ful medames'', is traditionally eaten with bread (generally at
breakfast
Breakfast is the first meal of the day usually eaten in the morning. The word in English refers to breaking the fasting period of the previous night.Anderson, Heather Arndt (2013)''Breakfast: A History'' AltaMira Press. Various "typical" or "t ...
) and is considered one of Egypt's
national dish
A national dish is a culinary dish that is strongly associated with a particular country. A dish can be considered a national dish for a variety of reasons:
* It is a staple food, made from a selection of locally available foodstuffs that can be ...
es.
Ethiopia
Broad beans () are one of the most popular legumes in
Ethiopia. They are tightly coupled with every aspect of Ethiopian life. They are mainly used as an alternative to peas to prepare a flour called ''shiro'', which is used to make ''shiro wot'' (a stew used widely in Ethiopian dishes). During the fasting period in the
Ethiopian Orthodox Church tradition called ''Tsome Filliseta, Tsome arbeå, Tsome Tahsas'', and ''Tsome Hawaria'' (which are in August, end of February, April, mid-November, beginning of January, and June–July), two uncooked spicy vegetable dishes are made using broad beans. The first is ''hilibet'', a thin, white paste of broad bean flour mixed with pieces of onion, green pepper, garlic, and other spices. The second is ''
siljo'', a fermented, sour, spicy thin yellow paste of broad bean flour. Both are served with other stews and ''
injera'' (a pancake-like bread) during lunch and dinner.
''Baqella nifro'' (boiled broad beans) are eaten as a snack during some holidays and during a time of mourning. This tradition goes well into religious holidays, too. On the Thursday before
Good Friday (in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church tradition, ''tselote hamus'' (the Prayer of Thursday)), people eat a different kind of ''nifro'' called ''gulban''. ''Gulban'' is made of peeled, half beans collected and well-cooked with other grains such as wheat, peas, and
chickpea
The chickpea or chick pea (''Cicer arietinum'') is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. Its different types are variously known as gram" or Bengal gram, garbanzo or garbanzo bean, or Egyptian pea. Chickpea seeds are high ...
s. This is done to mourn the crucifixion of
Jesus Christ.
''Boq'ullit'' (boiled, salted broad bean embryo) is one of the favorite snacks in the evening, the common story-telling time in north and central Ethiopia. It is particularly a favorite for the story-teller (usually a society elder), as it is delicious, and easy to chew and swallow.
England
In
England, broad beans are usually boiled.
Finland
In
Finnish, the word for "fava bean" is (literally "ox bean"). Fava beans are used to make a
meat substitute called
Härkis
Härkis is the brand name of processed fava beans by the Finnish company Verso Food.
Härkis is a vegetable protein product, whose product consists of Finnish fava beans and pea protein. Härkis is ready to eat out of the box, and it can be u ...
.
Greece
The Greek word ''fáva'' (φάβα) does ''not'' refer to broad beans, but to the yellow
split pea
Split peas are an agricultural or culinary preparation consisting of the dried, peeled and split seeds of ''Pisum sativum'', the pea.
Harvesting
The peas are spherical when harvested, with an outer skin. The peas are dried and the dull-coloure ...
and also to another
legume, ''
Lathyrus clymenum
''Lathyrus clymenum'', also called Spanish vetchling, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to the Mediterranean. The seeds are used to prepare a Greek dish called fava santorinis. The plant is cultivated on the island of Santorin ...
''. Broad beans are known instead as ''koukiá'' ( el, κουκιά), and are eaten in a stew combined with artichokes, while they are still fresh in their pods. Dried broad beans are eaten boiled, sometimes combined with garlic sauce (''skordalia'').
In
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cypru ...
, fresh broad beans are shelled and eaten as a companion to ''
tsikoudia
''Tsikoudia'' ( el, τσικουδιά, tsikoudiá, literally " terebinth"), also often called '' raki'' ( el, ρακή, rakí) in the eastern part of Crete, is an alcoholic beverage, a fragrant, grape-based pomace brandy of Cretan origin that c ...
'', the local alcoholic drink.
Favism is quite common in Greece because of
malaria endemicity in previous centuries, and people afflicted by it do not eat broad beans.
India
In India, fava beans are eaten in the
Northeastern state of
Manipur. They are locally known as ''hawai-amubi'' and are ingredients in the dish
eromba
Eromba is an ethnic dish of the Meitei community of Manipur
Manipur () ( mni, Kangleipak) is a state in Northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to ...
.
