Woodblock printing in Japan (, ''mokuhanga'') is a technique best known for its use in the ''
ukiyo-e
Ukiyo-e is a genre of Japanese art which flourished from the 17th through 19th centuries. Its artists produced woodblock prints and paintings of such subjects as female beauties; kabuki actors and sumo wrestlers; scenes from history and folk ...
'' artistic genre of single sheets, but it was also used for printing books in the same period. Widely adopted in Japan during the
Edo period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional ''daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was character ...
(1603–1868) and similar to
woodcut
Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking
Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces. "Traditional printmaking" normally covers only t ...
in Western
printmaking
Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces. "Traditional printmaking" normally covers only the process of creating prints using a hand processed techni ...
in some regards, the mokuhanga technique differs in that it uses water-based inks—as opposed to western woodcut, which typically uses oil-based inks. The Japanese water-based inks provide a wide range of vivid colors,
glazes, and transparency.
History
Early, to 13th century
In 764 the
Empress Kōken commissioned one million small wooden pagodas, each containing a small woodblock scroll printed with a Buddhist text (''
Hyakumantō Darani''). These were distributed to temples around the country as thanks for the suppression of the
Emi Rebellion of 764. These are the earliest examples of woodblock printing known, or documented, from
Japan.
[The Past, Present and Future of Printing in Japan.](_blank)
Izumi Munemura. (2010). The Surface Finishing Society of Japan.
By the eleventh century,
Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
temples in Japan produced printed books of
sutra
''Sutra'' ( sa, सूत्र, translit=sūtra, translit-std=IAST, translation=string, thread)Monier Williams, ''Sanskrit English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, Entry fo''sutra'' page 1241 in Indian literary traditions refers to an a ...
s,
mandala
A mandala ( sa, मण्डल, maṇḍala, circle, ) is a geometric configuration of symbols. In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be employed for focusing attention of practitioners and adepts, as a spiritual guidance tool, for e ...
s, and other Buddhist texts and images. For centuries, printing was mainly restricted to the Buddhist sphere, as it was too expensive for mass production, and did not have a receptive, literate public as a market. However, an important set of fans of the late
Heian period
The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means "peace" in Japanese ...
(12th century), containing painted images and Buddhist sutras, reveal from loss of paint that the
underdrawing
Underdrawing is a preparatory drawing done on a painting ground before paint is applied, for example, an imprimatura or an underpainting. Underdrawing was used extensively by 15th century painters like Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden. The ...
for the paintings was printed from blocks. In the
Kamakura period
The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first '' shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo after the conclusion of the Genpei War, which saw the struggle bet ...
from the 12th century to the 13th century, many books were printed and published by woodblock printing at Buddhist temples in
Kyoto
Kyoto (; Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. , the ...
and
Kamakura
is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
Kamakura has an estimated population of 172,929 (1 September 2020) and a population density of 4,359 persons per km² over the total area of . Kamakura was designated as a city on 3 November 1939.
Kama ...
.
Early Edo period
Western style
movable type
Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuatio ...
printing-press was brought to Japan by
Tenshō embassy
The Tenshō embassy (Japanese: 天正の使節, named after the Tenshō Era in which the embassy took place) was an embassy sent by the Japanese Christian Lord Ōtomo Sōrin to the Pope and the kings of Europe in 1582. The embassy was led by ...
in 1590, and was first printed in
Kazusa, Nagasaki in 1591. However, western printing-press were discontinued after the ban on Christianity in 1614.
The printing-press seized from Korea by
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
, otherwise known as and , was a Japanese samurai and '' daimyō'' ( feudal lord) of the late Sengoku period regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.Richard Holmes, The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the C ...
's forces in 1593 was also in use at the same time as the printing press from Europe. An edition of the
Confucian
Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or ...
''
Analects'' was printed in 1598, using a Korean moveable type printing press, at the order of
Emperor Go-Yōzei
was the 107th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Go-Yōzei's reign spanned the years 1586 through to his abdication in 1611, corresponding to the transition between the Azuchi–Momoyama period and the Edo period ...
