A turbo warrant (or

callable bull/bear contract A callable bull/bear contract, or CBBC in short form, is a Derivative (finance), derivative financial instrument that provides investors with a Leverage (finance), leveraged investment in underlying assets, which can be a single stock, or an Index ( ...

) is a kind of

stock option In finance, an option is a contract which conveys to its owner, the ''holder'', the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific quantity of an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified dat ...

. Specifically, it is a

barrier option A barrier option is an option whose payoff is conditional upon the underlying asset's price breaching a barrier level during the option's lifetime. Types Barrier options are path-dependent exotics that are similar in some ways to ordinary options. ...

of the down and out type. It is similar to a vanilla contract, but with two additional features: It has a low vega, meaning that the option price is much less affected by the

implied volatility In financial mathematics, the implied volatility (IV) of an option contract is that value of the volatility of the underlying instrument which, when input in an option pricing model (such as Black–Scholes), will return a theoretical value equ ...

of the

stock market A stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include ''securities'' listed on a public stock exchange, as ...

, and it is highly geared due to the possibility of knockout. This type of product is actively traded among investors in Europe and Hong Kong, and has been described as being able to cater to individual investors' behavioral biases (like lottery preferences). The

strike price In finance, the strike price (or exercise price) of an option is a fixed price at which the owner of the option can buy (in the case of a call), or sell (in the case of a put), the underlying security or commodity. The strike price may be set b ...

of the option is generally the same as the

barrier A barrier or barricade is a physical structure which blocks or impedes something. Barrier may also refer to: Places * Barrier, Kentucky, a community in the United States * Barrier, Voerendaal, a place in the municipality of Voerendaal, Netherl ...

: if the stock hits the barrier, the option expires and becomes worthless. Variations on turbos include: forms where the strike and barrier are not identical; forms where the barrier is only active at, for example, the close of business but the strike is continuously monitored (smart turbos); and forms with no fixed maturity (minis). For comparison, a regular

call option In finance, a call option, often simply labeled a "call", is a contract between the buyer and the seller of the call option to exchange a security at a set price. The buyer of the call option has the right, but not the obligation, to buy an ...

will have a positive value at expiry whenever the spot price settles above the strike price. A turbo will have a positive value at expiry when the spot settle above the strike AND the spot has never fallen below the strike during the life of the option (if it had done so the option would have crossed the barrier (=strike) and would have become worthless).

Markets

The first turbo warrants appeared in late 2001. In Germany, buying and selling turbo warrants constitute 50% of all speculative derivatives trading. They are mainly sold to a retail clientele looking for high leverage.

Nordic Growth Market

At the end of February 2005,

Société Générale Société Générale S.A. (), colloquially known in English as SocGen (), is a French-based multinational financial services company founded in 1864, registered in downtown Paris and headquartered nearby in La Défense. Société Générale ...

listed the first 40 turbo warrants on the

Nordic Growth Market Nordic Growth Market(NGM Exchange) is a regulated exchange that delivers trading, exchange technology and public company services. The exchange operates in Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Norway and was established in 1984. Since 2008, Nordic Growth ...

Nordic Derivatives Exchange The Nordic Derivatives Exchange (NDX) is a derivatives market operated by the Nordic Growth Market. Both are supervised by the Sweden, Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority (Sweden), Financial Supervisory Authority, ( sv, Finansinspektionen), and ...

. During February 2005 turbo warrant trading revenue was 31 million kronor, 56% of total NGM trading revenue of 55 million kronor.

Hong Kong Market

Turbo warrants were introduced to the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEx) in 2006 in the name of Callable Bullish/Bearish Contracts (CBBC). By the end of 2011, turnover of CBBC comprises 10.84% of HKEx main board turnover.

Price calculation

Since the price of a turbo warrant behaves like a

future contract In finance, a futures contract (sometimes called a futures) is a standardized legal contract to buy or sell something at a predetermined price for delivery at a specified time in the future, between parties not yet known to each other. The asset ...

(plus the barrier), we could say that a turbo is expensive or not relative to its future contract. Example: Time 1 year
Benchmark interest rates at 2%
Stock ACME current price $10 dividend 5%
Future contract (1 year)=10-(0.05*10)+(0.02*10)= $9.7
Turbo CALL 1 year parity 1:1 strike at $9 and bid-ask prices:0.98-1 ->related price=9+1=$10 After 1 year (d=dividend): Comments: * If you do not want to be leveraged, buy the stock * If you just want to be leveraged, buy the future * If you want to be leveraged, do not want to rollover quarterly the future(+spreads+commissions) and do not want to wait for a margin call, use the turbo warrant

When to use turbo warrants

* When you want to speculate, or just be leveraged * When the future contract minimum is too big (i.e.: just 1 mini euro/dollar contract is $62.000) * When you do not have a derivatives account to buy the future contract * When you do not want to receive a margin call or add money to your derivatives account when the price goes in the opposite direction

Exchanges

Securities exchanges that trade this product: *Euwax – Stuttgart *SMART Market – Frankfurt *

(NGM, NDX) *Hong Kong Exchanges

Notes

External links

*Jonatan Eriksson
Explicit Pricing Formulas for Turbo Warrants
*Jonas Persson, Jonatan Eriksson
Pricing Turbo Warrants
*Celeste Skinner
Are Turbo Certificates the Answer to CFD Restrictions?
{{Derivatives market Options (finance)