The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands (/kəˈnɛəri ˈaɪləndz/; Spanish: Islas
Canarias) are an archipelago and autonomous community of
Spain
Spain located
in the Atlantic Ocean, 100 kilometres (62 miles) west of
Morocco
Morocco at
the closest point. The Canaries are among the outermost regions (OMR)
of the
European Union
European Union proper. It is also one of the eight regions with
special consideration of historical nationality recognized as such by
the Spanish Government.[3][4]
The seven main islands are (from largest to smallest in area)
Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera
and El Hierro. The archipelago includes much smaller islands and
islets: La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque
del Oeste and Roque del Este. In ancient times, the island chain was
often referred to as "the Fortunate Isles".[5] The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands are
the most southerly region of
Spain
Spain and the largest and most populated
archipelago of the
Macaronesia
Macaronesia region.[6] Historically, the Canary
Islands has been considered a bridge between three continents; Africa,
America
America and Europe.[7]
The archipelago's beaches, climate and important natural attractions,
especially
Maspalomas
Maspalomas in
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria and
Teide National Park and
Mount
Teide
Teide (a World Heritage Site) in
Tenerife
Tenerife (the third tallest
volcano in the world measured from its base on the ocean floor), make
it a major tourist destination with over 12 million visitors per
year, especially Gran Canaria, Tenerife,
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura and
Lanzarote.[8][9] The islands have a subtropical climate, with long hot
summers and moderately warm winters.[10] The precipitation levels and
the level of maritime moderation vary depending on location and
elevation. Green areas as well as desert exist on the archipelago. Due
to their location above the temperature inversion layer, the high
mountains of these islands are ideal for astronomical observation. For
this reason, two professional observatories,
Teide
Teide Observatory on the
island of
Tenerife
Tenerife and
Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the
island of La Palma, have been built on the islands.
The capital of the Autonomous Community is shared by the cities of
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife and
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,[11][12] which
in turn are the capitals of the provinces of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
and Province of Las Palmas.
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria has been the
largest city in the Canaries since 1768, except for a brief period in
the 1910s.[13] Between the 1833 territorial division of
Spain
Spain and 1927
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands. In
1927 a decree ordered that the capital of the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands be
shared, as it remains at present.[14][15] The third largest city of
the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands is
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
San Cristóbal de La Laguna (a World Heritage
Site) on Tenerife.[16][17][18] This city is also home to the Consejo
Consultivo de Canarias, which is the supreme consultative body of the
Canary Islands.[19]
During the time of the Spanish Empire, the Canaries were the main
stopover for Spanish galleons on their way to the Americas, which came
south to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds.[20][21]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Physical geography
2.1 Climate
2.2 Geology
2.3 Natural symbols
2.4 National parks
3 Politics
3.1 Governance
3.2 Canarian nationalism
3.3 Political geography
4 History
4.1 Ancient and pre-colonial times
4.2 Castilian conquest
4.3 After the conquest
4.4 18th to 19th century
4.5 Romantic period and scientific expeditions
4.6 Early 20th century
4.7 Franco regime
4.8 Self-governance
5 Demographics
5.1 Population of the individual islands
5.2 Religion
5.2.1
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Church
5.2.2 Other religions
5.2.3 Statistics
5.3 Population genetics
6 Islands
6.1 El Hierro
6.2 Fuerteventura
6.3 Gran Canaria
6.4 La Gomera
6.5 Lanzarote
6.5.1 Chinijo Archipelago
6.6 La Palma
6.7 Tenerife
7 Data
8 Economy
8.1 Tourism statistics
9 Transport
9.1 Rail transport
9.2 Airports
9.3 Ports
10 Health
11 Wildlife
11.1 Prehistoric fauna
11.2 Terrestrial wildlife
11.3 Marine life
11.4 Native flora gallery
12 Sports
12.1 Notable athletes
13 See also
13.1 History
13.2 Geography
13.3 Culture
14 Carnival
15 Notes
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
Etymology[edit]
The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae
Insulae, meaning "Islands of the Dogs", a name that was applied only
to Gran Canaria. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the
Mauretanian king
Juba II
Juba II named the island Canaria because it contained
"vast multitudes of dogs of very large size".[22]
Another speculation is that the so-called dogs were actually a species
of monk seal (canis marinus or "sea dog" was a Latin term for
"seal"[23]), critically endangered and no longer present in the Canary
Islands.[24] The dense population of seals may have been the
characteristic that most struck the few ancient Romans who established
contact with these islands by sea.
Alternatively, it is said that the original inhabitants of the island,
Guanches, used to worship dogs, mummified them and treated dogs
generally as holy animals.[25] The ancient
Greeks
Greeks also knew about a
people, living far to the west, who are the "dog-headed ones", who
worshipped dogs on an island.[25] Some hypothesize that the Canary
Islands dog-worship and the ancient Egyptian cult of the dog-headed
god,
Anubis
Anubis are closely connected[26] but there is no explanation
given as to which one was first.
Other theories speculate that the name comes from the
Nukkari
Nukkari Berber
tribe living in the Moroccan Atlas, named in Roman sources as Canarii,
though Pliny again mentions the relation of this term with
dogs.[citation needed]
The connection to dogs is retained in their depiction on the islands'
coat-of-arms (shown above).
It is considered that the aborigines of
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria called themselves
"Canarii".[citation needed] It is possible that after being conquered,
this name was used in plural in Spanish, i.e., as to refer to all of
the islands as the Canarii-as.
What is certain is that the name of the islands does not derive from
the canary bird; rather, the birds are named after the islands.
Physical geography[edit]
Map of the Canary Islands
Hacha Grande, a mountain in the south of Lanzarote, viewed from the
road to the Playa de Papagayo.
Panoramic view of Gran Canaria, with
Roque Nublo
Roque Nublo at the left and Roque
Bentayga at the center
Tenerife
Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of the archipelago.
Gran Canaria, with 865,070 inhabitants, is both the Canary Islands'
second most populous island, and the third most populous one in Spain
after Majorca. The island of
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura is the second largest in
the archipelago and located 100 km (62 mi) from the African
coast.
The islands form the
Macaronesia
Macaronesia ecoregion with the Azores, Cape
Verde, Madeira, and the Savage Isles. The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands is the
largest and most populated archipelago of the
Macaronesia
Macaronesia region.[6]
The archipelago consists of seven large and several smaller islands,
all of which are volcanic in origin.[27]
According to the position of the islands with respect to the
north-east trade winds, the climate can be mild and wet or very dry.
Several native species form laurisilva forests.
As a consequence, the individual islands in the Canary archipelago
tend to have distinct microclimates. Those islands such as El Hierro,
La Palma
La Palma and
La Gomera
La Gomera lying to the west of the archipelago have a
climate which is influenced by the moist Gulf Stream. They are well
vegetated even at low levels and have extensive tracts of sub-tropical
laurisilva forest. As one travels east toward the African coast, the
influence of the gulf stream diminishes, and the islands become
increasingly arid.
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura and
Lanzarote
Lanzarote the islands which are
closest to the African mainland are effectively desert or semi desert.