.
Tokugawa Ieyasu
was the founder and first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, which ruled Japan from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fel ...
established a printing school at
Enko-ji in Kyoto and started publishing books using domestic wooden movable type printing-press instead of metal from 1599. Ieyasu supervised the production of 100,000 types, which were used to print many political and historical books. In 1605, books using domestic copper movable type printing-press began to be published, but copper type did not become mainstream after Ieyasu died in 1616.
The great pioneers in applying movable type printing press to the creation of artistic books, and in preceding mass production for general consumption, were
Honami Kōetsu and Suminokura Soan. At their studio in Saga, Kyoto, the pair created a number of woodblock versions of the Japanese classics, both text and images, essentially converting
emaki (handscrolls) to printed books, and reproducing them for wider consumption. These books, now known as Kōetsu Books, Suminokura Books, or Saga Books, are considered the first and finest printed reproductions of many of these classic tales; the Saga Book of the Tales of Ise (''
Ise monogatari''), printed in 1608, is especially renowned.
Despite the appeal of moveable type, however, craftsmen soon decided that the
running script style of Japanese writings was better reproduced using woodblocks. By 1640 woodblocks were once again used for nearly all purposes. After the 1640s, movable type printing declined, and books were mass-produced by conventional woodblock printing during most of the
Edo period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional ''daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was character ...
.
Later Edo period
The mass production of woodblock prints in the
Edo period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional ''daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was character ...
was due to the high literacy rate of Japanese people in those days. The literacy rate of the Japanese in the Edo period was almost 100% for the
samurai
were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of History of Japan#Medieval Japan (1185–1573/1600), medieval and Edo period, early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retai ...
class and 50% to 60% for the ''
chōnin
was a social class that emerged in Japan during the early years of the Tokugawa period. In the social hierarchy, it was considered subordinate to the samurai warrior class.
Social Class
The ''chōnin'' emerged in ''joka-machi'' or castle ...
'' and ''nōmin'' (farmer) class due to the spread of private schools ''
terakoya''. There were more than 600 rental bookstores in
Edo
Edo ( ja, , , "bay-entrance" or "estuary"), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo.
Edo, formerly a ''jōkamachi'' (castle town) centered on Edo Castle located in Musashi Province, became the ''de facto'' capital of ...
, and people lent woodblock-printed illustrated books of various genres. While the Saga Books were printed on expensive paper, and used various embellishments, being printed specifically for a small circle of literary connoisseurs, other printers in Edo quickly adapted the conventional woodblock printing to producing cheaper books in large numbers, for more general consumption. The content of these books varied widely, including travel guides, gardening books, cookbooks, ''
kibyōshi'' (satirical novels), ''
sharebon'' (books on urban culture), ''
kokkeibon'' (comical books), ''
ninjōbon'' (romance novel), ''
yomihon'', ''
kusazōshi'', art books, play scripts for the kabuki and ''
jōruri'' (puppet) theatre, etc. The best-selling books of this period were ''Kōshoku Ichidai Otoko (Life of an Amorous Man)'' by
Ihara Saikaku, ''
Nansō Satomi Hakkenden
''Nansō Satomi Hakkenden'' ( ja, 南総里見八犬伝, label=shinjitai; ja, 南總里見八犬傳, label=kyūjitai) is a Japanese epic novel ('' yomihon'') written and published over twenty-eight years (1814–42) in the Edo period, by Kyoku ...
'' by
Takizawa Bakin
(), a.k.a. (, 4 July 1767 – 1 December 1848), was a Japanese novelist of the Edo period. Born (), he wrote under the pen name (). Later in life he took the pen name (). Modern scholarship generally refers to him as , or just as n. He is ...
, and ''
Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige'' by
Jippensha Ikku, and these books were reprinted many times.
[Edo Picture Books and the Edo Period.](_blank)
National Diet Library.
