Ugaadhyahan

The Mohamoud Garad ( so, Maxamuud Garaad, ar, محمود جراد, Full Name:'' ’Mohamoud Shirshore Habarwa Abdullah Muse Said Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti'' ) is a Somali clan. Its members form a part of the Dhulbahante, a sub-division of the Harti/ Darod clan-family. The clan is divided into three main sub-clans ― namely the ''Jama Siad'', the ''Ugaadhyahan'' and ''Omar Wa’eys''.

The traditional clan chief of Mohamoud Garad is Garad Saleban Garad Mohamed.

Overview

For political purposes, the Mohamoud Garad further sub-divided into Naleya Ahmed (the numerically largest sub-clan), Jama Siad and a confederation dubbed ''"Galool oriye"'' which encompasses all other sub-clans including Nuur Ahmed, Wa’eys Abdulle, Mohamoud Ugaadhyahan and Omar Wa’eys. The ''Jama Siad'' primarily inhabit the ''Casuura'' plains in western Sool, centred around the town of Yagoori. The ''Naleye Ahmed'' occupy a very large territory of centered on the ''Xadeed'' plains, of whom the southernmost are centered around Xudun, whilst the northernmost ''Naleye Ahmed'' subclans such as ''Rikhaaye'' and ''Bahina Farah'' have their ''deegaans'' (homelands) primarily situated in Jidali as well as the surrounding hamlets of the Barrado plains. The ''Galool Oriye'' subclan of ''Mohamoud Garad'' is best known for having hosted the first and oldest head fortress of the Darawiish, i.e. the Halin fort, as well as the final Darawiish head fortress at Taleh, and they primarily settle in Xaisimo and its environs.

In the first book written on the colonial wars against the Darawiish written in 1902, Malcolm Mcneill states that the Mohamoud Garad was an enemy Darawiish clan and the one the British hated the most; it also states that British-friendly Somali clans feared the Mohamoud Garad due to them being effective raiders:

Eric Swayne was yearning to attack the Mohamoud Garad subclan of Dhulbahante on account of them being Darawiish:

However, the Mohamoud Garad was not unanimous in their support for the Dervishes and would sometimes be raided by the Dervishes because of this fact. For instance, in 1904 the Dervishes led by the Haroun attacked the Jama Siad subclan of the Mohamoud Garad. ''The Parliamentary Debates (official Report).: House of Commons'' in 1913 notes:

In 1913 at the battle of Dul Madoba the Dervishes defeated the British. The Dervish forces under the leadership of Dhulbahante military commander Ismail Mire were attacked by British expeditionary forces made up of members of the Dhulbahante clan under the command of Richard Corfield. It is reported that the Dervishes previously looted herds from the Jama Siad subclan of the Mohamoud Garad, who subsequently agreed to assist the British in their attack. Thus, 300 Jama Siad warriors along with the Somaliland Camel Corps commanded by Corfield pursued and attacked the Dervishes at Dul Madoba. The British sustained heavy casualties and Corfield was killed in battle, whilst the 300 Jama Siad warriors fled unscathed.

Subclans

Jama Siad

The first confrontation from the British colonial force was against Jama Siad clan 30 May 1901:

According to Malcolm Mcneill, these Jama Siad camels were distributed by the British to the friendly clans afterwards:

Malcolm Mcneill describes Jama Siad as the natives of the area between Oog, spelled Oak, and Saamaale, adjacent to Guumays, and taking 3,500 camels from them on account of them being "powerful" Darawiish:

People

*Shire Umbaal, Jama Siad, Darawiish commander
*Yusuf Agararan, Jama Siad, led most successful Darawiish raid since Dul Madoba
*Adan Ali Gurey, Jama Siad, commander of Golaweyne
* Xirsi Cartan, mentioned in the Geoffrey Archer's 1916 important members of Darawiish haroun list
*Serar Shawe, mentioned in the Geoffrey Archer's 1916 important members of Darawiish haroun list

Galool Oriye

For the link between the Galool Oriye clan and Haysimo heritage, see the Mohamoud Garad#Haysimo heritage section.