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria is known as a "continent in miniature" for its diverse
landscapes like
Maspalomas
Maspalomas and Roque Nublo. In terms of its climate
Tenerife
Tenerife is particularly interesting. The north of the island lies
under the influence of the moist Atlantic winds and is well vegetated,
while the south of the island around the tourist resorts of Playa de
las
Americas
.svg/400px-Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Americas and
Los Cristianos
Los Cristianos is arid. The island rises to almost
4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level, and at altitude, in the
cool relatively wet climate, forests of the endemic pine Pinus
canariensis thrive. Many of the plant species in the Canary Islands,
like the Canary Island pine and the dragon tree,
Dracaena draco
Dracaena draco are
endemic, as noted by
Sabin Berthelot
Sabin Berthelot and
Philip Barker Webb
Philip Barker Webb in their
epic work, L'Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries (1835–50).
Climate[edit]
The climate is tropical and desertic, moderated by the sea and in
summer by the trade winds. There are a number of microclimates and the
classifications range mainly from semi-arid to desert. According to
the Köppen climate classification,[28] the majority of the Canary
Islands have a hot desert climate represented as BWh. There also
exists a subtropical humid climate which is very influenced by the
ocean in the middle of the islands of La Gomera,
Tenerife
Tenerife and La
Palma; where the laurisilva forests grow.
Climate data for
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria Airport 24m (1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
20.8
(69.4)
21.2
(70.2)
22.3
(72.1)
22.6
(72.7)
23.6
(74.5)
25.3
(77.5)
26.9
(80.4)
27.5
(81.5)
27.2
(81)
26.2
(79.2)
24.2
(75.6)
22.2
(72)
24.2
(75.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
18.1
(64.6)
18.4
(65.1)
19.3
(66.7)
19.5
(67.1)
20.5
(68.9)
22.2
(72)
23.8
(74.8)
24.6
(76.3)
24.3
(75.7)
23.1
(73.6)
21.2
(70.2)
19.3
(66.7)
21.2
(70.2)
Average low °C (°F)
15.3
(59.5)
15.6
(60.1)
16.2
(61.2)
16.3
(61.3)
17.3
(63.1)
19.2
(66.6)
20.8
(69.4)
21.6
(70.9)
21.4
(70.5)
20.1
(68.2)
18.1
(64.6)
16.5
(61.7)
18.2
(64.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
25
(0.98)
24
(0.94)
13
(0.51)
6
(0.24)
1
(0.04)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
9
(0.35)
16
(0.63)
22
(0.87)
31
(1.22)
151
(5.94)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
3
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
4
5
22
Mean monthly sunshine hours
184
191
229
228
272
284
308
300
241
220
185
179
2,821
Source:
World Meteorological Organization
World Meteorological Organization (UN),[29] Agencia Estatal de
Meteorología[30]
Climate data for Santa Cruz 35m (1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
21.0
(69.8)
21.2
(70.2)
22.1
(71.8)
22.7
(72.9)
24.1
(75.4)
26.2
(79.2)
28.7
(83.7)
29.0
(84.2)
28.1
(82.6)
26.3
(79.3)
24.1
(75.4)
22.1
(71.8)
24.6
(76.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)
18.2
(64.8)
18.3
(64.9)
19.0
(66.2)
19.7
(67.5)
21.0
(69.8)
22.9
(73.2)
25.0
(77)
25.5
(77.9)
24.9
(76.8)
23.4
(74.1)
21.3
(70.3)
19.4
(66.9)
21.5
(70.7)
Average low °C (°F)
15.4
(59.7)
15.3
(59.5)
15.9
(60.6)
16.5
(61.7)
17.8
(64)
19.5
(67.1)
21.2
(70.2)
21.9
(71.4)
21.7
(71.1)
20.3
(68.5)
18.4
(65.1)
16.6
(61.9)
18.4
(65.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
31.5
(1.24)
35.4
(1.394)
37.8
(1.488)
11.6
(0.457)
3.6
(0.142)
0.9
(0.035)
0.1
(0.004)
2.0
(0.079)
6.8
(0.268)
18.7
(0.736)
34.1
(1.343)
43.2
(1.701)
225.7
(8.887)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)
8.0
7.2
6.9
5.5
2.9
0.9
0.2
0.8
2.7
6.1
8.8
9.4
59.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours
178
186
221
237
282
306
337
319
253
222
178
168
2,887
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[31]
Climate data for
Tenerife
Tenerife South Airport 64m (1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
21.7
(71.1)
22.0
(71.6)
23.1
(73.6)
23.1
(73.6)
23.9
(75)
25.4
(77.7)
27.7
(81.9)
28.4
(83.1)
27.9
(82.2)
26.8
(80.2)
24.8
(76.6)
22.8
(73)
24.8
(76.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
18.4
(65.1)
18.5
(65.3)
19.3
(66.7)
19.5
(67.1)
20.4
(68.7)
22.1
(71.8)
24.0
(75.2)
24.7
(76.5)
24.5
(76.1)
23.4
(74.1)
21.5
(70.7)
19.7
(67.5)
21.4
(70.5)
Average low °C (°F)
15.2
(59.4)
15.0
(59)
15.6
(60.1)
16.0
(60.8)
17.0
(62.6)
18.8
(65.8)
20.2
(68.4)
21.1
(70)
21.1
(70)
20.0
(68)
18.2
(64.8)
16.5
(61.7)
17.9
(64.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
16.6
(0.654)
19.9
(0.783)
14.7
(0.579)
7.4
(0.291)
1.1
(0.043)
0.1
(0.004)
0.1
(0.004)
1.3
(0.051)
3.6
(0.142)
11.9
(0.469)
26.3
(1.035)
30.3
(1.193)
133.3
(5.248)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)
1.8
2.2
1.9
1.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.6
1.6
1.9
3.5
15.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours
193
195
226
219
246
259
295
277
213
214
193
195
2,725
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[30]
Geology[edit]
The seven major islands, one minor island, and several small islets
were originally volcanic islands, formed by the Canary hotspot. The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands is the only place in
Spain
Spain where volcanic eruptions
have been recorded during the Modern Era, with some volcanoes still
active (El Hierro, 2011).[32] Volcanic islands such as those in the
Canary chain often have steep ocean cliffs caused by catastrophic
debris avalanches and landslides.[33]
The
Teide
Teide volcano on
Tenerife
Tenerife is the highest mountain in Spain, and
the third tallest volcano on Earth on a volcanic ocean island. All the
islands except
La Gomera
La Gomera have been active in the last million years;
four of them (Lanzarote, Tenerife,
La Palma
La Palma and El Hierro) have
historical records of eruptions since European discovery. The islands
rise from Jurassic oceanic crust associated with the opening of the
Atlantic. Underwater magmatism commenced during the Cretaceous, and
reached the ocean's surface during the Miocene. The islands are
considered as a distinct physiographic section of the Atlas Mountains
province, which in turn is part of the larger African Alpine System
division.
In the summer of 2011 a series of low-magnitude earthquakes occurred
beneath El Hierro. These had a linear trend of northeast-southwest. In
October a submarine eruption occurred about 2 km
(1 1⁄4 mi) south of Restinga. This eruption produced gases
and pumice, but no explosive activity was reported.