From the 17th century to the 19th century, ''
ukiyo-e
Ukiyo-e is a genre of Japanese art which flourished from the 17th through 19th centuries. Its artists produced woodblock prints and paintings of such subjects as female beauties; kabuki actors and sumo wrestlers; scenes from history and folk ...
'' depicting secular subjects became very popular among the common people and were mass-produced. ''ukiyo-e'' is based on
kabuki
is a classical form of Japanese dance-drama. Kabuki theatre is known for its heavily-stylised performances, the often-glamorous costumes worn by performers, and for the elaborate make-up worn by some of its performers.
Kabuki is thought ...
actors,
sumo
is a form of competitive full-contact wrestling where a '' rikishi'' (wrestler) attempts to force his opponent out of a circular ring ('' dohyō'') or into touching the ground with any body part other than the soles of his feet (usually by ...
wrestlers, beautiful women, landscapes of sightseeing spots, historical tales, and so on, and
Hokusai
, known simply as Hokusai, was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist of the Edo period, active as a painter and printmaker. He is best known for the woodblock print series '' Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji'', which includes the iconic print ''The Great ...
and
Hiroshige are the most famous artists. In the 18th century,
Suzuki Harunobu
Suzuki Harunobu ( ja, 鈴木 春信; ) was a Japanese designer of woodblock print art in the style. He was an innovator, the first to produce full-color prints () in 1765, rendering obsolete the former modes of two- and three-color prints. Haru ...
established the technique of multicolor woodblock printing called ''
nishiki-e'' and greatly developed Japanese woodblock printing culture such as ''ukiyo-e''. ''Ukiyo-e'' influenced European
Japonisme
''Japonisme'' is a French term that refers to the popularity and influence of Japanese art and design among a number of Western European artists in the nineteenth century following the forced reopening of foreign trade with Japan in 1858. Japo ...
and
Impressionism
Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passa ...
.
Yoshitoshi was called the last great ''ukiyo-e'' master, and his cruel depictions and fantastic expressions influenced later Japanese literature and
anime
is hand-drawn and computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside of Japan and in English, ''anime'' refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, in Japan and in Japanese, (a term derived from a shortening of ...
. The price of one ''ukiyo-e'' at that time was about 20
mon
Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to:
Places
* Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar
* Mon, India, a town in Nagaland
* Mon district, Nagaland
* Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India
* Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons
* An ...
, and the price of a bowl of
soba noodles was 16 mon, so the price of one ''ukiyo-e'' was several hundred yen to 1000
yen in today's currency.
Many publishing houses arose and grew, publishing both books and single-sheet prints. One of the most famous and successful was
Tsuta-ya. A publisher's ownership of the
physical woodblocks used to print a given text or image constituted the closest equivalent to a concept of "
copyright
A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, education ...
" that existed at this time. Publishers or individuals could buy woodblocks from one another, and thus take over the production of certain texts, but beyond the ownership of a given set of blocks (and thus a very particular representation of a given subject), there was no legal conception of the ownership of ideas. Plays were adopted by competing theaters, and either reproduced wholesale, or individual plot elements or characters might be adapted; this activity was considered legitimate and routine at the time.
From Meiji on
After the decline of ''ukiyo-e'' and introduction of modern printing technologies, woodblock printing continued as a method for printing texts as well as for producing art, both within traditional modes such as ''ukiyo-e'' and in a variety of more radical or Western forms that might be construed as
modern art
Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the tradi ...
. In the early 20th century, ''
shin-hanga
was an art movement in early 20th-century Japan, during the Taishō and Shōwa periods, that revitalized the traditional '' ukiyo-e'' art rooted in the Edo and Meiji periods (17th–19th century). It maintained the traditional ''ukiyo-e' ...