Iran
Broad beans, or "Baghalee" () are primarily cultivated in the central and north parts of Iran. The city of
Kashan
Kashan ( fa, ; Qashan; Cassan; also romanized as Kāshān) is a city in the northern part of Isfahan province, Iran. At the 2017 census, its population was 396,987 in 90,828 families.
Some etymologists argue that the city name comes fro ...
has the highest production of broad beans with high quality in terms of the taste, cooking periods and color. However, broad beans have a very short season (roughly two weeks). The season is usually in the middle of spring. When people have access to fresh beans in season, they cook them in brine and then add vinegar and ''
Heracleum persicum'' depending on taste. They also make an extra amount to dry to be used year-round. The dried beans can be cooked with rice, which forms one of the most famous dishes in north of Iran (
Gilan) called ''baghalee polo'' () which means "rice with broad beans". In Iran, broad beans are cooked, served with Golpar-origan and salt and sold on streets in the winter. This food is also available preserved in metal cans.
Iraq
Broad beans which are called Bagilla (باگله/باقله) in the Iraqi dialect of
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walte ...
are a common ingredient in many Iraqi foods. One of the most popular Iraqi dishes that uses the broad bean is Bagilla Bil-Dihin () also called Tishreeb Bagilla (). This dish is a common breakfast dish in Iraq and consists of bread soaked in boiled broad beans’ water then topped with broad beans, melted
Ghee, and often also a boiled or fried egg. Fool () is another common breakfast dish in Iraq as well as many other
Arab countries
The Arab world ( ar, اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ '), formally the Arab homeland ( '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, refers to a vast group of countries, mainly located in Western As ...
and consists of mashed fava beans. Another famous Iraqi dish is Timmen Bagilla (), which is Arabic for 'broad bean rice'. This classic Iraqi dish consists of rice cooked with broad bean and dill.
Italy
In Rome, fava beans are popular either cooked with
guanciale
Guanciale () is an Italian cured meat product prepared from pork jowl or cheeks. Its name is derived from ''guancia'', the Italian word for 'cheek'.
Production
Pork cheek is rubbed with salt and spices (typically ground black or red pepper, t ...
or with
globe artichokes, as side dish together with lamb or kid, or raw with
Pecorino romano. ''Fave e
Pecorino'' is the traditional dish for 1 May picnic in
Liguria,
Tuscany,
Marche,
Umbria
it, Umbro (man) it, Umbra (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
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, ...
and
Latium.
In Sicily, ''
Maccu'' is a
Sicilian soup prepared with fava beans as a primary ingredient.
In
Apulia, broad bean purée with wild
chicory
Common chicory ('' Cichorium intybus'') is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Native to the Old World, it has been introduced to North America and Austr ...
is a typical dish.
Japan
Broad beans, called Soramame (
Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
: ) lit: "Sky Bean", are consumed in a variety of ways in Japan. Most commonly, the beans are boiled and are eaten straight or added to rice. It is also consumed as a popular snack called "ikarimame" (
Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
: ) lit: "Anchor Bean", where the beans are roasted or fried.
Luxembourg
''
Judd mat Gaardebounen
''Judd mat Gaardebounen'' is a savory dish of smoked pork collar and broad beans which is one of the most widely recognized national dishes of Luxembourg. It is associated with the village of Gostingen in the south-east of the country where the ...
'', or smoked collar of pork with broad beans, is the national dish of
Luxembourg.
Malta
They are a primary ingredient of the Maltese
kusksu
Kusksu is a traditional Maltese soup made primarily from seasonal broad beans, small pasta beads, and fresh ġbejniet. Although similar in shape, the small pasta beads, known locally as kusksu, look like couscous, but this one tends to be light ...
, a vegetable soup primarily containing fava beans and pasta beads. They are also used in an
appetizer
An hors d'oeuvre ( ; french: hors-d'œuvre ), appetiser or starter is a small dish served before a meal in European cuisine. Some hors d'oeuvres are served cold, others hot. Hors d'oeuvres may be served at the dinner table as a part of the ...
called ''bigilla'' where they are served as a pureé mixed with olive oil, lemon juice, garlic, parsley and mint. It is served with bread or crackers.
Mexico
In Mexico, fava beans are often eaten in a soup called , meaning "fava soup". They are also eaten fried, salted, and dried, as a snack, either by themselves or in combination with other salted, dried beans and nuts.
Morocco
In Morocco, fava beans are cooked, steamed or made into
tabiṣart, a dip sold as a street food and commonly eaten in winter.