The following table shows the highest mountains in each of the
islands:
Mount Teide, the highest mountain in Spain, is also one of the most
visited National Parks in the world.[34][35][36][37]
Mountain
Elevation
Island
m
ft
Teide
3,718
12,198
Tenerife
Roque de los Muchachos
2,426
7,959
La Palma
Pico de las Nieves
1,949
6,394
Gran Canaria
Pico de Malpaso
1,501
4,925
El Hierro
Garajonay
1,487
4,879
La Gomera
Pico de la Zarza
812
2,664
Fuerteventura
Peñas del Chache
670
2,200
Lanzarote
Aguja Grande
266
873
La Graciosa
Caldera de Alegranza
289
948
Alegranza
Caldera de Lobos
126
413
Lobos
La Mariana
256
840
Montaña Clara
Natural symbols[edit]
Main article: List of animal and plant symbols of the Canary Islands
The official natural symbols associated with
Canary Islands
Canary Islands are the
bird
Serinus canaria
Serinus canaria (canary) and the
Phoenix canariensis
Phoenix canariensis palm.[38]
Serinus canaria
Phoenix canariensis
National parks[edit]
Caldera de Taburiente
Caldera de Taburiente
National Park
National Park (La Palma).
Four of Spain's thirteen national parks are located in the Canary
Islands, more than any other autonomous community.
Teide
Teide National Park
is the most visited in Spain, and the oldest and largest within the
Canary Islands. The parks are:
Park
Island
Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente
La Palma
Garajonay
Garajonay National Park
La Gomera
Teide
Teide National Park
Tenerife
Timanfaya National Park
Lanzarote
The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands have four national parks, of which two have been
declared
World Heritage Site
World Heritage Site by UNESCO, and the other two declared a
World Biosphere Reserve, these national parks are:[39]
Caldera de Taburiente
Caldera de Taburiente
National Park
National Park (La Palma): Created in 1954, it
was declared a World Biosphere Reserve in 2002. It covers an area of
46.9 km2 (18.1 sq mi).
Garajonay
Garajonay
National Park
National Park (La Gomera): Created in 1981, it was declared
in 1986 a World Heritage Site. Its area is 3986 hectares at the core
and some areas north of the island.
Timanfaya
National Park
National Park (Lanzarote): Created in 1974, it was declared
a Biosphere Reserve in 1993, together with the whole island. Occupies
an area of 51.07 km2 (19.72 sq mi), is located in the
southwest of the island.
Teide National Park (Tenerife): Created in 1954, it was declared a
World Heritage Site
World Heritage Site in 2007. It covers an area of 18,990 hectares, is
the oldest and largest national park in the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands and one of
the oldest in Spain. The
Teide
Teide in 2010 became the most visited
national park in
Europe
Europe and second worldwide.[34][35] Located in the
geographic center of the island is the most visited
National Park
National Park in
Spain. The highlight is the
Teide
Teide at 3,718 meters altitude, is the
highest elevation of the country and the third largest volcano on
Earth from its base.
Teide National Park was declared in 2007 as one
of the 12 Treasures of Spain.
Politics[edit]
Governance[edit]
The islands have 13 seats in the Spanish Senate. Of these, 11 seats
are directly elected, 3 for Gran Canaria, 3 for Tenerife, 1 for each
other island; 2 seats are indirectly elected by the regional
Autonomous Government. The local government is presided over by
Fernando Clavijo, the current President of the Canary Islands.[40]
Canarian nationalism[edit]
Main article: Canarian nationalism
There are some pro-independence political parties, like the National
Congress of the Canaries (CNC) and the Popular Front of the Canary
Islands, but these parties are non-violent, and their popular support
is almost insignificant, with no presence in either the autonomous
parliament or the cabildos insulares.
According to "Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas" (Sociological
Research Center)[citation needed] in 2010, 43.5% of the population of
the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands feels more Canarian than Spanish (37.6%), of which
7.6% only Canarian, compared to 5.4% that feels more Spanish than
Canarian (2.4%) or only Spanish (3%). The most popular choice was of
those who feel equally Spanish and Canarian, with 49.9%. With these
data, one of the Canary recorded levels of identification with higher
autonomy from Spain[clarification needed].
Political geography[edit]
Municipalities in the
Las Palmas
Las Palmas Province
Municipalities in the
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province
Maps of the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands drawn by
William Dampier
William Dampier during his voyage
to New Holland in 1699.
The Autonomous Community of the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands consists of two
provinces,
Las Palmas
Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, whose capitals (Las
Palmas de
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife) are capitals of the
autonomous community. Each of the seven major islands is ruled by an
island council named Cabildo Insular.
The international boundary of the Canaries is the subject of dispute
between
Spain
Spain and Morocco. Morocco's official position is that
international laws regarding territorial limits do not authorise Spain
to claim seabed boundaries based on the territory of the Canaries,
since the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands enjoy a large degree of autonomy. In fact,
the islands do not enjoy any special degree of autonomy as each one of
the Spanish regions is considered an autonomous community. Under the
Law of the Sea, the only islands not granted territorial waters or an
Exclusive Economic Zone
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are those that are not fit for human
habitation or do not have an economic life of their own, which is not
the case of the Canary Islands.[citation needed]
The boundary determines the ownership of seabed oil deposits and other
ocean resources.
Morocco
Morocco and
Spain
Spain have been unable to agree on a
compromise regarding the territorial boundary, since neither nation
wants to cede its claimed right to the vast resources whose ownership
depends upon the boundary. In 2002, for example,
Morocco
Morocco rejected a
unilateral Spanish proposal.[41]
History[edit]
Ancient and pre-colonial times[edit]
Main article:
Canary Islands
Canary Islands in pre-colonial times
Guanche mummy of a woman (830 AD). Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre,
Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
Before the arrival of humans, the Canaries were inhabited by
prehistoric animals; for example, the giant lizard (Gallotia goliath)
and the
Tenerife
Tenerife and
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria giant rats.[42] Also the giant
prehistoric tortoises;
Geochelone burchardi
Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica.
The islands may have been visited by the Phoenicians, the Greeks, and
the Carthaginians. King Juba II, Caesar Augustus's Numidian protégé,
is credited with discovering the islands for the Western world.
According to Pliny the Elder, Juba found the islands uninhabited, but
found "a small temple of stone" and "some traces of buildings".[43]
Juba dispatched a naval contingent to re-open the dye production
facility at
Mogador
Mogador in what is now western
Morocco
Morocco in the early first
century AD.[44] That same naval force was subsequently sent on an
exploration of the Canary Islands, using
Mogador
Mogador as their mission
base.[citation needed]
The Romans named the individual islands Ninguaria or Nivaria
(Tenerife), Canaria (Gran Canaria), Pluvialia or Invale (Lanzarote),
Ombrion (La Palma), Planasia (Fuerteventura), Iunonia or Junonia (El
Hierro) and Capraria (La Gomera).
When the Europeans began to explore the islands in the late Middle
Ages, they encountered several indigenous peoples living at a
Neolithic
Neolithic level of technology. Although the prehistory of the
settlement of the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands is still unclear, linguistic and
genetic analyses seem to indicate that at least some of these
inhabitants shared a common origin with the
Berbers
Berbers of Tamazgha.[45]
The pre-colonial inhabitants came to be known collectively as the
Guanches, although
Guanches
Guanches had been the name for only the indigenous
inhabitants of Tenerife.[46] From the 14th century onward, numerous
visits were made by sailors from Majorca,
Portugal
Portugal and Genoa.
Lancelotto Malocello
Lancelotto Malocello settled on
Lanzarote
Lanzarote in 1312. The Majorcans
established a mission with a bishop in the islands that lasted from
1350 to 1400.
