Video is an
electronic medium for the recording,
copying
Copying is the duplication of information or an artifact based on an instance of that information or artifact, and not using the process that originally generated it. With analog forms of information, copying is only possible to a limited degree o ...
, playback,
broadcasting, and display of
moving visual media. Video was first developed for
mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by
cathode-ray tube
A cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen. The images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictur ...
(CRT) systems which, in turn, were replaced by
flat panel displays of several types.
Video systems vary in
display resolution,
aspect ratio,
refresh rate, color capabilities and other qualities. Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on a variety of media, including
radio broadcast,
magnetic tape
Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic storage made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film. It was developed in Germany in 1928, based on the earlier magnetic wire recording from Denmark. Devices that use magne ...
,
optical discs,
computer files, and
network streaming.
History
Analog video
![NTSC Signal](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/NTSC_Signal.png)
Video technology was first developed for
mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by
cathode-ray tube
A cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen. The images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictur ...
(CRT)
television systems, but several new technologies for video
display device
A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual or tactile form (the latter used for example in tactile electronic displays for blind people). When the input information that is supplied has an electrical signal the ...
s have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a
live
Live may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* ''Live!'' (2007 film), 2007 American film
* ''Live'' (2014 film), a 2014 Japanese film
*'' ''Live'' (Apocalyptica DVD)
Music
*Live (band), American alternative rock band
* List of albums ...
technology.
Charles Ginsburg
Charles Paulson Ginsburg (July 27, 1920 – April 9, 1992) was an American engineer and the leader of a research team at Ampex which developed one of the first practical videotape recorders.
Biography
Ginsburg was born on July 27, 1920 in San ...
led an
Ampex research team developing one of the first practical
video tape recorders (VTR). In 1951, the first VTR captured live images from
television cameras by writing the camera's electrical signal onto magnetic
videotape.
Video recorders were sold for US$50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US$300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling
videocassette recorder (VCR) decks and tapes into the
consumer market
A consumer is a person or a group who intends to order, or uses purchased goods, products, or services primarily for personal, social, family, household and similar needs, who is not directly related to entrepreneurial or business activities. T ...
.
Digital video
Digital video is capable of higher quality and, eventually, much lower cost than earlier analog technology. After the invention of the
DVD in 1997, and later the
Blu-ray Disc
The Blu-ray Disc (BD), often known simply as Blu-ray, is a Digital media, digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 2005 and released on June 20, 2006 worldwide. It is designed to supersede the DVD format, and c ...
in 2006, sales of videotape and recording equipment plummeted. Advances in
computer
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to Execution (computing), carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation) automatically. Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as C ...
technology allows even inexpensive
personal computers and
smartphones to capture, store, edit and transmit digital video, further reducing the cost of
video production, allowing program-makers and broadcasters to move to
tapeless production
In the field of professional broadcasting, an end-to-end workflow (from ingest to playout) is called ''tapeless'' when part, or all of it, is made without any use of audio tape recorders or videotape machines; video and audio sources being inges ...
. The advent of
digital broadcasting and the subsequent
digital television transition
The digital television transition, also called the digital switchover (DSO), the analogue switch/sign-off (ASO), the digital migration, or the analogue shutdown, is the process in which older analogue television broadcasting technology is conv ...
is in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a
legacy technology
In computing, a legacy system is an old method, technology, computer system, or application program, "of, relating to, or being a previous or outdated computer system", yet still in use. Often referencing a system as "legacy" means that it paved ...
in most parts of the world. The development of high-resolution video cameras with improved
dynamic range and
color gamuts, along with the introduction of high-dynamic-range
digital intermediate data formats with improved
color depth
Color depth or colour depth (see spelling differences), also known as bit depth, is either the number of bits used to indicate the color of a single pixel, or the number of bits used for each color component of a single pixel. When referring to ...
, has caused digital video technology to converge with film technology. the usage of
digital cameras in
Hollywood
Hollywood usually refers to:
* Hollywood, Los Angeles, a neighborhood in California
* Hollywood, a metonym for the cinema of the United States
Hollywood may also refer to:
Places United States
* Hollywood District (disambiguation)
* Hollywood, ...
has surpassed use of film cameras.