Nepal
In Nepal, fava beans are called ''bakulla''. They are eaten as a green vegetable when the pods are young, generally stir-fried with garlic. When dried, fava beans are eaten roasted, or mixed with other legumes, such as moong beans, chick peas, and peas, and called ''qwati''. The mixture, soaked and germinated, is cooked as soup and consumed with rice or beaten rice on the occasion of ''Janai Purnima'' also known as ''Rakshya Bandhan'', a festival celebrated by the Hindus. The dry and stir-fried version of ''qwati'' is called ''biraula''. The ''qwati'' soup is believed to reinvigorate the body affected by monsoon paddy season.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, they are traditionally eaten with fresh
savory
Savory or Savoury may refer to:
Common usage
* Herbs of the genus ''Satureja'', particularly:
** Summer savory (''Satureja hortensis''), an annual herb, used to flavor food
** Winter savory (''Satureja montana''), a perennial herb, also used to ...
and some melted butter. The combination of the beans tossed with crispy fried bacon is also common. When rubbed, the velvet insides of the pods are a folk remedy against warts.
Peru
Fava beans (
Peruvian Spanish
Peruvian Spanish is a family of dialects of the Spanish language that have been spoken in Peru since brought over by Spanish conquistadors in 1492. There are four varieties spoken in the country, by about 94.4% of the population. The four Peruvi ...
: ''haba(s)'') are eaten fresh or dried toasted, boiled, roasted, stewed or in soup. Habas are one of the essential ingredients of "
Pachamanca
Pachamanca (from Quechua ''pacha'' "earth", ''manka'' "pot") is a traditional Peruvian dish baked with the aid of hot stones. The earthen oven is known as a '' huatia''. It is generally made of, lamb, mutton, alpaca, llama, guanaco, vicuna, p ...
" in the Andes of
Peru, and are also an additive for "Panetela", which is a homemade remedy to keep your child fed and hydrated in cases of diarrhea or stomach infection and even for
cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and ...
treatment.
Peruvian dishes with fava beans include:
* Aji de habas
* Saltado de habas
* El
chupe
Chupe is a generic term used in South America to a variety of stew generally made with chicken, red meat, lamb or beef tripe and other offal, or with fish, shrimp, crayfish or shellfish such as loco, and vegetables, potatoes or yuca.
Chupe de ...
de habas
* Ajiaco de Papas y habas
*
Pachamanca
Pachamanca (from Quechua ''pacha'' "earth", ''manka'' "pot") is a traditional Peruvian dish baked with the aid of hot stones. The earthen oven is known as a '' huatia''. It is generally made of, lamb, mutton, alpaca, llama, guanaco, vicuna, p ...
* Guiso de habas
*
Shambar
Shambar is a soup that blends many ingredients, tastes, and seasonings from Spanish, Criollo and Andean cultures, considered the most traditional meal in Trujillo's gastronomy in Perú . From Otuzco Peru. It is made of wheat grains, fava beans, ...
(heavy soup, traditional in Trujillo)
Portugal
Fava beans () are widely cultivated in Portugal and are very popular throughout the country. The most popular dish cooked with favas is "favada", a stew with onion and pork—depending on the region of the country the pork may be chorizo, bacon, pork shoulder, ribs or the mixture of many of these. In
Alentejo
Alentejo ( , ) is a geographical, historical, and cultural region of south–central and southern Portugal. In Portuguese, its name means "beyond () the Tagus river" (''Tejo'').
Alentejo includes the regions of Alto Alentejo and Baixo Alent ...
a lot of coriander will be added in the end. Besides favada, fava beans may be served dry and fried as an appetiser.
Serbia
Broad bean aspic (
Serbian: ) is a Serbian winter dish in which the pureed cooked beans are combined with crushed garlic and set in a mould, topped with ground paprika in hot oil.
Spain
Broad beans () are widely cultivated in Spain. Culinary uses vary among regions, but they can be used as the main pulse in a stew (''Habas estofadas, michirones'') or as an addition to other dishes (''menestra, paella''). In certain regions they can be eaten while unripe or fried and packaged as a snack.
Sudan
Fava beans are one of the most widely consumed foods in Sudan. For most Sudanese they form the main dish during breakfast time (fatoor), especially more so for city and urban dwellers. The beans are cooked by steadily boiling over a sustained period of time. Similar to Egypt, the cooked beans are mashed, and prepared by adding salt and pepper. For additional flavour, sesame oil is added along with a sprinkling of jibna ("
feta
Feta ( el, φέτα, ) is a Greek brined white cheese made from sheep's milk or from a mixture of sheep and goat's milk. It is soft, with small or no holes, a compact touch, few cuts, and no skin. Crumbly with a slightly grainy texture, it ...