Alonso Fernández de Lugo
Alonso Fernández de Lugo presenting the captured native Guanche kings
of
Tenerife
Tenerife to the Catholic Monarchs
Castilian conquest[edit]
Main articles:
Conquest of the Canary Islands
_in_Spain.svg/550px-Islas_Canarias_(real_location)_in_Spain.svg.png)
Conquest of the Canary Islands and Kingdom of the
Canary Islands
In 1402, the Castilian conquest of the islands began, with the
expedition of French explorers
Jean de Béthencourt
Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la
Salle, nobles and vassals of Henry III of Castile, to Lanzarote. From
there, they conquered
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura (1405) and El Hierro. Béthencourt
received the title King of the Canary Islands, but still recognised
King Henry III as his overlord.
Casa de Colón (
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), which Christopher
Columbus visited during his first trip.
Béthencourt also established a base on the island of La Gomera, but
it would be many years before the island was truly conquered. The
natives of La Gomera, and of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma,
resisted the Castilian invaders for almost a century. In 1448 Maciot
de Béthencourt sold the lordship of
Lanzarote
Lanzarote to Portugal's Prince
Henry the Navigator, an action that was not accepted by the natives
nor by the Castilians. Despite Pope Nicholas V ruling that the Canary
Islands were under Portuguese control, a crisis swelled to a revolt
which lasted until 1459 with the final expulsion of the Portuguese. In
1479,
Portugal
Portugal and Castile signed the Treaty of Alcáçovas. The
treaty settled disputes between Castile and
Portugal
Portugal over the control
of the Atlantic, in which Castilian control of the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands was
recognised but which also confirmed Portuguese possession of the
Azores, Madeira, and the
Cape Verde
Cape Verde islands, and gave them rights to
lands discovered and to be discovered, and any other island which
might be found and conquered from the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands beyond toward
Guinea.
The Castilians continued to dominate the islands, but due to the
topography and the resistance of the native Guanches, they did not
achieve complete control until 1495, when
Tenerife
Tenerife and
La Palma
La Palma were
finally subdued by Alonso Fernández de Lugo. After that, the Canaries
were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile.
After the conquest[edit]
Coat of arms
Coat of arms of the Castilian and Spanish Realm of Canary Islands
After the conquest, the Castilians imposed a new economic model, based
on single-crop cultivation: first sugarcane; then wine, an important
item of trade with England. In this era, the first institutions of
colonial government were founded. Gran Canaria, a colony of the Crown
of Castile since 6 March 1480 (from 1556, of Spain), and Tenerife, a
Spanish colony since 1495, each had its own governor.
The cities of
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife and
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
became a stopping point for the Spanish conquerors, traders, and
missionaries on their way to the New World. This trade route brought
great prosperity to some of the social sectors of the islands. The
islands became quite wealthy and soon were attracting merchants and
adventurers from all over Europe. Magnificent palaces and churches
were built on
La Palma
La Palma during this busy, prosperous period. The Church
of El Salvador survives as one of the island's finest examples of the
architecture of the 16th century.
The Canaries' wealth invited attacks by pirates and privateers.
Ottoman Turkish admiral and privateer
Kemal Reis
Kemal Reis ventured into the
Canaries in 1501, while
Murat Reis the Elder
Murat Reis the Elder captured
Lanzarote
Lanzarote in
1585.
The most severe attack took place in 1599, during the Dutch Revolt. A
Dutch fleet of 74 ships and 12,000 men, commanded by Pieter van der
Does, attacked the capital
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria (the city had
3,500 of Gran Canaria's 8,545 inhabitants). The Dutch attacked the
Castillo de la Luz, which guarded the harbor. The Canarians evacuated
civilians from the city, and the Castillo surrendered (but not the
city). The Dutch moved inland, but Canarian cavalry drove them back to
Tamaraceite, near the city.
The Dutch then laid siege to the city, demanding the surrender of all
its wealth. They received 12 sheep and 3 calves. Furious, the Dutch
sent 4,000 soldiers to attack the Council of the Canaries, who were
sheltering in the village of Santa Brígida. 300 Canarian soldiers
ambushed the Dutch in the village of Monte Lentiscal, killing 150 and
forcing the rest to retreat. The Dutch concentrated on
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de
Gran Canaria, attempting to burn it down. The Dutch pillaged
Maspalomas, on the southern coast of Gran Canaria, San Sebastián on
La Gomera, and Santa Cruz on La Palma, but eventually gave up the
siege of
Las Palmas
Las Palmas and withdrew.
In 1618 the
Barbary pirates
Barbary pirates attacked
Lanzarote
Lanzarote and
La Gomera
La Gomera taking
1000 captives to be sold as slaves.[47] Another noteworthy attack
occurred in 1797, when
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife was attacked by a
British fleet under Horatio Nelson on 25 July. The British were
repulsed, losing almost 400 men. It was during this battle that Nelson
lost his right arm.
18th to 19th century[edit]
Amaro Pargo
Amaro Pargo (1678-1741), corsair and merchant from
Tenerife
Tenerife who
participated in the
Spanish treasure fleet
Spanish treasure fleet (the Spanish-American trade
route).
The sugar-based economy of the islands faced stiff competition from
Spain's American colonies. Low prices in the sugar market in the 19th
century caused severe recessions on the islands. A new cash crop,
cochineal (cochinilla), came into cultivation during this time, saving
the islands' economy. During this time the Canarian-American trade was
developed, in which Canarian products such as cochineal, sugarcane and
rum are sold in American ports, such as Veracruz, Campeche, La Guaira
and
Havana
Havana among others.[48]
By the end of the 18th century,
Canary Islanders
Canary Islanders had already emigrated
to Spanish American territories, such as Havana, Veracruz, Santo
Domingo,[49] San Antonio, Texas[50] and St. Bernard Parish,
Louisiana.[51][52] These economic difficulties spurred mass
emigration, primarily to the Americas, during the 19th and first half
of the 20th century. Between 1840 and 1890 as many as 40,000 Canary
Islanders emigrated to Venezuela. Also, thousands of Canarians moved
to
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico where the Spanish monarchy felt that Canarians would
adapt to island life better than other immigrants from the mainland of
Spain. Deeply entrenched traditions, such as the Mascaras Festival in
the town of Hatillo, Puerto Rico, are an example of Canarian culture
still preserved in Puerto Rico. Similarly, many thousands of Canarians
emigrated to the shores of Cuba.[53] During the Spanish–American War
of 1898, the Spanish fortified the islands against a possible American
attack, but no such event took place.
Romantic period and scientific expeditions[edit]
Coast El Golfo, El Hierro
Sirera and Renn (2004)[54] distinguish two different types of
expeditions, or voyages, during the period 1770–1830, which they
term "the Romantic period":
First are "expeditions financed by the States, closely related with
the official scientific Institutions. characterised by having strict
scientific objectives (and inspired by) the spirit of Illustration and
progress". In this type of expedition, Sirera and Renn include the
following travellers:
J. Edens, whose 1715 ascent and observations of Mt.
Teide
Teide influenced
many subsequent expeditions.
Louis Feuillée (1724), who was sent to measure the meridian of El
Hierro and to map the islands.
Jean-Charles de Borda
Jean-Charles de Borda (1771, 1776) who more accurately measured the
longitudes of the islands and the height of Mount Teide
the Baudin-Ledru expedition (1796) which aimed to recover a valuable
collection of natural history objects.
The second type of expedition identified by Sirera and Renn is one
that took place starting from more or less private initiatives. Among
these, the key exponents were the following:
Alexander von Humboldt
Alexander von Humboldt (1799)
Buch and Smith (1815)
Broussonet
Webb
Sabin Berthelot.