Characteristics of video streams
Number of frames per second
''
Frame rate
Frame rate (expressed in or FPS) is the frequency (rate) at which consecutive images (frames) are captured or displayed. The term applies equally to film and video cameras, computer graphics, and motion capture systems. Frame rate may also be ca ...
'', the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (''frame/s'') for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras.
PAL standards (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and
SECAM (France, Russia, parts of Africa etc.) specify 25 frame/s, while
NTSC standards (USA, Canada, Japan, etc.) specify 29.97 frame/s. Film is shot at the slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of a
moving image is about sixteen frames per second.
Interlaced vs progressive
Video can be
interlaced
Interlaced video (also known as interlaced scan) is a technique for doubling the perceived frame rate of a video display without consuming extra bandwidth. The interlaced signal contains two fields of a video frame captured consecutively. This ...
or
progressive
Progressive may refer to:
Politics
* Progressivism, a political philosophy in support of social reform
** Progressivism in the United States, the political philosophy in the American context
* Progressive realism, an American foreign policy par ...
. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. When displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early
mechanical
Mechanical may refer to:
Machine
* Machine (mechanical), a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement
* Mechanical calculator, a device used to perform the basic operations of ...
and
CRT
CRT or Crt may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Medicine and biology
* Calreticulin, a protein
*Capillary refill time, for blood to refill capillaries
*Cardiac resynchronization therapy and CRT defibrillator (CRT-D)
* Catheter-re ...
video displays without increasing the number of complete
frames per second. Interlacing retains detail while requiring lower
bandwidth compared to progressive scanning.
In interlaced video, the horizontal
scan lines of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively, and captured as two ''fields'': an ''odd field'' (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an ''even field'' (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display.
NTSC, PAL and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an ''i'' to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is often described as ''576i50'', where ''576'' indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, ''i'' indicates interlacing, and ''50'' indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second.
When displaying a natively interlaced signal on a progressive scan device, overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple
line doubling—artifacts such as flickering or "comb" effects in moving parts of the image which appear unless special signal processing eliminates them.
A procedure known as
deinterlacing can optimize the display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an
LCD television, digital
video projector or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce
video quality
Video quality is a characteristic of a video passed through a video transmission or processing system that describes perceived video degradation (typically, compared to the original video). Video processing systems may introduce some amount of dist ...
that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.
Aspect ratio
Aspect ratio describes the proportional relationship between the width and height of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are
rectangular, and so can be described by a ratio between width and height. The ratio width to height for a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the
Academy ratio
The Academy ratio of 1.375:1 (abbreviated as 1.37:1) is an aspect ratio of a frame of 35 mm film when used with 4-perf pulldown.Monaco, James. ''How to Read a Film: The Art, Technology, Language, History and Theory of Film and Media''. Rev. ...
) is 1.375:1.
Pixels on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in
digital video
Digital video is an electronic representation of moving visual images (video) in the form of encoded digital data. This is in contrast to analog video, which represents moving visual images in the form of analog signals. Digital video comprises ...
often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the
CCIR 601 digital video standard, and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. The
720 by 480 pixel raster uses thin pixels on a 4:3 aspect ratio display and fat pixels on a 16:9 display.
The popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of
vertical video
A vertical video is a video created either by a camera or computer that is intended for viewing in portrait mode, producing an image that is taller than it is wide. It thus sits in opposition to the multiple horizontal formats normalised by cin ...
. Mary Meeker, a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm
Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, highlighted the growth of vertical video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report growing from 5% of video viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical video ads like
Snapchat
Snapchat is an American multimedia instant messaging app and service developed by Snap Inc., originally Snapchat Inc. One of the principal features of Snapchat is that pictures and messages are usually only available for a short time before the ...
’s are watched in their entirety nine times more frequently than landscape video ads.
Color model and depth
The
color model the video color representation and maps encoded color values to visible colors reproduced by the system. There are several such representations in common use: typically
YIQ
YIQ is the color space used by the analog NTSC color TV system, employed mainly in North and Central America, and Japan.