" cheese) on top. The dish is then eaten with bread, sometimes mix all in one dish this called (fatta or boash).
Sweden
Broad beans ( sv, bondbönor, lit=peasant beans), which in Sweden were traditionally eaten as soaked brown, and boiled, dried broad beans fried in lard, were for a very long time popular to add to other foods as a filling side, specially with fried pork. The green, raw, and lightly boiled broad beans were used seasonally as a side green.
Syria
In Syria, broad beans are prepared in multiple ways for breakfast, lunch or dinner. Ful Medames is the same as the Egyptian dish (it is not mashed though) but with the addition of tomato, parsley and onion and with olive oil. Another version of it includes the addition of
tahini
Tahini () or tahina (, ) is a Middle Eastern condiment made from toasted ground hulled sesame. It is served by itself (as a dip) or as a major ingredient in hummus, baba ghanoush, and halva.
Tahini is used in the cuisines of the Levant and E ...
(sesame paste), olive oil, garlic and lemon. For lunch, broad beans are cooked with a mix of minced and big chunks of meat and is topped on white
rice and eaten with cold yogurt and cucumber salad.
Bulgur
Bulgur (from tr, bulgur, itself from fa, بلغور, bolġur (bolghur)/balġur (balghur), groats ), also riffoth (from biblical he, ריפות, riffoth) and burghul (from ar, برغل, burġul ), is a cracked wheat dish found ...
is sometimes used in preparing this recipe instead of rice. Broad beans are cooked with pieces of garlic, meat and meat stock with the addition of lemon juice and
. This dish is called foulieh and is eaten on the side with rice. Same recipe is prepared without meat as a vegan dish eaten on lent by
Christians in Syria.
Turkey
In Turkey, broad beans are called '. This is also the name of a ''
zeytinyağlı'' dish made by simmering young and tender broad bean pods with chopped onions in olive oil. It is traditionally garnished with dill and served cool, together with yoghurt. Another popular dish is ', a
meze
Meze or mezza (, ) is a selection of small dishes served as appetizers in the Levantine cuisine, Levant, Turkish cuisine, Turkey, Greek cuisine, Greece, the Balkan cuisine, Balkans, the Caucasian cuisine, Caucasus and Iranian cuisine, Iran. It i ...
prepared by soaking and boiling shelled dried broad beans until soft and then pureeing with olive oil and optionally fresh dill. The puree is left to set overnight, and served cold, garnished with dill and slices of lemon. Broad beans are also cooked with artichoke (Enginarlı İç Bakla) which is another ''
zeytinyağlı'' dish.
Vietnam
In Southern Vietnam, fava beans () are usually stir fried with rice noodles, durians, shrimps, Thai basil, quail eggs and pig intestines in a dry stew called ''hủ tiếu lòng heo''.
Other uses
* In ancient Greece and
Rome, beans were used in voting; a white bean was used to cast a ''yes'' vote, and a black bean for ''no''. Even today, the word'' koukia'' (κουκιά) is used unofficially, referring to the votes. Beans were used as a food for the dead, such as during the annual
Lemuria festival.
* The ancient Roman family name
Fabius and the modern political term ''
Fabian'' derive from this particular bean.
* Both Porphyry and Iamblichus report that Pythagoras once persuaded a bull not to eat beans
* In
Ubykh culture, throwing beans on the ground and interpreting the pattern in which they fall was a common method of
divination (
favomancy
Favomancy is a form of divination that involves throwing beans on the ground and interpreting the patterns into which the beans fall; it is therefore a type of cleromancy. Various forms of favomancy are present across the world's cultures. The term ...
), and the word for "bean-thrower" in that language has become a generic term for seers and soothsayers in general.
* The colloquial expression 'not worth a hill of beans' alludes to their widespread economy and association with the peasant diet.
* In Italy, broad beans are traditionally sown on November 2,
All Souls Day
All Souls' Day, also called ''The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed'', is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed, observed by certain Christian denominations on 2 November. Through prayer, intercessions, alms and ...
. Small cakes made in the shape of broad beans (though not out of them) are known as ''fave dei morti'' or "beans of the dead". According to tradition,
Sicily once experienced a failure of all crops other than the beans; the beans kept the population from starvation, and thanks were given to
Saint Joseph
Joseph (; el, Ἰωσήφ, translit=Ioséph) was a 1st-century Jewish man of Nazareth who, according to the canonical Gospels, was married to Mary, the mother of Jesus, and was the legal father of Jesus. The Gospels also name some brothers of ...