Sirera and Renn identify the period 1770–1830 as one in which "In a
panorama dominated until that moment by France and England enters with
strength and brio
Germany
Germany of the Romantic period whose presence in the
islands will increase".
Early 20th century[edit]
The port of
Las Palmas
Las Palmas in 1912.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the British introduced a new
cash-crop, the banana, the export of which was controlled by companies
such as Fyffes.
The rivalry between the elites of the cities of
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria and
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the capital of the islands led
to the division of the archipelago into two provinces in 1927. This
has not laid to rest the rivalry between the two cities, which
continues to this day.
During the time of the Second Spanish Republic,
Marxist
Marxist and anarchist
workers' movements began to develop, led by figures such as Jose
Miguel Perez and Guillermo Ascanio. However, outside of a few
municipalities, these organisations were a minority and fell easily to
Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War.
Franco regime[edit]
In 1936,
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco was appointed General Commandant of the
Canaries. He joined the military revolt of 17 July which began the
Spanish Civil War. Franco quickly took control of the archipelago,
except for a few points of resistance on
La Palma
La Palma and in the town of
Vallehermoso, on La Gomera. Though there was never a war in the
islands, the post-war suppression of political dissent on the Canaries
was most severe.[55]
During the Second World War,
Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill prepared plans for the
British seizure of the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands as a naval base, in the event of
Gibraltar
Gibraltar being invaded from the Spanish mainland.
Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organise until the late
1950s, which experienced an upheaval of parties such as the Communist
Party of
Spain
Spain and the formation of various nationalist, leftist
parties.
Self-governance[edit]
Auditorio de
Tenerife
Tenerife by Santiago Calatrava, and an icon of
contemporary architecture in the Canary Islands, (Santa Cruz de
Tenerife)
Map of the
European Union
European Union in the world with overseas countries and
territories and outermost regions
After the death of Franco, there was a pro-independence armed movement
based in Algeria, the Movement for the Independence and
Self-determination of the Canaries
Archipelago
Archipelago (MAIAC). In 1968, the
Organisation of African Unity
Organisation of African Unity recognized the MAIAC as a legitimate
African independence movement, and declared the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands as an
African territory still under foreign rule.[56]
After the establishment of a democratic constitutional monarchy in
Spain, autonomy was granted to the Canaries via a law passed in 1982.
In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held. The Spanish
Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) won. In the 2007 elections, the PSOE
gained a plurality of seats, but the nationalist Canarian Coalition
and the conservative Partido Popular (PP) formed a ruling coalition
government.[57]
Demographics[edit]
Main articles:
Canary Islanders
Canary Islanders and Spanish immigration to Cuba
Population history[58]
Year
Pop.
±% p.a.
1768
155,763
—
1787
168,928
+0.43%
1797
173,865
+0.29%
1842
241,266
+0.73%
1860
237,036
−0.10%
1887
301,983
+0.90%
1900
364,408
+1.46%
1920
488,483
+1.48%
1940
687,937
+1.73%
1960
966,177
+1.71%
1981
1,367,646
+1.67%
1990
1,589,403
+1.68%
2000
1,716,276
+0.77%
2010
2,118,519
+2.13%
2011 (Census)[59]
2,082,655
−1.69%
2014[60]
2,104,815
+0.35%
2015[61]
2,128,647
+1.13%
2017
2,154,905
+0.61%
The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands have a population of 2,117,519 inhabitants (2011),
making it the eighth most populous of Spain's autonomous communities,
with a density of 282.6 inhabitants per square kilometre. The total
area of the archipelago is 7,493 km2 (2,893 sq mi).[62]
Demographics of
the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands – 2014[60][63][64]
Country of birth
Population
Percent
Spain
1.726.927
82.5%
Foreign born
377.888
17.5%
Total
2,104,815
100%
The Canarian population includes long-tenured residents and new waves
of mainland Spanish immigrants, as well as Portuguese, Italians,
Flemings
.jpg/440px-Pieter_Brueghel_de_Jonge_-_De_bruiloft_dans_(1625).jpg)
Flemings and Britons. Of the total Canarian population in 2009
(2,098,593) 1,799,373 were Spanish and 299,220 foreigners. Of these,
the majority are Europeans (55%), including
Germans
Germans (39,505), British
(37,937) and
Italians
Italians (24,177). There are also 86,287 inhabitants from
the Americas, mainly Colombians (21,798), Venezuelans (11,958), Cubans
(11,098) and Argentines (10,159). There are also 28,136 African
residents, mostly Moroccans (16,240).[65]
Population of the individual islands[edit]
The population of the islands according to the 2010 data are:[66]
Tenerife
Tenerife – 906,854
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria – 845,676
Lanzarote
Lanzarote – 141,437 (including the population of La Graciosa)
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura – 103,492
La Palma
La Palma – 86,324
La Gomera
La Gomera – 22,776
El Hierro
El Hierro – 10,960
Religion[edit]
Basilica of the
Virgin of Candelaria
Virgin of Candelaria (Patroness of the Canary Islands)
in Candelaria, Tenerife
The
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic branch of
Christianity
Christianity has been the majority
religion in the archipelago for more than five centuries, ever since
the Conquest of the Canary Islands. However, there are other religious
communities.
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Church[edit]
The overwhelming majority of native Canarians are Roman Catholic
(85%)[67] with various smaller foreign-born populations of other
Christian beliefs such as
Protestants
Protestants from northern Europe.
The appearance of the
Virgin of Candelaria
Virgin of Candelaria (Patron of Canary Islands)
was credited with moving the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands toward Christianity. Two
Catholic saints were born in the Canary Islands: Peter of Saint Joseph
de Betancur[68] and José de Anchieta.[69] Both born on the island of
Tenerife, they were respectively missionaries in
Guatemala
Guatemala and Brazil.
The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands are divided into two Catholic dioceses, each
governed by a bishop:
Diócesis Canariense: Includes the islands of the Eastern Province:
Gran Canaria,
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. Its capital was San Marcial
El Rubicón (1404) and
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria (1483–present).
There was a previous bishopric which was based in Telde, but it was
later abolished.
Diócesis Nivariense: Includes the islands of the western province:
Tenerife, La Palma,
La Gomera
La Gomera and El Hierro. Its capital is San
Cristóbal de La Laguna (1819–present).
Other religions[edit]
Separate from the overwhelming Christian majority are a minority of
Muslims.[70] Among the followers of Islam, the Islamic Federation of
the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands exists to represent the Islamic community in the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands as well as to provide practical support to members of
the Islamic community.[71]
Other religious faiths represented include Jehovah Witnesses, The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as well as Hinduism.[70]
Minority religions are also present such as the Church of the Guanche
People which is classified as a neo-pagan native religion.[70] Also
present are Buddhism,[70] Judaism,[70] Baha'i,[70] Afro-American
religion,[70] and Chinese religions.[70]
Statistics[edit]
The distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the CIS Barometer
Autonomy was as follows:[72]
Catholic 84.9%
Atheist/Agnostic/Unbeliever 12.3%
Other religions 1.7%
Population genetics[edit]
Main article:
Canarian people
Canarian people § Population genetics
Islands[edit]
El Hierro[edit]
El Hierro, the westernmost island, covers 268.71 km2
(103.75 sq mi), making it the smallest of the major islands,
and the least populous with 10,753 inhabitants. The whole island was
declared Reserve of the Biosphere in 2000. Its capital is Valverde.