''I'' stands for ''in-phase'', while ''Q'' stands for ''quadrature'', referring to the components used in quadrature amplitud ...
is used in NTSC television,
YUV is used in PAL television,
YDbDr is used by SECAM television and
YCbCr is used for digital video.
The number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on
color depth
Color depth or colour depth (see spelling differences), also known as bit depth, is either the number of bits used to indicate the color of a single pixel, or the number of bits used for each color component of a single pixel. When referring to ...
expressed in the number of bits per pixel. A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by
chroma subsampling (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.). Because the human eye is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block and that same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 50% reduction in chrominance data using 2-pixel blocks (4:2:2) or 75% using 4-pixel blocks (4:2:0). This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, but it reduces the number of distinct points at which the color changes.
Video quality
Video quality
Video quality is a characteristic of a video passed through a video transmission or processing system that describes perceived video degradation (typically, compared to the original video). Video processing systems may introduce some amount of dist ...
can be measured with formal metrics like
Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) or through
subjective video quality assessment using expert observation. Many subjective video quality methods are described in the
ITU-T recommendation
BT.500. One of the standardized methods is the ''Double Stimulus Impairment Scale'' (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an ''unimpaired'' reference video followed by an ''impaired'' version of the same video. The expert then rates the ''impaired'' video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying".
Video compression method (digital only)
Uncompressed video delivers maximum quality, but at a very high
data rate Data rate and data transfer rate can refer to several related and overlapping concepts in communications networks:
Achieved rate
* Bit rate, the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time
** Data signaling rate or gross bit rate ...
. A variety of methods are used to compress video streams, with the most effective ones using a
group of pictures (GOP) to reduce spatial and temporal
redundancy. Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as ''
intraframe compression'' and is closely related to
image compression
Image compression is a type of data compression applied to digital images, to reduce their cost for storage or transmission. Algorithms may take advantage of visual perception and the statistical properties of image data to provide superior r ...
. Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as ''
interframe compression'', including
motion compensation and other techniques. The most common modern compression standards are
MPEG-2
MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as was defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the generic video coding format, coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It describes a combination of Lossy compression, lossy video compression and ...
, used for
DVD,
Blu-ray and
satellite television, and
MPEG-4
MPEG-4 is a group of international standards for the compression of digital audio and visual data, multimedia systems, and file storage formats. It was originally introduced in late 1998 as a group of audio and video coding formats and related tec ...
, used for
AVCHD, Mobile phones (3GP) and Internet.
Stereoscopic
Stereoscopic
Stereoscopy (also called stereoscopics, or stereo imaging) is a technique for creating or enhancing the depth perception, illusion of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocular vision. The word ''stereoscopy'' derives . Any stere ...
video for
3d film
3D films are motion pictures made to give an illusion of three-dimensional solidity, usually with the help of special glasses worn by viewers. They have existed in some form since 1915, but had been largely relegated to a niche in the motion pict ...
and other applications can be displayed using several different methods:
* Two channels: a right channel for the right eye and a left channel for the left eye. Both channels may be viewed simultaneously by using
light-polarizing filters 90 degrees off-axis from each other on two video projectors. These separately polarized channels are viewed wearing eyeglasses with matching polarization filters.
*
Anaglyph 3D where one channel is overlaid with two color-coded layers. This left and right layer technique is occasionally used for network broadcast or recent anaglyph releases of 3D movies on DVD. Simple red/cyan plastic glasses provide the means to view the images discretely to form a stereoscopic view of the content.
* One channel with alternating left and right frames for the corresponding eye, using
LCD shutter glasses that synchronize to the video to alternately block the image to each eye, so the appropriate eye sees the correct frame. This method is most common in computer
virtual reality applications such as in a
Cave Automatic Virtual Environment, but reduces effective video framerate by a factor of two.
Formats
Different layers of video transmission and storage each provide their own set of formats to choose from.
For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol (see
List of video connectors). A given physical link can carry certain
display standards that specify a particular refresh rate,
display resolution, and
color space.