. Broad beans subsequently became traditional on
Saint Joseph's Day altars in many Italian communities. Some people carry a broad bean for good
luck; some believe that if one carries a broad bean, one will never be without the essentials of life. In
Rome, on the first of May, Roman families traditionally eat fresh fava beans with
Pecorino Romano cheese during a daily excursion in the
Campagna. In northern Italy, on the contrary, fava beans are traditionally fed to animals—and so some people, especially the elderly, might frown on human consumption. But in
Liguria, a maritime region near northern Italy, fava beans are loved raw, and consumed fresh in early spring as the first product of the garden, alone or with fresh
Pecorino Sardo or with local
salami from
Sant'Olcese
Sant'Olcese ( lij, Sant'Orçeise) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Genoa in the Italian region of Liguria, located about north of Genoa. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 5,945 and an area of .All demograph ...
. In some Central Italian regions, a once-popular and recently rediscovered fancy food is the ''bagiana'', a soup of fresh or dried fava beans seasoned with onions and beet leaves stir-fried, before being added to the soup, in olive oil and lard (or bacon or cured ham fat).
* In Portugal and Spain a Christmas cake called ''
bolo Rei
A king cake, also known as a three kings cake, is a cake associated in many countries with Epiphany. Its form and ingredients are variable, but in most cases a () such as a figurine, often said to represent the Christ Child, is hidden inside. ...
'' in Portuguese and ''
roscón de reyes'' in Spanish (King's cake) is baked with a fava bean inside. Whoever eats the slice containing it, is supposed to buy next year's cake.
* A similar tradition exists in France, where the ''fève'' (originally a dried bean, but often now a small china or metal trinket) is placed in the ''galette des rois''; the person who finds it in their slice becomes the king or queen of the meal, and is often expected to serve the other guests to drink.
*
Pliny
Pliny may refer to:
People
* Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE), ancient Roman nobleman, scientist, historian, and author of ''Naturalis Historia'' (''Pliny's Natural History'')
* Pliny the Younger (died 113), ancient Roman statesman, orator, w ...
claimed they acted as a
laxative.
* European folklore also claims that planting beans on
Good Friday or during the night brings good luck.
*''
''
953
Year 953 ( CMLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Battle of Marash: Emir Sayf al-Dawla marches north into the Byzantine Empire ...
2 QB 450, is an
English contract law
English contract law is the body of law that regulates legally binding agreements in England and Wales. With its roots in the lex mercatoria and the activism of the judiciary during the industrial revolution, it shares a heritage with countries ...
case where the two litigants had both mistaken
feveroles for ordinary horse beans.
* Can be used as a
green manure, due to
nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process by which molecular nitrogen (), with a strong triple covalent bond, in the air is converted into ammonia () or related nitrogenous compounds, typically in soil or aquatic systems but also in industry. A ...
it produces.
* In the Netherlands, roasted or fried broad beans are regarded as a local delicacy of the city of
Groningen
Groningen (; gos, Grunn or ) is the capital city and main municipality of Groningen province in the Netherlands. The ''capital of the north'', Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of the northern part of t ...
, and is locally called ''molleboon''. Until the 1800s, the city council used ''mollebonen'' for the voting process, sometimes real beans, sometimes made of stone or clay. The word ''Molleboon'' became a nickname for the inhabitants of the city.
Gallery
File:Vicia faba.jpg, Broad bean flowers
File:Crimson BB1.jpg, Crimson flowered broad beans
File:Vicia faba, broad bean seed showing outer seed coating.jpg, Seed of raw broad bean removed and set next to intact seed
File:Tuinboon voor zaad.jpg, Mature broad bean pods
File:Aphis fabae, zwarte bonenluis.jpg, ''Aphis fabae
The black bean aphid (''Aphis fabae'') is a small black insect in the genus ''Aphis'', with a broad, soft body, a member of the order Hemiptera. Other common names include blackfly, bean aphid, and beet leaf aphid. In the warmer months of the ye ...
'' (aphid
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A t ...
s) on broad bean
File:Vicia faba extrafloral nectary.jpg, '' Lasius niger'' attending an extrafloral nectary
See also
*
**
*
References
External links
*
*
{{Authority control
faba
Flora of North Africa
Edible legumes
Medicinal plants
Nitrogen-fixing crops
Phytoremediation plants
Flora of Nepal
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Malta