The Galool Oriye subclan of Nur Ahmed was one of the subclans which attacked a British barracks commanded by British Captain malcolm Mcneill in June 1901 wherein the British tactically prevailed over the Darawiish. The Darawiish clans encumbered 600 casualties in the attack. The other named subclans were primarily Dhulbahante subclans:

People

*Cali Darmaan Garaase, was a member of the haroun (Darawiish government), of the Nur-Ahmed, a Galool Oriye Dhulbahante clan
*Warsame Ciise Geeldabar, was a member of the haroun (Darawiish government), of the Nur-Ahmed, a Galool Oriye Dhulbahante clan
*Ali Meggar, Darawiish naval commander

Naleye Ahmed

The Naleye Ahmed, also known as the western Ugaadhyahan, holds the traditional secondary supreme Dhulbahante Garad, currently via Garad Saleban. Garad Saleban is a direct descendant of Ali Harran, who during the mid 19th century established a sovereign and independent Dhulbahante kingdom in the northeastern half of Ciid-Nugaal. According to British explorer Cruttenden, the northeastern Dhulbahante Kingdom under Garad Ali Harran guarded the northeastern parts of Ciid-Nugaal from the Majeerteen and the northwestern parts from the Warsangeli clan as well as raiders of the Habr Je'lo clan based in Karin:

Traditionally, the two people who held the most senior position within the northern Dhulbahante Kingdom, were the ''Abbaan and the successors of ''Ali Harran''.

During the 2000s decade, some Somali regional administrations advocated carving out a distinct district for the ''Bahina Farah'', ''Rikhaaye'' and ''Bah-idoor'' subclans of Naleye Ahmed called Fiqifuliye District; the bah-idoor Naleye Ahmed is not to be confused with the Warsangeli subclan who settle in the town of Hingalool whom are also called ''Bah-idoor''. During the colonial era, the Naleye Ahmed subclan of Dhulbahante was known for coercing neighbouring clans to hold diplomatic relations with the Darawiish. For example the Habar Yunis clan of Musa Ismail was coerced by ''Naleye Ahmed Dhulbahante'' to have diplomatic relations with Darawiish due to their imminent southward migration as a result of abundant rain in the Nugal valley:The Scramble in the Horn of Africa; History of Somalia (1827-1977)

The Jibril Naleya and Ali Naleya subclans of Naleya Ahmed were singled out by the British colonialist government in Berbera as requiring a heavy penalty for their adherence to ''Darawiishnimo'':

People

*Afqarshe Ismail, former Darawiish spokesman-poet; and first person to die in an airstrike in Africa
*Nur Hedik, commander of the Darawiish cavalry who had a shiikhyaale regiment named after him
* Ibrahim Galogol, mentioned in the Geoffrey Archer's 1916 important members of Darawiish haroun list
* Warsame Ali Gulaydh, mentioned in the Geoffrey Archer's 1916 important members of Darawiish haroun list

Groups

*Indhabadan, was a Darawiish administrative division which was half Mohamoud Garaad, specifically, Naleeye Ahmed.
*Ba Ina Nur Hedik, the entire Mohamoud Garad populated the Shiikhyaale administrative division, however, the Naleye Ahmed were in its aforementioned branch

Distribution

The traditional homeland of the Mohamoud Garad straddles the Nugaal Valley, while they primarily settle in the regions of Sool, Sanaag and Togdheer in Somaliland. In particular, members of the clan are well represented in the districts of Las Anod, Xudun, Taleh, Erigavo and Buuhoodle.

Moreover, the clan has a significant presence in the Somali cities of Las Anod, Erigavo, Garowe and Kismayo.

Haysimo heritage

The regions inhabited by the Galool Oriye subclan primarily consists of the northeasternmost parts of Sool, commonly referred to as the Haysimo region. This is due to the fact that the Galool Oriye clan hosted the earliest Darawiish central fort, the Halin Fort, as well as the final, in Taleh , namely Silsilad. As such the Galool Oriye clan are considered the custodians of the Darawiish central forts, named as ''Dhulbahante garesas'' by the Italian governor Caroselli, namely Halin fort and Taleh fort.

Halin Fort

The notion of the building of fortresses for Darawiish began as soon as hostilies came to light in 1899; as Eric Swayne encountered a fort at Halin during the second expedition in 1902, The British War Office stated that Eric Swayne destroyed the fort in 1902, and that it was inhabited by the Ugaadhyahan Dhulbahante subclans of Naleye Ahmed and Nur Ahmed:Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04 Great Britain. War Office. General Staff · 1907 , PAGE 100

These Darawiish inhabited forts were referred to by the Sayid and Italian governor Caroselli as ''Dhulbahante garesas'' taken from the Dhulbahante clan by the British:Ferro e Fuoco in Somalia, da Francesco Saverio Caroselli, Rome, 1931; p. 272.