Also known as Ferro, it was once believed to be the westernmost land
in the world.
Fuerteventura[edit]
Fuerteventura, with a surface of 1,660 km2 (640 sq mi),
is the second-most extensive island of the archipelago. It has been
declared a
Biosphere reserve
Biosphere reserve by Unesco. It has a population of
100,929. Being also the most ancient of the islands, it is the one
that is more eroded: its highest point is the Peak of the Bramble, at
a height of 807 metres (2,648 feet). Its capital is Puerto del
Rosario.
Gran Canaria[edit]
View of Fataga, Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria has 845,676 inhabitants. The capital,
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria (377,203 inhabitants), is the most populous city and shares
the status of capital of the Canaries with Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
Gran Canaria's surface area is 1,560 km2 (600 sq mi).
In center of the island lie the
Roque Nublo
Roque Nublo 1,813 metres (5,948 feet)
and
Pico de las Nieves
Pico de las Nieves ("Peak of Snow") 1,949 metres (6,394 feet). In
the south of island are the
Maspalomas
Maspalomas Dunes (Gran Canaria), these are
the biggest tourist attractions.
La Gomera[edit]
La Gomera
La Gomera has an area of 369.76 km2 (142.77 sq mi) and
is the second least populous island with 22,622 inhabitants.
Geologically it is one of the oldest of the archipelago. The insular
capital is San Sebastian de La Gomera. Garajonay's
National Park
National Park is
located on the island.
Lanzarote[edit]
Lanzarote
Lanzarote is the easternmost island and one of the most ancient of the
archipelago, and it has shown evidence of recent volcanic activity. It
has a surface of 845.94 km2 (326.62 sq mi), and a
population of 139,506 inhabitants, including the adjacent islets of
the Chinijo Archipelago. The capital is Arrecife, with 56,834
inhabitants.
Chinijo Archipelago[edit]
The Chinijo
Archipelago
Archipelago includes the islands La Graciosa, Alegranza,
Montaña Clara,
Roque del Este
Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste. It has a surface
of 40.8 km2 (15.8 sq mi), and a population of 658
inhabitants all of them on La Graciosa. With 29 km2
(11 sq mi), La Graciosa, is the smallest inhabited island of
the Canaries, and the major island of the Chinijo Archipelago.
La Palma[edit]
La Palma, with 86,528 inhabitants covering an area of 708.32 km2
(273.48 sq mi), is in its entirety a biosphere reserve. It
shows no recent signs of volcanic activity, even though the volcano
Teneguía
Teneguía entered into eruption last in 1971. In addition, it is the
second-highest island of the Canaries, with the Roque de los Muchachos
2,423 metres (7,949 feet) as highest point. Santa Cruz de La Palma
(known to those on the island as simply "Santa Cruz") is its capital.
Tenerife[edit]
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
San Cristóbal de La Laguna in 1880 (Tenerife)
Tenerife
Tenerife is, with its area of 2,034 km2 (785 sq mi),
the most extensive island of the Canary Islands. In addition, with
906,854 inhabitants it is the most populated island of the archipelago
and Spain. Two of the islands' principal cities are located on it: The
capital,
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife and
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
San Cristóbal de La Laguna (a
World Heritage Site). San Cristóbal de La Laguna, the second city of
the island is home to the oldest university in the Canary Islands, the
University of La Laguna. The Teide, with its 3,718 metres (12,198
feet) is the highest peak of
Spain
Spain and also a World Heritage Site.
Tenerife
Tenerife is the site of the worst air disaster in the history of
aviation, in which 583 people were killed in the collision of two
Boeing 747s on 27 March 1977.
Data[edit]
Flag
Coat of arms
Island
Capital
Area (km2)
Population (2010)
Population Density (people/km2)
El Hierro
Valverde
268.71
10,960
40.79
Fuerteventura
Puerto del Rosario
1,660
103,492
62.34
Gran Canaria
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
1,560.1
845,676
542.07
La Gomera
San Sebastián
369.76
22,776
61.6
Lanzarote
Arrecife
845.94
141,437
167.2
La Palma
Santa Cruz de La Palma
708.32
86,324
121.87
Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
2,034.38
906,854
445.76
-
-
La Graciosa
Caleta de Sebo
29.05
658
22.65
-
-
Alegranza
-
10.3
-
-
-
-
Isla de Lobos
-
4.5
-
-
-
-
Montaña Clara
-
1.48
-
-
-
-
Roque del Este
-
0.06
-
-
-
-
Roque del Oeste
-
0.015
-
-
Economy[edit]
See also:
Tourism in the Canary Islands and List of companies based in
the Canary Islands
Tourism in the Canary Islands[73]
Year
Visitors
2009
(Jan–Jun)
4,002,013
2008
9,210,509
2007
9,326,116
2006
9,530,039
2005
9,276,963
2004
9,427,265
2003
9,836,785
2002
9,778,512
2001
10,137,205
2000
9,975,977
1993
6,545,396
Largest by
Country (2008)
Population
Germany
2,498,847
United Kingdom
3,355,942
The dunes of
Maspalomas
Maspalomas in
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria is one of the tourist
attractions
The economy is based primarily on tourism, which makes up 32% of the
GDP. The Canaries receive about 12 million tourists per year.
Construction makes up nearly 20% of the GDP and tropical agriculture,
primarily bananas and tobacco, are grown for export to
Europe
Europe and the
Americas. Ecologists are concerned that the resources, especially in
the more arid islands, are being overexploited but there are still
many agricultural resources like tomatoes, potatoes, onions,
cochineal, sugarcane, grapes, vines, dates, oranges, lemons, figs,
wheat, barley, maize, apricots, peaches and almonds.
The economy is € 25 billion (2001 GDP figures). The islands
experienced continuous growth during a 20-year period, up until 2001,
at a rate of approximately 5% annually. This growth was fueled mainly
by huge amounts of Foreign Direct Investment, mostly to develop
tourism real estate (hotels and apartments), and European Funds (near
€11 billion euro in the period from 2000 to 2007), since the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands are labelled Region Objective 1 (eligible for euro
structural funds).[citation needed] Additionally, the EU allows the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands Government to offer special tax concessions for
investors who incorporate under the Zona Especial Canaria (ZEC) regime
and create more than five jobs.[citation needed]
Spain
Spain gave permission in August 2014 for
Repsol
Repsol and its partners to
explore oil and gas prospects off the Canary Islands, involving an
investment of €7.5 billion over four years, to commence at the end
of 2016.
Repsol
Repsol at the time said the area could ultimately produce
100,000 barrels of oil a day, which would meet 10 percent of Spain's
energy needs.[74] However, the analysis of samples obtained did not
show the necessary volume nor quality to consider future extraction,
and the project was scrapped.[75]
The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands have great natural attractions, climate and beaches
make the islands a major tourist destination, being visited each year
by about 12 million people (11,986,059 in 2007, noting 29% of
Britons, 22% of Spanish, not residents of the Canaries, and 21% of
Germans). Among the islands,
Tenerife
Tenerife has the largest number of
tourists received annually, followed by
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria and
Lanzarote.[8][9] The archipelago's principal tourist attraction is the
Teide National Park (in Tenerife) where the highest mountain in Spain
and third largest volcano in the world (Mount Teide), receives over
2.8 million visitors annually.[76]
The combination of high mountains, proximity to Europe, and clean air
has made the
Roque de los Muchachos
Roque de los Muchachos peak (on
La Palma
La Palma island) a
leading location for telescopes like the Grantecan.