'' that fused the tradition of ''ukiyo-e'' with the techniques of Western paintings became popular, and the works of
Hasui Kawase and
Hiroshi Yoshida
was a 20th-century Japanese painter and woodblock printmaker. He is regarded as one of the greatest artists of the shin-hanga style, and is noted especially for his excellent landscape prints. Yoshida travelled widely, and was particularly known ...
gained international popularity. Institutes such as the "Adachi Institute of Woodblock Prints" and "Takezasado" continue to produce ukiyo-e prints with the same materials and methods as used in the past.
With the entry into modernity, in Japan there was a renewal of woodblock printmaking, the ''hanga''. After the death of Hiroshige in 1858, the ''ukiyo-e'' practically disappeared. Its last manifestations correspond to
Goyō Hashiguchi
was an artist in Japan. At the forefront of the ''shin-hanga'' ("new prints") movement, a revival of '' ukiyo-e'', he designed fourteen woodblock prints which are regarded as masterpieces of the genre.
Early life
Hashiguchi was born Hashiguchi ...
, who already shows a clear Western influence in the realism and plastic treatment of his images. With the entry into the 20th century, the artists who practiced engraving evolved to a style more in line with modern Japanese taste. One of its first exponents was
Hiroshi Yoshida
was a 20th-century Japanese painter and woodblock printmaker. He is regarded as one of the greatest artists of the shin-hanga style, and is noted especially for his excellent landscape prints. Yoshida travelled widely, and was particularly known ...
, author of landscapes influenced by nineteenth-century English watercolor. In 1918 the Nippon Sōsaku Hanga Kyōkai (Japan Printmaking Artists' Association) was founded, a group of artists who synthesized traditional Japanese painting with the new Western aesthetic. Notable among its members were
Kōshirō Onchi
, born in Tokyo, was a Japanese print-maker. He was the father of the '' sōsaku-hanga'' movement in twentieth century Japan, and a photographer. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
Biogr ...
,
Un'ichi Hiratsuka
, born in Matsue, Shimane, was a Japanese woodblock printmaker. He was one of the prominent leaders of the '' sōsaku hanga'' ("creative print") movement in 20th century Japan.
Hiratsuka's father was a shrine carpenter, and his grandfather was ...
and
Shikō Munakata. The first, influenced by
Vasili Kandinsky
Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky (; rus, Василий Васильевич Кандинский, Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kandinskiy, vɐˈsʲilʲɪj vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ kɐnʲˈdʲinskʲɪj; – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter a ...
, was the first to produce abstract engravings, of a style however distinctly oriental for its chromaticism of soft tones and for its lyricism and imagination. Hiratsuka was more traditional in technique and choice of subjects, with a preference for black and white monochrome, in themes ranging from Buddhism to landscapes and popular scenes, in which he combined traditional methods with modern effects. Munakata was noted for his original, personal and expressive work, with an unmistakable stamp. He also focused on Buddhist themes, generally also monochrome, but with a free, carefree style, with a careless appearance but of great vitality.
Technique
The technique for printing texts and images was generally similar. The obvious differences were the volume produced when working with texts (many pages for a single work), and the complexity of multiple colors in some images. Images in books were almost always in monochrome (black ink only), and for a time art prints were likewise monochrome or done in only two or three colors.
The text or image is first drawn onto thin ''
washi'' (Japanese paper), called ''gampi'', then glued face-down onto a plank of close-grained wood, usually a block of smooth cherry. Oil could be used to make the lines of the image more visible. An incision is made along both sides of each line or area. Wood is then chiseled away, based on the drawing outlines. The block is inked using a brush and then a flat hand-held tool called a ''
baren'' is used to press the paper against the woodblock to apply the ink to the paper. The traditional baren is made in three parts, it consists of an inner core made from bamboo leaves twisted into a rope of varying thicknesses, the nodules thus created are what ultimately applies the pressure to the print. This coil is contained in a disk called an "ategawa" made from layers of very thin paper which is glued together and wrapped in a dampened bamboo leaf, the ends of which are then tied to create a handle. Modern printmakers have adapted this tool, and today barens are made of aluminum with ball bearings to apply the pressure are used; as well as less expensive plastic versions.