Although the endonymic term for Darawiish built installations as per the Sayid and Caroselli are ''Dhulbahante garesas'', colonial sources refer to them as ''Dervish forts''.

Silsilad

Silsilad was the man building of the Silsilad complex built by Darawiish:

Transit Dhulbahante garesas

Transit Dhulbahante garesas were forts that were meant for conveyance to larger Dhulbahante garesa and were typically smaller. The main transit Dhulbahante garesa to the east was the Yabaayil Dhulbahante garesa, a transit site for travel to the Eyl Dhulbahante garesa. The main northern transit Dhulbahante garesa was the Hiilburaan Dhulbahante garesa, situated in the town of the same name.

Hiilbuuraan incident

The main northern transit Dhulbahante garesa was the Hiilburaan Dhulbahante garesa, situated in the town of the same name. The most notable incident in one of these transit Dhulbahante garesas was the Habar Humbulle incident which pitted the Dervishes against the Majeerteen Sultanate. According to the British Sudan Archives, in the battle between the Dervishes and the Majeerteen Sultanate, Shire Umbaal, spelled as Shira Um Belli, headed the bellicosity against the Italian protectorate known as Majeerteen.

Although the Dervishes were victorious over the Majeerteen, the Habar Humbulle event was described as a pyrrhic victory for the Darawiish:

The enemies of Darawiish also engaged in counter-propaganda. The most important of these was the 1910 where they succeeded in instigating a Darawiish civil war. Shire Umbaal led the backlash against mutiny. According to a 1910 intelligence report from the British Aden colony documenting a battle between Darawiish and native auxiliaries of the Italians, Shire Umbaal, spelled in the report as Shire Ambaleh, was described as among the top three highest ranked Darawiish commanders, alongside Nur Hedik and Adam Maleh. The report states that he died in 1910:

Shire Umbaal was in 1910 described at the Parliament of the United Kingdom, specifically by Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe as "a very important leader of the Dervishes".

A native Somali sources states that Shire Umbaal was employed as a leader and organizer of a British orchestrated coup d'état, but that Shire Umbaal subsequently turned on the British colonialists and their native conspirators:Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, Jaamac Cumar Ciise · 1976 PAGE 187

Umbaal was a Darawiish whi=stleblower who reported an attempted political overthrow that was attempted upon the leadership of the Somali Darawiish at the end of the 1900s decade.

Noted Somali author Said Samatar in his book Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism also described the Shire Umbaal incident in his book. Sources overall deliberate on the tumultuous nature of the incident of Shire Umbaal's whistleblowing, with the author Abdisalam Issa-Salwe describing it as having precipitated a Somali civil war:

Among the three motions put forward by Shire Umbaal and others was (a) to kill the Sayid and replace him with another person, (b) to merely demote the Sayid of all his positions without killing him, (c) to completely dismantle the Darawiish anti-colonial struggle. After a lengthy debate, the third choice was chosen, however Shire Umbaal subsequently turned against the Darawiish defectors and conspirators:

The dialogue between the Sayid and Umbaal was as follows, with Umbaal saying the following to the Sayid:

Shire Umbaal's counter-dereliction to the defection from Taleh that took place in 1909 in the 'Iid and Nugaal region had the effect of extending the longest anti-colonial resistance movement during the Scramble for Africa. Douglas Jardine described the event as follows:

Landmarks

There are many landmarks that ideate the Darawiish, including monuments in Jigjiga and Mogadishu of the Sayid, an airport in Kismaayo, and the Buuhoodle airport which was named after Ismail Mire as ''Gegada diyaaradaha Ismaciil Mire''. Buuhoodle's Ismail Mire airport is the first Somali airport named after a Darawiish figure. Sacmadeeqa is a landmark in Somali Region which has a monument that identifies the birthplace of Sayid Mohamed. It is located in the Haud region, near the lake of Qoob Fardood. It was created as a form of remembrance of the anti-colonial struggle. They said that the most frequent visitors to the monument are the Arale Mahad and Ali Gheri, due to the fact that they were the most persistent dervishes. Dareemacaddo was the site of the creation of the Dervish movement of Las Anod#Diiriye Guure Diiriye Guure. via the practise of Tawassul, and the area itself is one of two ''deegaans'' (homelands) of the Arale Mahad clan, alongside ''Dhilaalo''.