Many analog and digital
recording formats are in use, and digital
video clip
Video clips refer to mostly short videos, most of the time called memes, which are short videos of silly jokes and funny clips, most of the time coming from movies or any entertainment videos such as YouTube. The term is also used more loosely to ...
s can also be stored on a
computer file system
In computing, file system or filesystem (often abbreviated to fs) is a method and data structure that the operating system uses to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, data placed in a storage medium would be one larg ...
as files, which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the
data storage device
Data storage is the recording (storing) of information (data) in a storage medium. Handwriting, phonographic recording, magnetic tape, and optical discs are all examples of storage media. Biological molecules such as RNA and DNA are conside ...
or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital
video coding format, of which a number are available.
Analog video
Analog video is a video signal represented by one or more
analog signal
An analog signal or analogue signal (see spelling differences) is any continuous signal representing some other quantity, i.e., ''analogous'' to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies c ...
s. Analog color video signals include
luminance
Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through, is emitted from, or is reflected from a particular area, and falls withi ...
, brightness (Y) and
chrominance (C). When combined into one channel, as is the case, among others with
NTSC,
PAL and
SECAM it is called
composite video
Composite video is an analog video signal format that carries standard-definition video (typically at 525 lines or 625 lines) as a single channel. Video information is encoded on one channel, unlike the higher-quality S-Video (two channels) a ...
. Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two channel
S-Video (YC) and multi-channel
component video formats.
Analog video is used in both consumer and professional
television production applications.
Composite-video-cable.jpg, Composite video
Composite video is an analog video signal format that carries standard-definition video (typically at 525 lines or 625 lines) as a single channel. Video information is encoded on one channel, unlike the higher-quality S-Video (two channels) a ...
(single channel RCA)
Close-up_of_S-video_female_connector.jpg, S-Video
(2-channel YC)
Component-cables.jpg, Component video
(3-channel YPbPr)
SCART_20050724_002.jpg, SCART
Vga-cable.jpg, VGA
Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a video display controller and accompanying de facto graphics standard, first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, which became ubiquitous in the PC industry within three years. The term can now ...
3.5mm.jpg, TRRS
A phone connector, also known as phone jack, audio jack, headphone jack or jack plug, is a family of electrical connectors typically used for analog signal, analog audio signals. A plug, the Gender of connectors and fasteners, male connect ...
D4_video_connector.jpg, D-Terminal
Digital video
Digital video
Digital video is an electronic representation of moving visual images (video) in the form of encoded digital data. This is in contrast to analog video, which represents moving visual images in the form of analog signals. Digital video comprises ...
signal formats have been adopted, including
serial digital interface (SDI),
Digital Visual Interface (DVI),
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and
DisplayPort Interface.
BNC_connector_%28male%29.jpg, Serial digital interface (SDI)
Dvi-cable.jpg, Digital Visual Interface (DVI)
HDMI-Connector.jpg, HDMI
Displayport-cable.jpg, DisplayPort
Transport medium
Video can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways including wireless
terrestrial television as an analog or digital signal, coaxial cable in a closed-circuit system as an analog signal. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using
serial digital interface (SDI). See
List of video connectors for information about physical connectors and related signal standards.
Video may be transported over networks and other shared digital communications links using, for instance,
MPEG transport stream
MPEG transport stream (MPEG-TS, MTS) or simply transport stream (TS) is a standard digital container format for transmission and storage of audio, video, and Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP) data. It is used in broadcast systems ...
,
SMPTE 2022 and
SMPTE 2110.
Display standards
Digital television
Digital television broadcasts use the
MPEG-2
MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as was defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the generic video coding format, coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It describes a combination of Lossy compression, lossy video compression and ...
and other
video coding formats and include:
*
ATSC
Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards are an American set of standards for digital television transmission over terrestrial, cable and satellite networks. It is largely a replacement for the analog NTSC standard and, like that ...
– United States,
Canada,
Mexico,
Korea
*
Digital Video Broadcasting
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a set of international open standards for digital television. DVB standards are maintained by the DVB Project, an international industry consortium, and are published by a Joint Technical Committee (JTC) ...
(DVB) –
Europe
*
ISDB
Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB; Japanese language, Japanese: , ''Tōgō dejitaru hōsō sābisu'') is a Japanese broadcasting standard for digital television (DTV) and digital radio.