The islands are outside the
European Union
European Union customs territory and VAT
area, though politically within the EU and Schengen Area. Instead of
VAT
VAT there is a local Sales Tax (IGIC) which has a general rate of 7%,
an increased tax rate of 13.5%, a reduced tax rate of 3% and a zero
tax rate for certain basic need products and services. Consequently,
some products are subject to import tax and
VAT
VAT if being exported from
the islands into mainland
Spain
Spain or the rest of the EU.
Canarian time is
Western European Time
Western European Time (WET) (or GMT; in summer one
hour ahead of GMT). So Canarian time is one hour behind that of
mainland
Spain
Spain and the same as that of the UK, Ireland and Portugal
all year round.
Tourism statistics[edit]
Number of tourists who visited the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands in 2016, per
destination island (in thousands):[77]
Tenerife
Tenerife - 4,885.9
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria - 3,654.8
Lanzarote
Lanzarote - 2,328.7 (extremely popular with Irish holiday makers all
year round)
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura - 1,914.1
La Palma
La Palma - 221.5
La Gomera
La Gomera and
El Hierro
El Hierro - 109.3
Transport[edit]
Bus Station—Estación de Guaguas also known as El Hoyo (The hole),
on the left, out of the image—at San Telmo Park,
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria.
Tenerife
Tenerife Tram.
The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands have eight airports altogether, two of the main
ports of Spain, and an extensive network of autopistas (highways) and
other roads. For a road map see multimap.[78]
There are large ferry boats that link islands as well as fast ferries
linking most of the islands. Both types can transport large numbers of
passengers and cargo (including vehicles). Fast ferries are made of
aluminium and powered by modern and efficient diesel engines, while
conventional ferries have a steel hull and are powered by heavy oil.
Fast ferries travel relatively quickly (in excess of 30 knots) and are
a faster method of transportation than the conventional ferry (some 20
knots). A typical ferry ride between
La Palma
La Palma and
Tenerife
Tenerife may take up
to eight hours or more while a fast ferry takes about 2 and a half
hours and between
Tenerife
Tenerife and
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria can be about one hour.
The largest airport is the
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria Airport.
Tenerife
Tenerife has two
airports,
Tenerife
Tenerife North Airport and
Tenerife
Tenerife South Airport.[79] The
island of
Tenerife
Tenerife gathers the highest passenger movement of all the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands through its two airports.[80] The two main islands
(
Tenerife
Tenerife and Gran Canaria) receive the greatest number of
passengers.[81]
Tenerife
Tenerife 6,204,499 passengers and Gran Canaria
5,011,176 passengers.[82]
The port of
Las Palmas
Las Palmas is first in freight traffic in the islands,[83]
while the port of
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the first fishing port
with approximately 7,500 tons of fish caught, according to the Spanish
government publication Statistical Yearbook of State Ports. Similarly,
it is the second port in
Spain
Spain as regards ship traffic, only surpassed
by the
Port of Algeciras
Port of Algeciras Bay.[84] The port's facilities include a
border inspection post (BIP) approved by the European Union, which is
responsible for inspecting all types of imports from third countries
or exports to countries outside the European Economic Area. The port
of
Los Cristianos
Los Cristianos (Tenerife) has the greatest number of passengers
recorded in the Canary Islands, followed by the port of Santa Cruz de
Tenerife.[85] The Port of
Las Palmas
Las Palmas is the third port in the islands
in passengers and first in number of vehicles transported.[85]
The SS
America
America was beached at the Canary islands, in the nineties.
However, the ocean liner fell apart after some years and parts of the
ship washed away.
Rail transport[edit]
The
Tenerife
Tenerife Tram opened in 2007 and the only one in the Canary
Islands, travelling between the cities of
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife and
San Cristóbal de La Laguna. It is currently planned to have three
lines in the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands (two in
Tenerife
Tenerife and one in Gran Canaria).
The planned
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria tram route will be from
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria to
Maspalomas
Maspalomas (south).[86]
Airports[edit]
Tenerife
Tenerife South Airport – Tenerife
Tenerife
Tenerife North Airport – Tenerife
Lanzarote
Lanzarote Airport – Lanzarote
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura Airport – Fuerteventura
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria Airport – Gran Canaria
La Palma
La Palma Airport – La Palma
La Gomera
La Gomera Airport – La Gomera
El Hierro
El Hierro Airport – El Hierro[87]
Ports[edit]
Port of Santa Cruz de La Palma.
Port of
Puerto del Rosario
Puerto del Rosario – Fuerteventura
Port of
Arrecife
Arrecife – Lanzarote
Port of Playa Blanca—Lanzarote
Port of Santa Cruz de
La Palma
La Palma – La Palma
Port of San Sebastián de
La Gomera
La Gomera – La Gomera
Port of La Estaca – El Hierro
Port of
Las Palmas
Las Palmas – Gran Canaria
Port of Agaete – Gran Canaria
Port of
Los Cristianos
Los Cristianos – Tenerife
Port of
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife – Tenerife
Port of
Garachico
Garachico – Tenerife
Port of Granadilla – Tenerife
Health[edit]
The Servicio Canario de Salud is an autonomous body of administrative
nature attached to the Ministry responsible for Health of the
Government of the Canary Islands. The majority of the archipelago's
hospitals belong to this organization:[88]
Hospital Nuestra Señora de los Reyes - El Hierro
Hospital General de
La Palma
La Palma - La Palma
Hospital Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe - La Gomera
Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria
Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria - Tenerife
Hospital Universitario de Canarias
Hospital Universitario de Canarias - Tenerife
Hospital del Sur de
Tenerife
Tenerife - Tenerife
Hospital del Norte de
Tenerife
Tenerife - Tenerife
Hospital Universitario de
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín - Gran Canaria
Hospital Universitario Insular de
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria - Gran Canaria
Hospital General de
Lanzarote
Lanzarote Doctor José Molina Orosa - Lanzarote
Hospital General de
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura - Fuerteventura
Wildlife[edit]
Canary Island spurge in Fuerteventura
Prehistoric fauna[edit]
Skull of
Canariomys bravoi
Canariomys bravoi (
Tenerife
Tenerife giant rat). It was an endemic
species that is now extinct.
Before the arrival of the Aborigines, the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands was inhabited
by endemic animals, such as some extinct; giant lizards (Gallotia
goliath), giant rats (
Canariomys bravoi
Canariomys bravoi and Canariomys tamarani)[89]
and giant tortoises (
Geochelone burchardi
Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone
vulcanica),[90] among others.
Terrestrial wildlife[edit]
See also: List of non-marine molluscs of the Canary Islands, List of
reptiles of the Canary Islands, and List of Lepidoptera of the Canary
Islands
With a range of habitats, the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands exhibit diverse plant
species. The bird life includes European and African species, such as
the black-bellied sandgrouse; and a rich variety of endemic (local)
taxa including the:
Canary
Graja, a subspecies of red-billed chough endemic to La Palma
Blue chaffinch
Blue chaffinch (endemic to
Tenerife
Tenerife and Gran Canaria)
Canary Islands
Canary Islands chiffchaff
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura chat
Tenerife
Tenerife goldcrest
La Palma
La Palma chaffinch
Canarian Egyptian vulture
Bolle's pigeon
Laurel pigeon
Plain swift
Houbara bustard
Spiders
Snakes
Scorpions
Giant wasps
†
Canary Islands oystercatcher
Canary Islands oystercatcher (extinct)
Terrestrial fauna includes geckos, wall lizards, and three endemic
species of recently rediscovered and critically endangered giant
lizard: the
El Hierro
El Hierro giant lizard (or Roque Chico de Salmor giant
lizard),
La Gomera
La Gomera giant lizard, and
La Palma
La Palma giant lizard. Mammals
include the Canarian shrew, Canary big-eared bat, the Algerian
hedgehog (which may have been introduced) and the more recently
introduced mouflon. Some endemic mammals, the lava mouse, Tenerife
giant rat and
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria giant rat, are extinct, as are the Canary
Islands quail, long-legged bunting, the eastern Canary Islands
chiffchaff and the giant prehistoric tortoises; Geochelone burchardi
and Geochelone vulcanica.