Extremities

The northernmost Dhulbahante garesas were situated in the Surudu Hills and barrado plains in ''Cal'' reachable via the Hiilbuuraan transit Dhulbahante garesa. The easternmost Dhulbahante garesa was situated at Eyl, reachable via the Yabaayil transit Dhulbahante garesa. The southernmost Dhulbahante garesa was the Qollad Dhulbahante garesa reachable via the Docmo transit Dhulbahante garesa.

Clan tree

"There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and some lineages might be omitted." However, the following summarized clan tree presented below is taken from John Hunt's ''A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate (1944-1950)'':

*Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti ( Darod)
** Mohamed Abdirahman (Kabalalah)
*** Abdi Mohamed (Kombe)
****Salah Abdi ( Harti)
*****Said Abdi ( Dhulbahante)
******Muse Said
*******Abdale Muse
********Habarwa Abdale
*********Shirshore Habarwa
******Mohamoud 'Garad' Shirshore
*******Wa'eys Mohamoud (Omar Wa'eys)
*******Siad Mohamoud
********Jama Siad
*********Samakab Jama
*********Ahmed Jama
*********Mohamoud Jama
*********Warfa Jama
**********Reer Khair (Bah-hayag)
********Mohamed Siad (Ugadhyahan)
*********Adan Mohamed
*********Mohamoud Mohamed (Galool Oriye)
*********Samakab Mohamed
**********Abdulle Samakab
***********Wa’eys Abdulle (Galool Oriye)
***********Abokor Abdulle
***********Ahmed Abdulle
************Shirwa Ahmed (Galool Oriye)
************Osman Ahmed (Galool Oriye)
************Nur Ahmed (Galool Oriye)
*************Seed Nur
*************Samatar Nur
*************Yusuf Nur
*************Musa Nur
*************Samakab Nur (Bihina Ali)
*************Ismail Nur (Bihina Ali)
*************Hersi Nur
*************Mohamed Nur
*************Ali Nur
************Naleya Ahmed
*************Adan Naleya
*************Abdulle Naleya
*************Samaad Naleya
*************Shirwa Naleya (Bah ina Farah)
*************Liban Naleya (Bah ina Farah)
*************Yusuf Naleya (Bah ina Farah)
*************Elmi Naleya
*************Jibril Naleya
************* Ali Naleya
**************Farah Ali (Bah Rikhaaye)
**************Mohamed Ali (Bah Rikhaaye)
**************Samatar Ali (Bah Rikhaaye)
**************Igal Ali (Bah ina Araale)
**************Abdi Ali (Bah ina Araale)
**************Fahiye Ali (Bah ina Araale)
**************Ahmed Ali (Bah ina Araale)
**************Hussein Ali (Bah Ina Samatar)
**************Yaqub Ali (Bah Ina Samatar)
**************Yusuf Ali (Bah Abdulle)
**************Elmi Ali (Bah Abdulle)
**************Omar Ali (Bah Idris)
**************Mohamoud Ali (Bah Idris)
**************Wa'eys Ali (Bah Idris)

Notable Figures

Enterprisers

*Hodan Nalayeh, Somali-Canadian journalist.
* Amina Mohamed, former Chairman of the INM and the WTO's General Council, and the current Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Kenya.

Presidents

*Abdisamad Ali Shire, former Puntland vice-president.
* Ahmed Elmi Osman, Vice President of Puntland.

Royalty

*Garad Saleban Garad Mohamed, current supreme garaad of Maxamuud Garaad
*Adan Ali Gurey, Darawiish monarch and commander of Golaweyne

Politicians

*Yasin Haji Mohamoud, former Foreign Minister of Somaliland.
*Faisal Hassan, Canadian politician.

Commanders

*Shire Umbaal, Jama Siad, Darawiish commander
* Ismail Mire, Ali Geri, head of the central Darawiish military, and leader of most successful Darawiish victories in the defeat of Richard Corfield and the colonial forces in the raid of Dul Madoba

Athletes

*Abdi Bile, Somalia's most decorated athlete with the most Somali national records.
*Mohamed Suleiman, first ethnic Somali to win an Olympic medal.

Security

*Abdi Hassan Mohamed (Hijaar), Somali Police Force Commissioner.
*Mohamed Adam Ahmed, former Chief of Staff of the Somali Armed Forces.

Notes

References

{{Somali clans

Dhulbahante
Somali clans in Ethiopia