ISDB supersedes both the NTSC-J analog telev ...
–
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
**
ISDB-Tb – uses the MPEG-4 video coding format –
Brazil,
Argentina
*
Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) –
Korea
Analog television
Analog television
Analog television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness, colors and sound are represented by amplitude, instantaneous phase and frequency, ...
broadcast standards include:
* Field-sequential color system (FCS) – US, Russia; obsolete
*
Multiplexed Analogue Components (MAC) – Europe; obsolete
*
Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding
MUSE (Multiple sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding), commercially known as Hi-Vision (a contraction of HIgh-definition teleVISION) was a Japanese analog HDTV system, with design efforts going back to 1979.
It used dot-interlacing and digital video co ...
(MUSE) – Japan
*
NTSC –
United States,
Canada,
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
**
EDTV-II "Clear-Vision" - NTSC extension, Japan
*
PAL –
Europe,
Asia,
Oceania
**
PAL-M – PAL variation,
Brazil
**
PAL-N – PAL variation,
Argentina,
Paraguay and
Uruguay
**
PALplus – PAL extension,
Europe
*
RS-343
Here is a list of American Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) Standards.
The EIA ceased operations on February 11, 2011, but the former sectors continue to serve the constituencies of EIA. EIA designated ECA to continue to develop standards f ...
(military)
*
SECAM –
France, former
Soviet Union,
Central Africa
*
CCIR System A
CCIR System A was the 405-line analog broadcast television system adopted in the UK and Ireland. System A service started in 1936 and was discontinued in 1985.
Specifications
Some of the important specs are listed below.
A frame is the t ...
*
CCIR System B
CCIR System B (originally known as the "Gerber Standard") was the 625-line VHF analog broadcast television system which at its peak was the system used in most countries. It's usually associated with CCIR System G for UHF broadcasts.
It is mostl ...
*
CCIR System G
CCIR System G is an analog broadcast television system used in many countries. There are several systems in use and letter G is assigned for the European UHF system which is also used in the majority of Asian and African countries. (However some ...
*
CCIR System H
CCIR System H is an analog broadcast television system primarily used in Belgium, the Balkans and Malta on the UHF bands.
Specifications
Some of the important specs are listed below.Reference Data for Radio Engineers, ITT Howard W.Sams Co., N ...
*
CCIR System I
*
CCIR System M
CCIR System M, sometimes called 525–line, monochrome NTSC or NTSC-M, is the analog broadcast television system approved by the FCC (upon recommendation by the National Television Systems Committee - NTSC) for use in the United States since ...
An analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing metadata and synchronization information. This surrounding margin is known as a ''blanking interval'' or ''blanking region''; the horizontal and vertical
front porch and back porch are the building blocks of the blanking interval.
Computer displays
Computer display standards specify a combination of aspect ratio, display size, display resolution, color depth, and refresh rate. A
list of common resolutions is available.
Recording
![VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg)
Early television was almost exclusively a live medium with some programs recorded to film for distribution of historical purposes using
Kinescope. The analog
video tape recorder was commercially introduced in 1951. The following list is in rough chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers or consumers; or were important historically.
*
2" Quadruplex videotape
2-inch quadruplex videotape (also called 2″ quad video tape or quadraplex) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by A ...
(
Ampex 1956)
*
VERA
Vera may refer to:
Names
*Vera (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name)
*Vera (given name), a given name (including a list of people and fictional characters with the name)
**Vera (), archbishop of the archdiocese of Tarrag ...
(
BBC experimental format ca. 1958)
*
1" Type A videotape (
Ampex)
*
1/2" EIAJ (1969)
*
U-matic 3/4" (
Sony)
*
1/2" Cartrivision (
Avco)
*
VCR, VCR-LP, SVR
*
1" Type B videotape (
Robert Bosch GmbH
Robert Bosch GmbH (; ), commonly known as Bosch and stylized as BOSCH, is a German multinational engineering and technology company headquartered in Gerlingen, Germany. The company was founded by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart in 1886. Bosch is 9 ...