The first prints were simply one-color (''
sumizuri-e''), with additional colors applied by hand (''
kappazuri-e''). The development of two registration marks carved into the blocks called "kento" was especially helpful with the introduction of multiple colors that had to be applied with precision over previous ink layers. The sheet of paper to be printed is placed in the kento, then lowered onto the woodblock.
While, again, text was nearly always monochrome, as were images in books, the growth of the popularity of ''ukiyo-e'' brought with it demand for ever increasing numbers of colors and complexity of techniques. The stages of this development follow:
*—monochrome printing using only black ink
*—monochrome prints usually printed in pink
*—red ink details or highlights added by hand after the printing process; green was sometimes used as well
*—orange highlights using a red pigment called ''tan''
*, , and other styles in which a single color was used in addition to, or instead of, black ink
*—a method that thickened the ink with glue, emboldening the image. Printers often used gold, mica, and other substances to enhance the image further. ''Urushi-e'' can also refer to paintings using
lacquer instead of paint. Lacquer was rarely, if ever, used on prints.
*—a method of using multiple blocks for separate portions of the image, using a number of colors to achieve complex and detailed images. A separate block was carved to apply only the part of the image designated for a single color. Registration marks called ''kentō'' () were used to ensure correspondence between the application of each block.
Schools and movements
Japanese printmaking, as with many other features of Japanese art, tended to organize itself into schools and movements. The most notable schools (see also
schools of ukiyo-e artists) and, later, movements of ''moku-hanga'' were:
*
Torii school, from 1700
*
Kaigetsudō school, from 1700–14
*
Katsukawa school, from about 1720s, including the artists
Shunsho and
Shuntei[The Prints of Japan, Frank A. Turk, October House Inc ,1966, Lib Congress catalog Card no. 66-25524]
*
Kawamata school Kawamata (written: 川又 or 川俣) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*, Japanese writer
*, Japanese footballer
*, Japanese rugby union player
*, Japanese artist
*, Japanese mathematician
See also
*, town in Date Dis ...
, from about 1725, including the artists
Suzuki Harunobu
Suzuki Harunobu ( ja, 鈴木 春信; ) was a Japanese designer of woodblock print art in the style. He was an innovator, the first to produce full-color prints () in 1765, rendering obsolete the former modes of two- and three-color prints. Haru ...
and
Koryusai
*
Hokusai school, from about 1786, including the artists
Hokusai
, known simply as Hokusai, was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist of the Edo period, active as a painter and printmaker. He is best known for the woodblock print series '' Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji'', which includes the iconic print ''The Great ...
,
Hokuei and
Gakutei
*
Kitagawa school Kitagawa (written: 北川 or 喜多川) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*Asami Kitagawa, Olympic swimmer
*Fuyuhiko Kitagawa, poet and film critic
* Ichitarō Kitagawa, famous woodblock artist and painter who later ch ...
, from about 1794, including the artists
Utamaro I,
Kikumaro I Kikumaro is a Japanese name. It may refer to:
* Tsukimaro, an early-19th-century Japanese artist who also worked under the name Kikumaro
* Prince Yamashina Kikumaro
, was the second head of the Yamashina-no-miya, a collateral line of the Japane ...
and
II
*
Utagawa school, from 1842, including the artists
Kunisada and
Hiroshige
*
Sōsaku-hanga
was an art movement of woodblock printing which was conceived in early 20th-century Japan. It stressed the artist as the sole creator motivated by a desire for self-expression, and advocated principles of art that is "self-drawn" (自画 ''jiga' ...
, "Creative Prints" movement, from 1904
*
Shin-hanga
was an art movement in early 20th-century Japan, during the Taishō and Shōwa periods, that revitalized the traditional '' ukiyo-e'' art rooted in the Edo and Meiji periods (17th–19th century). It maintained the traditional ''ukiyo-e' ...