Marine life[edit]
Main article: Marine life of the Canary Islands
A loggerhead sea turtle, by far the most common species of marine
turtle in the Canary Islands.
The marine life found in the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands is also varied, being a
combination of North Atlantic, Mediterranean and endemic species. In
recent years, the increasing popularity of both scuba diving and
underwater photography have provided biologists with much new
information on the marine life of the islands.
Fish species found in the islands include many species of shark, ray,
moray eel, bream, jack, grunt, scorpionfish, triggerfish, grouper,
goby, and blenny. In addition, there are many invertebrate species,
including sponge, jellyfish, anemone, crab, mollusc, sea urchin,
starfish, sea cucumber and coral.
There are a total of five different species of marine turtle that are
sighted periodically in the islands, the most common of these being
the endangered loggerhead sea turtle.[91] The other four are the green
sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle and Kemp's
ridley sea turtle. Currently, there are no signs that any of these
species breed in the islands, and so those seen in the water are
usually migrating. However, it is believed that some of these species
may have bred in the islands in the past, and there are records of
several sightings of leatherback sea turtle on beaches in
Fuerteventura, adding credibility to the theory.
Marine mammals include the large varieties of cetaceans including rare
and not well-known species (see more details in the Marine life of the
Canary Islands). Hooded seals[92] have also been known to be vagrant
in the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands every now and then. The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands were also
formerly home to a population of the rarest pinniped in the world, the
Mediterranean monk seal.
Native flora gallery[edit]
Sports[edit]
Heliodoro Rodríguez López Stadium in Tenerife, the stadium with the
largest area of field of the Canary Islands.[93][94]
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria Stadium, the biggest sports venue of Canary Islands.[95]
A unique form of wrestling known as
Canarian wrestling
Canarian wrestling (lucha canaria)
has opponents stand in a special area called a "terrero" and try to
throw each other to the ground using strength and quick movements.[96]
Another sport is the "game of the sticks" where opponents fence with
long sticks. This may have come about from the shepherds of the
islands who would challenge each other using their long walking
sticks.[96]
Furthermore, there is the shepherd's jump (salto del pastor). This
involves using a long stick to vault over an open area. This sport
possibly evolved from the shepherd's need to occasionally get over an
open area in the hills as they were tending their sheep.[96]
The two main football teams in the archipelago are: the CD Tenerife
(founded in 1912) and UD
Las Palmas
Las Palmas (founded in 1949). Now Tenerife
play in
Liga Adelante
Liga Adelante and
Las Palmas
Las Palmas in La Liga.
The mountainous terrain of the
Canary Islands
Canary Islands also caters to the
growing popularity of ultra running and ultramarathons as host of
annual competitive long-distance events including
Transvulcania on La
Palma, Transgrancanaria[97] on
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria and the Half Marathon des
Sables on Fuerteventura.
Notable athletes[edit]
Javier Dorado, born in 2000, from the Islands of Lanzarote, Division 1
basketball player in the US
Nicolás García Hemme, born 20 June 1988 in
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria, Canary Islands, 2012 London Olympics,
Taekwondo
Taekwondo Silver
Medalist in Men's Welterweight category (−80 kg).
Alfredo Cabrera, (1881–1964); shortstop for the St. Louis Cardinals
in 1913
Sergio Rodríguez, born in
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
San Cristóbal de La Laguna in 1986, played
point guard for the Portland Trail Blazers, Sacramento Kings, and New
York Knicks
David Silva, born in
Arguineguín
Arguineguín in 1986, plays association football
for Manchester City, member of the
2010 FIFA World Cup
2010 FIFA World Cup champion Spain
national football team
Juan Carlos Valerón, born in
Arguineguín
Arguineguín in 1975, played association
football for Deportivo la Coruna and Las Palmas
Pedro, born in
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1987, plays association
football for Chelsea, member of the
2010 FIFA World Cup
2010 FIFA World Cup champion Spain
national football team
Carla Suárez Navarro, born in
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria in 1988,
professional tennis player
Paola Tirados, born in
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria in 1980,
synchronized swimmer, who participated in the Olympic Games of 2000,
2004 and 2008. She won the silver medal in Beijing in 2008 in the team
competition category.
Jesé, born in
Las Palmas
Las Palmas de
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria in 1993, plays association
football for
Stoke City
Stoke City F.C., on loan from Paris Saint-Germain
Christo Bezuidenhout, born in
Tenerife
Tenerife in 1970, played rugby union for
Gloucester and South Africa.
See also[edit]
Spain
Spain portal
Islands portal
History[edit]
Battle of
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)
First Battle of Acentejo
Pyramids of Güímar
Second Battle of Acentejo
Tanausu
Tenerife
Tenerife airport disaster; prior to the September 11 attacks, the
deadliest commercial aviation disaster in history.
Geography[edit]
Cumbre Vieja, a volcano on La Palma
Guatiza
Guatiza (Lanzarote)
La Matanza de Acentejo
Los Llanos de Aridane
Orotava Valley
San Andrés
Culture[edit]
Canarian cuisine
Canarian Spanish
Isleños
Military of the Canary Islands
Music of the Canary Islands
Silbo Gomero, a whistled language, is an indigenous language.
Virgin of Candelaria
Virgin of Candelaria (Patron saint of Canary Islands)
Carnival[edit]
The Carnival of
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Tourist Festival of
International Interest) and Carnival of
Las Palmas
Las Palmas are one of the most
famous Carnivals in Spain. It is celebrated on the streets between the
months of February and March.
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References[edit]
Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of
Europe, 900–1900 (Cambridge University Press)
ISBN 0-521-45690-8
Felipe Fernández-Armesto, The
Canary Islands
Canary Islands after the Conquest: The
Making of a Colonial Society in the Early-Sixteenth Century, Oxford U.
Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0-19-821888-3; ISBN 0-19-821888-5
Sergio Hanquet, Diving in Canaries, Litografía A. ROMERO, 2001.
ISBN 84-932195-0-9
Martin Wiemers: The butterflies of the Canary Islands. – A survey on
their distribution, biology and ecology (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea
and Hesperioidea) – Linneana Belgica 15 (1995): 63–84 &
87–118
Further reading[edit]
Borgesen, F. 1929. Marine algae from the Canary Islands. III
Rhodophyceae. Part II. Cryptonemiales, Gigartinales, and
Rhodymeniales. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Biologiske
Meddelelser. 8: 1 – 97.
Paegelow, Claus: Bibliography Canary Islands, 2009,
ISBN 978-3-00-028676-6
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Cultural domain of Canary Islands
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VIAF: 258171447
LCCN: n82164461
GND: 40731