)
*
1" Type C videotape (
Ampex,
Marconi and
Sony)
*
Betamax
Betamax (also known as Beta, as in its logo) is a consumer-level analog recording and cassette format of magnetic tape for video, commonly known as a video cassette recorder. It was developed by Sony and was released in Japan on May 10, 1975, ...
(Sony)
*
VHS (
JVC
JVC (short for Japan Victor Company) is a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood corporation. Founded in 1927 as the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan and later as , the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for ...
)
*
Video 2000
Video 2000 (also known as V2000, with the tape standard Video Compact Cassette, or VCC) is a consumer videocassette system and analogue recording standard developed by Philips and Grundig to compete with JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax video techn ...
(
Philips)
*
2" Helical Scan Videotape (
IVC
IVC can refer to:
Places
*Invercargill Airport, New Zealand, IATA code
* Ivory Coast, UNDP country code
*Oflag IV-C, a German World War II prisoner-of-war camp in Colditz Castle
Education
*Impington Village College
*Irvine Valley College
*Imperia ...
)
*
1/4" CVC (
Funai)
*
Betacam (Sony)
*
HDVS (Sony)
*
Betacam SP (Sony)
*
Video8
The 8mm video format refers informally to three related videocassette formats. These are the original Video8 (analog recording) format and its improved successor Hi8 (analog video and analog audio but with provision for digital audio), as well as ...
(
Sony) (1986)
*
S-VHS (
JVC
JVC (short for Japan Victor Company) is a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood corporation. Founded in 1927 as the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan and later as , the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for ...
) (1987)
*
VHS-C (
JVC
JVC (short for Japan Victor Company) is a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood corporation. Founded in 1927 as the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan and later as , the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for ...
)
*
Pixelvision
The PXL2000 is a toy camcorder produced by Fisher-Price in 1987. Designed for maximal economy, it records extremely low-resolution monochrome video and audio, all to compact audio cassette.
It was on the market for one year with about 400,0 ...
(
Fisher-Price
Fisher-Price is an American company that produces educational toys for infants, toddlers and preschoolers, headquartered in East Aurora, New York, East Aurora, New York (state), New York. The company was founded in 1930 during the Great Depressio ...
)
*
UniHi 1/2" HD (Sony)
*
Hi8
The 8mm video format refers informally to three related videocassette formats. These are the original Video8 (analog recording) format and its improved successor Hi8 (analog video and analog audio but with provision for digital audio), as well as ...
(Sony) (mid-1990s)
*
W-VHS (
JVC
JVC (short for Japan Victor Company) is a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood corporation. Founded in 1927 as the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan and later as , the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for ...
) (1994)
Digital video tape recorders offered improved quality compared to analog recorders.
*
Betacam IMX
Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videocassette products developed by Sony in 1982. In colloquial use, "Betacam" singly is often used to refer to a Betacam camcorder, a Betacam tape, a Betacam video recorder or the format itself.
All ...
(
Sony)
*
D-VHS (
JVC
JVC (short for Japan Victor Company) is a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood corporation. Founded in 1927 as the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan and later as , the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for ...
)
*
D-Theater
D-VHS is a digital video recording format developed by JVC, in collaboration with Hitachi, Matsushita, and Philips. The "D" in D-VHS originally stood for "Data", but JVC renamed the format as "Digital VHS". Released in 1998, it uses the same ph ...
*
D1 (
Sony)
*
D2 (
Sony)
*
D3
*
D5 HD
*
D6 (
Philips)
*
Digital-S D9 (
JVC
JVC (short for Japan Victor Company) is a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood corporation. Founded in 1927 as the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan and later as , the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for ...
)
*
Digital Betacam
Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videocassette products developed by Sony in 1982. In colloquial use, "Betacam" singly is often used to refer to a Betacam camcorder, a Betacam tape, a Betacam video recorder or the format itself.
All ...
(
Sony)
*
Digital8
Digital8 (or Di8) is a consumer digital recording videocassette for camcorders based on the 8 mm video format developed by Sony, and introduced in 1999.
The Digital8 format is a combination of the earlier analog Hi8 tape transport with the dig ...