"New Prints" movement, from 1915, including
Hasui Kawase and
Hiroshi Yoshida
was a 20th-century Japanese painter and woodblock printmaker. He is regarded as one of the greatest artists of the shin-hanga style, and is noted especially for his excellent landscape prints. Yoshida travelled widely, and was particularly known ...
[Fresh Impressions, Kendall Brown, Publisher: University of Washington Press, September 2013, ]
Other artists, such as
Sharaku,
Kabukidō Enkyō
Kabukidō Enkyō (, fl. ) was a Japanese artist who designed ukiyo-e woodblock prints. Nothing is known of Enkyō's life, and only seven of his works are known, all of which are ''ōkubi-e, ōkubi yakusha-e'', bust portrait prints of kabuki ...
, Sugakudo, and
Shibata Zesshin Shibata may refer to:
Places
* Shibata, Miyagi, a town in Miyagi Prefecture
* Shibata District, Miyagi, a district in Miyagi Prefecture
* Shibata, Niigata, a city in Niigata Prefecture
** Shibata Station (Niigata), a railway station in Niigata Pr ...
, are considered independent artists, free of school associations, and presumably, without the resulting associated benefits from publishers, who might be less inclined to produce prints by an unaffiliated artist. However, many of the surviving examples speak to the contrary. The earliest examples by these artists are among the most desirable, valuable, and rarest of all ukiyo-e. Additionally, many examples exhibit very fine printing, using expensive mica (''
kirazuri
''Kirazuri'' is a method used in Japanese woodblock printmaking using mica powder, or to add sparkle.
When used for the background in portraits, depending on the base color, it is called ''Shiro-kirazuri'' (white), ''Kuro-kirazuri'' (literally ...
''), premium inks and the highest quality papers.
Print sizes
Following are common Tokugawa-period print sizes. Sizes varied depending on the period, and those given are approximate; they are based on the pre-printing paper sizes, and paper was often trimmed after printing.
The Japanese terms for vertical (portrait) and horizontal (landscape) formats for images are ''tate-e'' (立て絵) and ''yoko-e'' (横絵), respectively.
See also
*
List of ukiyo-e terms
*
List of art techniques
A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to:
People
* List (surname)
Organizations
* List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America
* SC Germania List, German rugby uni ...
Notes
References
*
* Forrer, Matthi, Willem R. van Gulik, Jack Hillier ''A Sheaf of Japanese Papers'', The Hague,
Society for Japanese Arts and Crafts, 1979.
*
* Kaempfer, H. M. (ed.), ''Ukiyo-e Studies and Pleasures, A Collection of Essays on the Art of Japanese Prints'', The Hague,
Society for Japanese Arts and Crafts, 1978.
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge:
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the reti ...
.
OCLC 48943301*Friese, Gordon (2007). "Hori-shi. 249 facsimiles of different seals from 96 Japanese engravers." Unna, Nordrhein-Westfalen: Verlag im bücherzentrun.
*
Lane, Richard. (1978). ''Images from the Floating World, The Japanese Print.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
OCLC 5246796*Paine, Robert Treat, in: Paine, R. T. & Soper A, "The Art and Architecture of Japan", Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1981, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), .
*
Sansom, George (1961). "A History of Japan: 1334–1615." Stanford, California:
Stanford University Press
Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University. It is one of the oldest academic presses in the United States and the first university press to be established on the West Coast. It was among the presses officiall ...
.
* Rikardson, Anders (1978). "Japanese Woodblock Prints" Malmö: Antik & Auktion.
Further reading
*
External links
Encyclopedia of Woodblock Printmakingby
David BullCreating a Woodblock Print From Start to FinishVideo (42 mins)
Ukiyo-e.orgJapanese Woodblock print search engine
{{Ukiyo-e artists
Woodblock printing
Woodblock printing or block printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper. Each page or image is creat ...
Ukiyo-e
Japan
Japan
ja:木版画