has rights for the rest of the United States and ...
(an
arch An arch is a vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space and may or may not support the weight above it, or in case of a horizontal arch like an arch dam, the hydrostatic pressure against it. Arches may be synonymous with vaul ...
over the road leading to the Udine Castle), for Domenico Bollani, Udine (attributed) * 1561: Wooden theater in the Basilica for the play ''L'Amor Costante'' by Alessandro Piccolomini, for the
Accademia Olimpica The Teatro Olimpico ("Olympic Theatre") is a theatre in Vicenza, northern Italy, constructed in 1580–1585. The theatre was the final design by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio and was not completed until after his death. The ...
, Vicenza * 1562: Wooden theater in the Basilica for the play ''Sofonisba'' by
Giangiorgio Trissino Gian Giorgio Trissino (8 July 1478 – 8 December 1550), also called Giovan Giorgio Trissino and self-styled as Giovan Giωrgio Trissino, was a Venetian Renaissance humanist, poet, dramatist, diplomat, grammarian, linguist, and philosopher. ...
, for the
Accademia Olimpica The Teatro Olimpico ("Olympic Theatre") is a theatre in Vicenza, northern Italy, constructed in 1580–1585. The theatre was the final design by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio and was not completed until after his death. The ...
, Vicenza * 1566: Rialto Bridge (''Ponte di Rialto''), Venice (unbuilt project) * 1567; 1569: Ponte Vecchio, Bassano del Grappa, Province of Vicenza (rebuilt in 1748 and after World War II) * 1569 o 1580 ? (built 1580 – 1588):
Bridge on Tesina A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or rail) without blocking the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually somethi ...
, Torri di Quartesolo, Province of Vicenza (attributed) * 1576 (built 1595): Arco delle Scalette, for Giacomo Bragadino, Vicenza (attributed, built after Palladio's death) * 1578:
Jewel of Vicenza The Jewel of Vicenza ( it, Gioiello di Vicenza) was a silver model of the city of Vicenza made as an '' ex-voto'' in the 16th century and attributed to the architect Andrea Palladio. The Jewel was stolen by the Napoleonic army during the Ita ...
, for the city as an ex-voto, Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * 1579:
Porta Gemona Porta can refer to: People * Porta (rapper) (born 1988), stagename of Christian Jiménez Bundo, a Spanish rap singer * Bernardo Porta (1758–1829), Italian composer active in France * Bianca Della Porta (born 1991), Canadian ice hockey and rugby ...
, for the town council,
San Daniele del Friuli San Daniele del Friuli ( fur, Sant Denêl) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli Venezia Giulia, located about northwest of Trieste and about northwest of Udine. San Daniele del Friuli borders thes ...
, Province of Udine * 1580 (built 1580–1584): Teatro Olimpico, for the
Accademia Olimpica The Teatro Olimpico ("Olympic Theatre") is a theatre in Vicenza, northern Italy, constructed in 1580–1585. The theatre was the final design by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio and was not completed until after his death. The ...
, Vicenza (completed after Palladio's death by Vincenzo Scamozzi)


See also

*
Palladian architecture Palladian architecture is a European architectural style derived from the work of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts of symmetry, perspective and ...
* Palladian villas of the Veneto


Notes and references


Bibliography

* * Hart, Vaughan, Hicks, Peter (2006), ''Palladio’s Rome''. Translation of Andrea Palladio’s ''L’Antichita di Roma'' and ''Descritione de le chiese…in la città de Roma,'' (1554) including as an appendix Raphael’s famous Letter to Leo X, Yale University Press, London and New Haven, . * * * *


External links


Palladio and Britain
Online exhibition from the Royal Institute of British Architects
Palladio and The Veneto
Online exhibition from the Royal Institute of British Architects
Palladio Centre and Museum in Vicenza, Italy

The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.
website which includes material by the owners of
Villa Cornaro Villa Cornaro is a patrician villa in Piombino Dese, about 30 km northwest of Venice, Italy. It was designed by the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in 1552 and is illustrated and described by him in Book Two of his 1570 masterwor ...

Official Website of the 500 Years Exhibition in Vicenza – Italy (2008)

Quincentenary of Andrea Palladio's birth – Celebration Committee
Describes a major exhibition touring venues in Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Year of PalladioAndrea Palladio on Empty Canon
* ttp://davidlinley.live.venda.com/features/David-Linley-looks-at-the-influence-of-Andrea-Palladio/page/palladio David Linley on the influence of Andrea Palladiobr>How I Spent A Few Days in Palladio's World, The Wall Street Journal, 3 March 2009All He Surveyed, Paul Goldberger, The New Yorker, 30 March 2009Principles of Palladio's Architecture: II, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 1945Nature and Antiquity in the Work of Andrea Palladio, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, September 2000Digital images of 1721 and 1742 edition of The architecture of A. Palladio''Quattro libri dell'architettura''
From th
Rare Book and Special Collections Division
at the Library of Congress
Andrea Palladio Architecture on Google Maps
*Bertotti Scamozzi, Ottavio, " Le fabbriche e i disegni di Andrea Palladio : raccolta ed illustrati" 1776 {{DEFAULTSORT:Palladio, Andrea Andrea Palladio Renaissance architects 1508 births 1580 deaths Architectural theoreticians Republic of Venice architects Italian architecture writers Italian male non-fiction writers 16th-century Italian architects * Architects from Padua