(
Sony)
*
DV (including DVC-Pro)
*
HDCAM (
Sony)
*
HDV
*
ProHD (
JVC
JVC (short for Japan Victor Company) is a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood corporation. Founded in 1927 as the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan and later as , the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for ...
)
*
MicroMV
MicroMV is a proprietary videotape format introduced in October 2001 by Sony. It is the smallest videotape format — 70% smaller than MiniDV or about the size of two US quarter coins; it is also smaller than a Digital8 or DV cassette and slig ...
*
MiniDV
Optical storage mediums offered an alternative, especially in consumer applications, to bulky tape formats.
*
Blu-ray Disc
The Blu-ray Disc (BD), often known simply as Blu-ray, is a Digital media, digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 2005 and released on June 20, 2006 worldwide. It is designed to supersede the DVD format, and c ...
(
Sony)
*
China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
*
DVD (was
Super Density Disc
The DVD (common abbreviation for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc) is a digital media, digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in Japan. The medium can ...
,
DVD Forum
The DVD Forum is an international organization composed of hardware, software, media and production companies that use and develop the DVD and formerly HD DVD formats. It was initially known as the DVD Consortium when it was founded in 1995.
H ...
)
*
Professional Disc
*
Universal Media Disc (UMD) (
Sony)
*
Enhanced Versatile Disc
The enhanced versatile disc (EVD) is an optical-medium-based digital audio/video format, developed by Beijing E-World (a multi-company partnership including SVA, Shinco, Xiaxin, Yuxing, Skyworth, Nintaus, Malata, Changhong, and BBK Electronics), ...
(EVD, Chinese government-sponsored)
*
HD DVD (
NEC and
Toshiba)
*
HD-VMD
Versatile Multilayer Disc (VMD or HD VMD) was a high-capacity red-laser optical disc technology designed by New Medium Enterprises, Inc. VMD was intended to compete with the blue-laser Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD formats and had an initial capacity ...
*
Capacitance Electronic Disc
*
Laserdisc
The LaserDisc (LD) is a home video format and the first commercial optical disc storage medium, initially licensed, sold and marketed as DiscoVision, MCA DiscoVision (also known simply as "DiscoVision") in the United States in 1978. Its diam ...
(
MCA
MCA may refer to:
Astronomy
* Mars-crossing asteroid, an asteroid whose orbit crosses that of Mars
Aviation
* Minimum crossing altitude, a minimum obstacle crossing altitude for fixes on published airways
* Medium Combat Aircraft, a 5th gene ...
and
Philips)
*
Television Electronic Disc
Television Electronic Disc (TeD) is a discontinued video recording format, released in 1975 by Telefunken and Teldec. The format used flexible foil discs, which spun at 1,500 rpm on a cushion of air. TeD never gained wide acceptance, and co ...
(
Teldec and
Telefunken)
*
VHD (
JVC
JVC (short for Japan Victor Company) is a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood corporation. Founded in 1927 as the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan and later as , the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for ...
)
Digital encoding formats
A video codec is
software or
hardware that
compresses and
decompresses digital video
Digital video is an electronic representation of moving visual images (video) in the form of encoded digital data. This is in contrast to analog video, which represents moving visual images in the form of analog signals. Digital video comprises ...
. In the context of video compression, ''
codec'' is a
portmanteau of ''encoder'' and ''decoder'', while a device that only compresses is typically called an ''
encoder Encoder may refer to:
Electronic circuits
* Audio encoder, converts digital audio to analog audio signals
* Video encoder, converts digital video to analog video signals
* Simple encoder, assigns a binary code to an active input line
* Priority e ...
'', and one that only decompresses is a ''decoder''.
The compressed data format usually conforms to a standard
video coding format. The compression is typically
lossy, meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this is that decompressed video has lower quality than the original, uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.
*
CCIR 601 (
ITU-T)
*
H.261
H.261 is an ITU-T video compression standard, first ratified in November 1988. It is the first member of the H.26x family of video coding standards in the domain of the ITU-T Study Group 16 Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG, then Specialists Gro ...
(
ITU-T)
*
H.263
H.263 is a video compression standard originally designed as a low-bit-rate compressed format for videotelephony. It was standardized by the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) in a project ending in 1995/1996. It is a member of the H.26x fam ...
(
ITU-T)
*
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (
ITU-T +
ISO)
*
H.265
*
M-JPEG
Motion JPEG (M-JPEG or MJPEG) is a video compression format in which each video frame or interlaced field of a digital video sequence is compressed separately as a JPEG image.
Originally developed for multimedia PC applications, Motion JPE ...
(
ISO)
*
MPEG-1 (
ISO)
*
MPEG-2
MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as was defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the generic video coding format, coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It describes a combination of Lossy compression, lossy video compression and ...
(
ITU-T +
ISO)
*
MPEG-4
MPEG-4 is a group of international standards for the compression of digital audio and visual data, multimedia systems, and file storage formats. It was originally introduced in late 1998 as a group of audio and video coding formats and related tec ...
(
ISO)
*
Ogg
Ogg is a free, open container format maintained by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The authors of the Ogg format state that it is unrestricted by software patents and is designed to provide for efficient streaming and manipulation of high-quality d ...
-
Theora
*
VP8-
WebM
*
VC-1 (
SMPTE)
See also
;General
*
Index of video-related articles
The following is a list of video-related topics.
Numbers
* 3D
* 4:3
* 16:9
A-C
* Academy Awards
* Adobe Premiere—real time editin* Advanced Authoring Format AAF
* alpha channel
* Animation
* Audio commentary
* Avid—real time editinAvid ...
*
Sound recording and reproduction
*
Video editing
*
Videography
;Video format
*
360-degree video
360-degree videos, also known as surround video, or immersive videos or spherical videos, are video recordings where a view in every direction is recorded at the same time, shot using an omnidirectional camera or a collection of cameras. During pl ...
*
Cable television
*
Color television
Color television or Colour television is a television transmission technology that includes color information for the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set. It improves on the monochrome or black-and-white t ...
*
Telecine
*
Timecode
*
Volumetric video
;Video usage
*
Closed-circuit television
Closed-circuit television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly t ...
*
Fulldome video
Fulldome refers to immersive dome-based video display environments. The dome, horizontal or tilted, is filled with real-time (interactive) or pre-rendered (linear) computer animations, live capture images, or composited environments.
Although t ...
*
Interactive video
*
Video art
*
Video feedback
Video feedback is the process that starts and continues when a video camera is pointed at its own playback video monitor. The loop delay from camera to display back to camera is at least one video frame time, due to the input and output scanni ...
*
Video sender
A video sender (also known as a DigiSender, wireless video sender, AV sender or audio-video sender) is a device for transmitting domestic Sound, audio and video signals wirelessly from one location to another. It is most commonly used for sending ...
*
Video synthesizer
*
Videotelephony
;Video screen recording software
*
Bandicam
Bandicam (stylized as BANDICAM) is a closed-source screen capture and screen recording software originally developed by Bandisoft and later by Bandicam Company that can take screenshots or record screen changes.
Bandicam consists of three main ...
*
CamStudio
CamStudio is an open-source screencasting program for Microsoft Windows released as free software. The software renders videos in an Audio Video Interleave, AVI format. It can also convert these AVIs into Flash Video format, embedded in SWF fi ...
*
Camtasia
Camtasia (; formerly Camtasia Studio and Camtasia for Mac) is a software suite, created and published by TechSmith, for creating and recording video tutorials and presentations via screencast (screen recording), or via a direct recording plug-in ...
*
CloudApp
CloudApp is a cross-platform screen capture and screen recording desktop client that supports online storage and sharing.
CloudApp full and partial screen recordings export to .mp4 format. Full or partial screen image captures export to either ...
*
Fraps
Fraps (derived from frames per second) is a benchmarking, screen capture and screen recording utility for Windows developed by Beepa. It can capture from software that uses DirectX and OpenGL, such as PC games.
Operation
Fraps is proprietary and ...
References
External links
*
*
Programmer's Guide to Video Systems: in-depth technical info on 480i, 576i, 1080i, 720p, etc.Format Descriptions for Moving Images
{{Authority control
Digital television
Film and video technology
High-definition television
Display technology
Television terminology
History of television
Media formats
Articles containing video clips